Linker histone H1 drives heterochromatin condensation via phase separation in Arabidopsis.

In the eukaryotic nucleus, heterochromatin forms highly condensed, visible foci known as heterochromatin foci (HF). These HF are enriched with linker histone H1, a key player in heterochromatin condensation and silencing. However, it is unknown how H1 aggregates HF and condenses heterochromatin. In this study, we established that H1 facilitates heterochromatin condensation by enhancing inter- and intrachromosomal interactions between and within heterochromatic regions of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome. We demonstrated that H1 drives HF formation via phase separation, which requires its C-terminal intrinsically disordered region (C-IDR). A truncated H1 lacking the C-IDR fails to form foci or recover HF in the h1 mutant background, whereas C-IDR with a short stretch of the globular domain (18 out of 71 amino acids) is sufficient to rescue both defects. In addition, C-IDR is essential for H1's roles in regulating nucleosome repeat length and DNA methylation in Arabidopsis, indicating that phase separation capability is required for chromatin functions of H1. Our data suggest that bacterial H1-like proteins, which have been shown to condense DNA, are intrinsically disordered and capable of mediating phase separation. Therefore, we propose that phase separation mediated by H1 or H1-like proteins may represent an ancient mechanism for condensing chromatin and DNA.

Multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 editing of DNA methyltransferases in rice uncovers a class of non-CG methylation specific for GC-rich regions.

DNA methylation in the non-CG context is widespread in the plant kingdom and abundant in mammalian tissues such as the brain and pluripotent cells. Non-CG methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana is coordinately regulated by DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE (DRM) and CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) proteins but has yet to be systematically studied in major crops due to difficulties in obtaining genetic materials. Here, utilizing the highly efficient multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing system, we created single- and multiple-knockout mutants for all the nine DNA methyltransferases in rice (Oryza sativa) and profiled their whole-genome methylation status at single-nucleotide resolution. Surprisingly, the simultaneous loss of DRM2, CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT2), and CMT3 functions, which completely erases all non-CG methylation in Arabidopsis, only partially reduced it in rice. The regions that remained heavily methylated in non-CG contexts in the rice Os-dcc (Osdrm2/cmt2/cmt3a) triple mutant had high GC contents. Furthermore, the residual non-CG methylation in the Os-dcc mutant was eliminated in the Os-ddccc (Osdrm2/drm3/cmt2/cmt3a/cmt3b) quintuple mutant but retained in the Os-ddcc (Osdrm2/drm3/cmt2/cmt3a) quadruple mutant, demonstrating that OsCMT3b maintains non-CG methylation in the absence of other major methyltransferases. Our results showed that OsCMT3b is subfunctionalized to accommodate a distinct cluster of non-CG-methylated sites at highly GC-rich regions in the rice genome.

Association between Mediterranean diet and periodontitis among US adults: The mediating roles of obesity indicators.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the association between the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and periodontitis in US adults and to further explore the mediating roles of obesity indicators in this association. BACKGROUND DATA: The relationship between MedDiet and periodontitis is controversial. And it is unclear whether obesity indicators are potential mediators of this relationship. METHODS: Using data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009-2014). Weighted binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were used to assess the association between MedDiet and periodontitis. Weighted ordinal logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between MedDiet and periodontitis severity. The mediating roles of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in the relationship between the MedDiet and periodontitis were explored. Association analyses were further performed using mean clinical attachment loss (CAL) or mean periodontal probing depth (PPD) as dependent variables. The false discovery rate method was used to correct the p-values in the regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 8290 eligible participants (4159 participants with periodontitis and 4131 without periodontitis) were included. A negative association between the MedDiet adherence score and periodontitis was observed in the binary logistic regression model (adjusted odds ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.90-0.97, p = .001). Restricted cubic spline regression revealed a dose-response relationship between the MedDiet adherence score and periodontitis. BMI and waist circumference significantly mediate this association, with mediation proportions of 9.7% (p = .032) and 9.3% (p = .012), respectively. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression showed that the MedDiet adherence score was negatively associated with the severity of periodontitis (all p < .05). Additionally, the MedDiet adherence score was negatively associated with mean PPD or mean CAL (all p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a significant negative association between adherence to the MedDiet and periodontitis and a possible mediating role of obesity indicators in this association. Furthermore, studies are still warranted to confirm our findings.

Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and periodontitis: Results from a large population-based study.

AIM: To explore the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (measured using urinary metabolites) and periodontitis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Weighted binary logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to evaluate independent and joint associations between the six urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs) and periodontitis. RESULTS: In all, 3413 participants were included in this study. All six urinary OH-PAHs were present at higher levels in the periodontitis group compared with the non-periodontitis group (p < .001). Fully adjusted multivariable logistic regressions showed positive associations between the six urinary OH-PAHs and periodontitis (p < .05). Higher concentrations of OH-PAHs were also positively associated with attachment loss, periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and the number of tooth loss. BKMR and WQS regression yielded similar positive associations between OH-PAH mixtures and periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: PAHs and their mixture are positively associated with periodontitis, which may provide novel insights into periodontitis prevention from an environmental exposure perspective.

Investigating the morphological dynamics of the plasma membrane by high-speed atomic force microscopy.

Despite numerous recent developments in bioimaging techniques, nanoscale and live-cell imaging of the plasma membrane has been challenging because of the insufficient z-resolution of optical microscopes, as well as the lack of fluorescent probes to specifically label small membrane structures. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a powerful tool for visualising the dynamics of a specimen surface and is therefore suitable for observing plasma membrane dynamics. Recent developments in HS-AFM for live-cell imaging have enabled the visualisation of the plasma membrane and the network of cortical actin underneath the membrane in a living cell. Furthermore, correlative imaging with fluorescence microscopy allows for the direct visualisation of morphological changes of the plasma membrane together with the dynamic assembly or disassembly of proteins during the entire course of endocytosis in a living cell. Here, we review these recent advances in HS-AFM in order to analyse various cellular events occurring at the cell surface.

Soybean DICER-LIKE2 Regulates Seed Coat Color via Production of Primary 22-Nucleotide Small Interfering RNAs from Long Inverted Repeats.

In plants, 22-nucleotide small RNAs trigger the production of secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and enhance silencing. DICER-LIKE2 (DCL2)-dependent 22-nucleotide siRNAs are rare in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and are thought to function mainly during viral infection; by contrast, these siRNAs are abundant in many crops such as soybean (Glycine max) and maize (Zea mays). Here, we studied soybean 22-nucleotide siRNAs by applying CRISPR-Cas9 to simultaneously knock out the two copies of soybean DCL2, GmDCL2a and GmDCL2b, in the Tianlong1 cultivar. Small RNA sequencing revealed that most 22-nucleotide siRNAs are derived from long inverted repeats (LIRs) and disappeared in the Gmdcl2a/2b double mutant. De novo assembly of a Tianlong1 reference genome and transcriptome profiling identified an intronic LIR formed by the chalcone synthase (CHS) genes CHS1 and CHS3 This LIR is the source of primary 22-nucleotide siRNAs that target other CHS genes and trigger the production of secondary 21-nucleotide siRNAs. Disruption of this process in Gmdcl2a/2b mutants substantially increased CHS mRNA levels in the seed coat, thus changing the coat color from yellow to brown. Our results demonstrated that endogenous LIR-derived transcripts in soybean are predominantly processed by GmDCL2 into 22-nucleotide siRNAs and uncovered a role for DCL2 in regulating natural traits.

Design, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation of novel 1-(4-(benzylsulfonyl)-2-nitrophenyl) derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents against LPS-induced acute lung injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating disease with a high mortality rate of 30%-40%. There is an unmet clinical need owing to limited treatment strategies and little clinical benefit. The pathology of ALI indicates that reducing the inflammatory response could be a highly desirable strategy to treat ALI. In this study, we designed and synthesized 36 novel 1-(4-(benzylsulfonyl)-2-nitrophenyl) derivatives and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities by measuring the release of cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged J774A.1 cells. Compounds 19, 20, and 39 potently reduced the release of IL-6 and TNF-α in J774A.1 cells. Additionally, 39 improved LPS-induced ALI in vivo and inhibited cytokine production in lung tissues. Furthermore, 39 reduced inflammatory infiltration and downregulated p-p65 levels in lung tissues. Thus, compound 39 could serve as a new lead structure for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs to treat ALI.

Association of remnant cholesterol with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and their coexistence: the mediating role of inflammation-related indicators.

PURPOSE: Cholesterol metabolism is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent studies have shown that cholesterol metabolism poses a residual risk of cardiovascular disease even when conventional lipid risk factors are in the optimal range. The association between remnant cholesterol (RC) and cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated; however, its association with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the concomitance of the two diseases requires further study. This study aimed to evaluate the association of RC with hypertension, T2DM, and both in a large sample of the U.S. population, and to further explore the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2005-2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 17,749). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the relationships of RC with hypertension, T2DM, and both comorbidities. A restricted cubic spline regression model was used to reveal the dose effect. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the potential mediating roles of inflammation-related indicators in these associations. RESULTS: Of the 17,749 participants included (mean [SD] age: 41.57 [0.23] years; women: 8983 (50.6%), men: 8766 (49.4%)), the prevalence of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence was 32.6%, 16.1%, and 11.0%, respectively. Higher RC concentrations were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence (adjusted odds ratios for per unit increase in RC were 1.068, 2.259, and 2.362, and 95% confidence intervals were 1.063-1.073, 1.797-2.838, and 1.834-3.041, respectively), with a linear dose-response relationship. Even when conventional lipids were present at normal levels, positive associations were observed. Inflammation-related indicators (leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils) partially mediated these associations. Among these, leukocytes had the greatest mediating effect (10.8%, 14.5%, and 14.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide evidence that RC is associated with the risk of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence, possibly mediated by an inflammatory response.

Circular circRANGAP1 Contributes to Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Progression by Increasing COL11A1 Expression Through Sponging miR-653-5p.

Numerous studies have discovered that hsa_circ_0063526 (also known as circRANGAP1) is an oncogenic circular RNA (circRNA) in some human tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the concrete molecular mechanism of circRANGAP1 involved in NSCLC is not completely elucidated. CircRANGAP1, microRNA-653-5p (miR-653-5p), and Type XI collagen (COL11A1) contents were determined via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferative ability, migration, and invasion were measured using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and COL11A1 protein levels were detected via western blot assay. After Starbase software prediction, the binding between miR-653-5p and circRANGAP1 or COL11A1 was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Besides, the role of circRANGAP1 on tumor cell growth was analyzed using a xenograft tumor model in vivo. Increased circRANGAP1 and COL11A1, and reduced miR-653-5p were found in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, circRANGAP1 absence might hinder NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. Mechanically, circRANGAP1 functioned as a sponge of miR-653-5p to increase COL11A1 expression. In vivo experiments illustrated that circRANGAP1 knockdown repressed tumor growth. CircRANGAP1 silencing might suppress NSCLC cell malignant biological behaviors, at least in part, through the miR-653-5p/COL11A1 axis. These results provided a promising strategy for treating NSCLC malignancies.

Is social support beneficial for military cadets to accomplish empowerment? Findings from a long-term cross-lagged panel analysis.

Social support and empowerment are central to health and wellbeing. Besides, social support is often the primary means to help students improve their mental health and accomplish empowerment. However, military academies are an atypical form of tertiary education. Is social support still beneficial for military cadets to accomplish empowerment? Or does empowerment influence the extent of social support a person receives? This study sought to examine the reciprocal relationships between social support and empowerment in military academies, as well as to examine the sex differences in this model. A longitudinal panel survey of military cadets was carried out from the years 2019 to 2021. A crosslagged path model design was used on a sample of military cadets (N = 898) measured on three occasions one year apart. The results suggested that no cross-lagged associations between social support and empowerment. The three-year panel data consistently showed that social support does not enhance military cadets' empowerment, whereas empowerment significantly influences their perceived social support. Furthermore, there were no sex differences in this model. Finally, the findings informed practitioners and future research could be pay attention to the particularity in military settings, in order to provide adequate interventions and services for military cadets.

Microbial volatile organic compounds 2-heptanol and acetoin control Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato.

Some microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) can act as antagonistic weapons against plant pathogens, but little information is available on the contribution of individual mVOC to biocontrol and how they interact with plant pathogens. In this study, the Bacillus subtilis strain N-18 isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy plants grown in areas where Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) of tomato occurs could reduce the 30% of the incidence of FCRR. Moreover, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by N-18 had inhibitory effects on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL). The identification of VOCs of N-18 was analyzed by the solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, we conducted sensitivity tests with these potential active ingredients and found that the volatile substances acetoin and 2-heptanol can reduce the 41.33% and 35% of the incidence of FCRR in tomato plants. In addition, the potential target protein of acetoin, found in the cheminformatics and bioinformatics database, was F. oxysporum of hypothetical protein AU210_012600 (FUSOX). Molecular docking results further predicted that acetoin interacts with FUSOX protein. These results reveal the VOCs of N-18 and their active ingredients in response to FORL and provide a basis for further research on regulating and controlling FCRR.

The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase HAF1 Modulates Circadian Accumulation of EARLY FLOWERING3 to Control Heading Date in Rice under Long-Day Conditions.

The ubiquitin 26S proteasome system (UPS) is critical for enabling plants to alter their proteomes to integrate internal and external signals for the photoperiodic induction of flowering. We previously demonstrated that HAF1, a C3HC4 RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, is essential to precisely modulate the timing of Heading Date1 accumulation and to ensure appropriate photoperiodic responses under short-day conditions in rice (Oryza sativa). However, how HAF1 mediates flowering under long-day conditions remains unknown. In this study, we show that OsELF3 (EARLY FLOWERING3) is the direct substrate of HAF1 for ubiquitination in vitro and in vivo. HAF1 is required for maintaining the circadian rhythm of OsELF3 accumulation during photoperiodic responses in rice. In addition, the haf1 oself3 double mutant headed as late as oself3 plants under long-day conditions. An amino acid variation (L558S) within the interaction domain of OsELF3 with HAF1 greatly contributes to the variation in heading date among japonica rice accessions. The japonica accessions carrying the OsELF3(L)-type allele are found at higher latitudes, while varieties carrying the OsELF3(S)-type allele are found at lower latitudes. Taken together, our findings suggest that HAF1 precisely modulates the diurnal rhythm of OsELF3 accumulation to ensure the appropriate heading date in rice.

Evaluating the severity of aortic coarctation in infants using anatomic features measured on CTA.

OBJECTIVES: A machine learning model was developed to evaluate the severity of aortic coarctation (CoA) in infants based on anatomical features measured on CTA. METHODS: In total, 239 infant patients undergoing both thorax CTA and echocardiography were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were assigned to either mild or severe CoA group based on their pressure gradient on echocardiography. They were further divided into patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and non-PDA groups. The anatomical features were measured on double-oblique multiplanar reconstructed CTA images. Then, the optimal features were identified by using the Boruta algorithm. Subsequently, the coarctation severity was classified using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). We further investigated the relationship between the anatomical features and re-coarctation using Cox regression. RESULTS: Four anatomical features showed significant differences between the mild and severe CoA groups, including the smallest aortic cross-sectional area indexed to body surface area (p < 0.001), the narrowest aortic diameter (CoA diameter) indexed to height (p < 0.001), the diameter of the descending aorta at the diaphragmatic level (p < 0.001) and weight (p = 0.005). With these features, accuracy of 88.6% and 90.2%, sensitivity of 65.0% and 72.1%, and specificity of 92.9% and 100% were obtained for classifying the CoA severity in the non-PDA and PDA groups, respectively. Moreover, CoA diameter indexed to weight was associated with the risk of re-coarctation. CONCLUSIONS: CoA severity can be evaluated by using LDA with anatomical features. When quantifying the severity of CoA and risk of re-coarctation, both anatomical alternations at the CoA site and the growth of the patients need to be considered. KEY POINTS: • CTA is routinely ordered for infants with coarctation of the aorta; however, whether anatomical variations observed with CTA could be used to assess the severity of CoA remains unknown. • Using the diameter and area of the coarctation site adjusted to body growth as features, the LDA model achieved an accuracy of 88.6% and 90.2% in differentiating between the mild and severe CoA patients in the non-PDA group and PDA group, respectively. • The narrowest aortic diameter (CoA diameter) indexed to weight has a hazard ratio of 10.29 for re-coarctation.

shinyCircos: an R/Shiny application for interactive creation of Circos plot.

Summary: Creation of Circos plot is one of the most efficient approaches to visualize genomic data. However, the installation and use of existing tools to make Circos plot are challenging for users lacking of coding experiences. To address this issue, we developed an R/Shiny application shinyCircos, a graphical user interface for interactive creation of Circos plot. shinyCircos can be easily installed either on computers for personal use or on local or public servers to provide online use to the community. Furthermore, various types of Circos plots could be easily generated and decorated with simple mouse-click. Availability and implementation: shinyCircos and its manual are freely available at https://github.com/venyao/shinyCircos. shinyCircos is deployed at https://yimingyu.shinyapps.io/shinycircos/ and http://shinycircos.ncpgr.cn/ for online use. Contact: diana1983941@mail.hzau.edu.cn or yaowen@henau.edu.cn.

Icotinib-resistant HCC827 cells produce exosomes with mRNA MET oncogenes and mediate the migration and invasion of NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: Icotinib has been widely used in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and have significantly enhanced the overall survival rate of NSCLC patients. However, acquired drug resistance limits its clinical efficacy. Tumor cell-derived exosomes have been reported to participate in various biological processes, including tumor invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, drug resistance was measured by MTT assay. Exosomes were extracted from the cell supernatant using ultracentrifugation and identified by exosomal marker. HCC827 cells were treated with exosomes derived from icotinib-resistant (IR) HCC827 to observe the invasion and migration of parent cells. The expression of exo-mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, 10 exo-mRNAs detecting from the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of NSCLC patients with icotinib treatment were used to establish a new drug resistant-warning formula. RESULTS: The oncogene MET into exosomes was identified from icotinib-resistant lung cancer cells, and this was also presented in exosomes in NSCLC patients diagnosed with cancer metastasis after icotinib treatment. The knockdown of MET in exosomes significantly decreased the ability of invasion and migration in HCC827 cells. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that MET might be specifically package and transferred by exosomes to modify the invasion and migration ability of the surrounding icotinib-sensitive cells.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D) is Elevated in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Patients with Lung Squamous Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with lung cancer, yet little is known about vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of lung cancer patients. In this study, we aim to investigate the expression and evaluation of VEGF-D in BALF for lung cancer diagnosis. METHODS: BALF samples were acquired from 81 patients: 40 with benign diseases and 41 with lung cancer. The expression of VEGF-D in BALF was measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA), and the evaluation of VEGF-D in BALF for lung cancer diagnosis was also investigated. RESULTS: In the BALF samples, the levels of VEGF-D in the lung cancer group were higher than in the benign disease group; however, there was no statistical significance between the two groups (p > 0.05). In the pathological classification of lung cancer, the levels of VEGF-D in the BALF differed significantly between the lung squamous carcinoma group and the benign disease group (p < 0.05). The diagnostic accuracies of VEGF-D in BALF for discrimination between patients with squamous cell carcinoma and benign disease were reasonable based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC curve) analysis, with a corresponding sensitivity of 64.7% and specificity of 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the detection of VEGF-D levels in BALF is a valuable diagnostic tool for lung squamous carcinoma.

Processes Underlying a Reproductive Barrier in indica-japonica Rice Hybrids Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis.

In rice (Oryza sativa), hybrids between indica and japonica subspecies are usually highly sterile, which provides a model system for studying postzygotic reproductive isolation. A killer-protector system, S5, composed of three adjacent genes (ORF3, ORF4, and ORF5), regulates female gamete fertility of indica-japonica hybrids. To characterize the processes underlying this system, we performed transcriptomic analyses of pistils from rice variety Balilla (BL), Balilla with transformed ORF5+ (BL5+) producing sterile female gametes, and Balilla with transformed ORF3+ and ORF5+ (BL3+5+) producing fertile gametes. RNA sequencing of tissues collected before (MMC), during (MEI), and after (AME) meiosis of the megaspore mother cell detected 19,269 to 20,928 genes as expressed. Comparison between BL5+ and BL showed that ORF5+ induced differential expression of 8,339, 6,278, and 530 genes at MMC, MEI, and AME, respectively. At MMC, large-scale differential expression of cell wall-modifying genes and biotic and abiotic response genes indicated that cell wall integrity damage induced severe biotic and abiotic stresses. The processes continued to MEI and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as indicated by differential expression of ER stress-responsive genes, leading to programmed cell death at MEI and AME, resulting in abortive female gametes. In the BL3+5+/BL comparison, 3,986, 749, and 370 genes were differentially expressed at MMC, MEI, and AME, respectively. Large numbers of cell wall modification and biotic and abiotic response genes were also induced at MMC but largely suppressed at MEI without inducing ER stress and programed cell death , producing fertile gametes. These results have general implications for the understanding of biological processes underlying reproductive barriers.

Fucoidan Extracted from Undaria pinnatifida: Source for Nutraceuticals/Functional Foods.

The importance of fucoidan as a functional ingredient in food, health products, and pharmaceutics is well-recognized due to its beneficial biological effects. Fucoidan is usually extracted from brown seaweeds, including Undaria pinnatifida. Fucoidan exhibits beneficial bio-activity and has antioxidant, anticancer, and anticoagulant properties. This review focuses on the biological activity of U. pinnatifida-derived fucoidan and investigates its structure⁻activity or fraction⁻activity relationship. It also describes several fucoidan extracts, along with their claimed anticancer effects. It aims to provide information and thoughts for future research such as the development of fucoidan into functional foods or nutraceuticals.