Epithelium-derived cystatin SN inhibits house dust mite protease activity in allergic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Allergen source-derived proteases are a critical factor in the formation and development of asthma. The cysteine protease activity of house dust mite (HDM) disrupts the epithelial barrier function. The expression of cystatin SN (CST1) is elevated in asthma epithelium. CST1 inhibits the cysteine protease activity. We aimed to elucidate the role of epithelium-derived CST1 in the development of asthma caused by HDM. METHODS: CST1 protein levels in sputum supernatants and serum of patients with asthma and healthy volunteers were measured by ELISA. The ability of CST1 protein to suppress HDM-induced bronchial epithelial barrier function was examined in vitro. The effects of exogenous CST1 protein on abrogating HDM-induced epithelial barrier function and inflammation were examined in mice in vivo. RESULTS: CST1 protein levels were higher in sputum supernatants (142.4 ± 8.95 vs 38.87 ± 6.85 ng/mL, P < 0.0001) and serum (1129 ± 73.82 vs 703.1 ± 57.02 pg/mL, P = 0.0035) in patients with asthma than in healthy subjects. The levels were significantly higher in patients with not well- and very poorly controlled asthma than those with well-controlled asthma. Sputum and serum CST1 protein levels were negatively correlated with lung function in asthma. CST1 protein levels were significantly lower in the serum of HDM-specific IgE (sIgE)-positive asthmatics than in sIgE-negative asthmatics. The HDM-induced epithelial barrier function disruption was suppressed by recombinant human CST1 protein (rhCST1) in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: Our data indicated that human CST1 protein suppresses asthma symptoms by protecting the asthmatic bronchial epithelial barrier through inhibiting allergenic protease activity. CST1 protein may serve as a potential biomarker for asthma control.

Phenolic Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Chrysanthemum indicum and Opisthopappus Shih during Different Growth Stages.

Recently, much attention has been devoted to natural phenolics because of their ideal structure and chemistry for free radical scavenging activities, which may play important roles in long-term health and a reduction in the risk of developing chronic degenerative diseases. Chrysanthemum indicum (C. indicum) has been widely used as a health food and as a popular herb in China for many centuries. Opisthopappus Shih (O. shih) often takes the place of its related genera, C. indicum, in functional tea or medicine prescriptions in place of origin. In this article, a comparative study on the phenolics and antioxidant activity of C. indicum and O. shih during different growth stages was investigated. The antioxidant properties of plant extracts were tested using DPPH and ABTS assays. The characterization of potential phytochemicals was carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. An HPLC method was used to simultaneously quantify five phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, luteolin, rutin, quercetin, and apigenin. Results indicated that the Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) values of C. indicum and O. shih had extremely large variations at different growth stages. The most abundant phenolics and potent antioxidant activity of two related plants appear at the early vegetative and then flowering stages. Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of O. shih were higher than those of corresponding organs of C. indicum at the same collection time. The whole plant of O. shih, especially its leaves and flowers, are good candidates for obtaining nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients.

The structure of blood-tumor barrier and distribution of chemotherapeutic drugs in non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastasis is an important cause of increased mortality in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In brain metastasis, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is frequently impaired, forming blood-tumor barrier (BTB). The efficacy of chemotherapy is usually very poor. However, the characteristics of BTB and the impacts of BTB on chemotherapeutic drug delivery remain unclear. The present study investigated the structure of BTB, as well as the distribution of routine clinical chemotherapeutic drugs in both brain and peripheral tumors. METHODS: Bioluminescent image was used to monitor the tumor load after intracranial injection of lung cancer Lewis cells in mice. The permeability of BBB and BTB was measured by fluorescent tracers of evans blue and fluorescein sodium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to analyze structural differences between BBB and BTB. The concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs (gemcitabine, paclitaxel and pemetrexed) in tissues were assayed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS: Brain metastases exhibited increased BTB permeability compared with normal BBB detected by fluorescence tracers. TEM showed abnormal blood vessels, damaged endothelial cells, thick basement membranes, impaired intercellular endothelial tight junctions, as well as increased fenestrae and pinocytotic vesicles in metastatic lesions. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed that astrocytes were distributed surrounded the blood vessels both in normal brain and the tumor border, but no astrocytes were found in the inner metastatic lesions. By LC-MS/MS analysis, gemcitabine showed higher permeability in brain metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Brain metastases of lung cancer disrupted the structure of BBB, and this disruption was heterogeneous. Chemotherapeutic drugs can cross the BTB of brain metastases of lung cancer but have difficulty crossing the normal BBB. Among the three commonly used chemotherapy drugs, gemcitabine has the highest distribution in brain metastases. The permeability of chemotherapeutic agents is related to their molecular weight and liposolubility.

Melatonin modulates airway smooth muscle cell phenotype by targeting the STAT3/Akt/GSK-3ß pathway in experimental asthma.

Among the troika of clinicopathologic features of asthma, airway remodelling has gained sufficient attention for its contribution to progressive airway narrowing. Much effort has been directed at the management of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), but few attempts have proven to prevent the progression of remodelling. Recently, accumulating data have shown the anti-inflammatory/anti-proliferative potency of melatonin (a crucial neurohormone involved in many physiological and pathological processes) in diverse cells. However, no evidence has confirmed its effect on ASMCs. The present study investigates the benefits of melatonin in asthma, with an emphasis on airway remodelling. The results indicated that melatonin significantly attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation and remodelling in a house dust mite (HDM) model. Melatonin markedly alleviated goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, collagen deposition and airway smooth muscle hyperplasia/hypertrophy, implying the achievement of remodelling remission. The data obtained in vitro further revealed that melatonin notably inhibited ASMCs proliferation, VEGF synthesis and cell migration induced by PDGF, which might depend on STAT3 signalling. Moreover, melatonin remarkably relieved ASMCs contraction and reversed ASMCs phenotype switching induced by TGF-ß, probably via the Akt/GSK-3ß pathway. Altogether, our findings illustrated for the first time that melatonin improves asthmatic airway remodelling by balancing the phenotypic proportions of ASMCs, thus highlighting a novel purpose for melatonin as a potent option for the management of asthma.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice via maintenance of endothelial barrier function.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is well known for regulating glucose homeostasis, exhibits multiple actions in cardiovascular disorders and renal injury. However, little is known about the effect of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation on acute lung injury (ALI). In this study, we investigated the effect of GLP-1R on ALI and the potential underlying mechanisms with the selective agonist liraglutide. Our results show that GLP-1 levels decreased in serum, though they increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Liraglutide prevented LPS-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) extravasation, lung injury, and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction. In cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs), liraglutide protected against LPS-induced endothelial barrier injury by restoring intercellular tight junctions and adherens junctions. Moreover, liraglutide prevented PMN-endothelial adhesion by inhibiting the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and thereafter suppressed PMN transendothelial migration. Furthermore, liraglutide suppressed LPS-induced activation of Rho/NF-κB signaling in HPMECs. In conclusion, our results show that GLP-1R activation protects mice from LPS-induced ALI by maintaining functional endothelial barrier and inhibiting PMN extravasation. These results also suggest that GLP-1R may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ALI.

Inhibition of H3K27me3 demethylases attenuates asthma by reversing the shift in airway smooth muscle phenotype.

BACKGROUND: The shift in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) phenotype between proliferation and contraction during asthma has been reported recently, highlighting a role of ASMCs plasticity in the pathophysiology of asthma. As an event involved in epigenetic post-translational modification, histone H3 lysine27 (H3K27) demethylation has attracted significant attention with respect to the epigenetic changes in diverse cells; however, little is known about its contribution to the switching of ASMCs phenotype in asthma. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of trimethylated H3K27 (H3k27me3) demethylation in ASM remodelling as well as the underling mechanism. METHODS: Mice were exposed five times a week to house dust mite (HDM) extract for 5 weeks. Lung function was measured following the final HDM challenge. Airway inflammation and remodelling were then assessed in lungs of individual mice. Human ASMCs were purchased from Sciencell Research Laboratories. Proliferation, synthesis, migration and contraction of ASMCs were analysed, respectively. RESULTS: We observed demethylation at H3k27me3 sites in lungs harvested from mice exposed to HDM extract. Administration of a selective inhibitor of H3K27 demethylase (GSK-J4) could ameliorate the classical hallmarks of asthma, such as airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and remodelling. We established a proliferative as well as a contractive model of human ASMCs to explore the impacts of H3K27 demethylase inhibition on ASMCs phenotype. Our results indicated that GSK-J4 decreased ASMCs proliferation and migration elicited by PDGF through the Akt/JNK signalling; GSK-J4 also prevented the upregulation of contractile proteins in ASMCs induced by TGF-ß through the Smad3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of H3K27me3 demethylation alleviated the development of asthmatic airway disease in vivo and modulated ASMCs phenotype in vitro. Collectively, our findings highlight a role of H3K27me3 demethylation in experimental asthma and ASMCs phenotype switch.

Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels facilitates the function of human endothelial colony-forming cells via Ca2+ /Akt/eNOS pathway.

Accumulating data, including those from our laboratory, have shown that the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP ) plays a protective role in pulmonary vascular diseases (PVD). As maintainers of the endothelial framework, endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are considered excellent candidates for vascular regeneration in cases of PVD. Although KATP openers (KCOs) have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on endothelial cells, the impact of KATP on ECFC function remains unclear. Herein, this study investigated whether there is a distribution of KATP in ECFCs and what role KATP play in ECFC modulation. By human ECFCs isolated from adult peripheral blood, KATP were confirmed for the first time to express in ECFCs, comprised subunits of Kir (Kir6.1, Kir6.2) and SUR2b. KCOs such as the classical agent nicorandil (Nico) and the novel agent iptakalim (Ipt) notably improved the function of ECFCs, promoting cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, which were abolished by a non-selective KATP blocker glibenclamide (Gli). To determine the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the impacts of KCOs on CaMKII, Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathways. Enhanced levels were detected by western blotting, which were abrogated by Gli. This suggested an involvement of Ca2+ signalling in the regulation of ECFCs by KATP . Our findings demonstrated for the first time that there is a distribution of KATP in ECFCs and KATP play a vital role in ECFC function. The present work highlighted a novel profile of KATP as a potential target for ECFC modulation, which may hold the key to the treatment of PVD.

The effect of tetrandrine combined with cisplatin on proliferation and apoptosis of A549/DDP cells and A549 cells.

BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer comprises the majority of lung cancer cases and is insensitive to chemotherapy. Most patients develop drug resistance. Recently, tetrandrine (TET), a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, was identified as a novel anti-cancer agent. However, the effect of tetrandrine combined with cisplatin on lung cancer has not yet been studied. We aimed to identify a possible synergistic effect between tetrandrine and cisplatin, besides, to investigate the effects of TET in combination with DDP on proliferation and apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive A549 cell lines, and to study the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Cell viability was confirmed with CCK8 assays, and the IC50 values for each treatment group were calculated. The synergistic interaction of these drugs was evaluated using an isobolographic analysis. Proliferation was assessed by EDU staining. Hoechst staining and flow cytometry were used to assess apoptosis. Apoptosis- and autophagy-associated proteins were analyzed by western blot. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect autophagy, RFP-GFP-LC3 lentivirus was used to perform autophagic flux assay. RESULTS: Tetrandrine and cisplatin exerted synergistic cytotoxic effects on both cisplatin-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive A549 cell lines. The combination of tetrandrine and cisplatin induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in a synergistic manner. The formation of autophagosomes was evident by transmission electron microscopy. The autophagic flux of combination treatment was increased. CONCLUSIONS: Tetrandrine synergized with cisplatin to reduce the viability of cisplatin-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive A549 cells, tetrandrine could reverse the resistance of A549 cells to cisplatin. Tetrandrine combined with cisplatin could induce autophagy. Therefore, tetrandrine is a potent autophagy agonist and may be a promising drug for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Evaluation and Treatment of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Right Ventricular Dysfunction during Monocrotaline-Induced Rat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

PURPOSE: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). However, the exact roles of ER stress in right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, which is strongly associated with PAH, are largely unknown. Here, we aimed to explore how ER stress affects RV function in a rat PAH model and evaluated the effects of an ER stress inhibitor on RV dysfunction. METHODS: We examined expression changes of an ER marker: chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), three ER stress sensor proteins: activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and a key ER stress-induced apoptosis indicator: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), with inflammation indicators: interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in RV at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days following a single dose of monocrotaline (MCT) injection, with or without a preventive treatment [4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA)]. RV function was evaluated by histological, molecular and echocardiographic analysis. RESULTS: 1) GRP78 protein expression started to increase (1.5 ± 0.06 fold change) at 3d post MCT injection, even before the formation of PAH. 2) ATF6, IRE1, and PERK showed distinctive expression patterns post MCT injection. 3) CHOP expression remained low at day 3 & 7, but significantly increased at day 14 (p < 0.05), along with the peak of RV cardiomyocytes apoptosis. 4) PBA inhibited ER stress and alleviated remodeling and dysfunction in the RV. CONCLUSIONS: The early phase of ER stress might benefit RV function, whereas the extended phase led to RV cardiomyocyte apoptosis and dysfunction. Inhibition of ER stress by PBA during PAH directly improved RV function.

Iptakalim inhibits PDGF-BB-induced human airway smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration.

Chronic airway diseases are characterized by airway remodeling which is attributed partly to the proliferation and migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels have been identified in ASMCs. Mount evidence has suggested that KATP channel openers can reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and alleviate airway remodeling. Opening K(+) channels triggers K(+) efflux, which leading to membrane hyperpolarization, preventing Ca(2+)entry through closing voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels. Intracellular Ca(2+) is the most important regulator of muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration. K(+) efflux decreases Ca(2+) influx, which consequently influences ASMCs proliferation and migration. As a KATP channel opener, iptakalim (Ipt) has been reported to restrain the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) involved in vascular remodeling, while little is known about its impact on ASMCs. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Ipt on human ASMCs and the mechanisms underlying. Results obtained from cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation showed that Ipt significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced ASMCs proliferation. ASMCs migration induced by PDGF-BB was also suppressed by Ipt in transwell migration and scratch assay. Besides, the phosphorylation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (Akt), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) were as well alleviated by Ipt administration. Furthermore, we found that the inhibition of Ipt on the PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration in human ASMCs was blocked by glibenclamide (Gli), a selective KATP channel antagonist. These findings provide a strong evidence to support that Ipt antagonize the proliferating and migrating effects of PDGF-BB on human ASMCs through opening KATP channels. Altogether, our results highlighted a novel profile of Ipt as a potent option against the airway remodeling in chronic airway diseases.

The synergistic effect of resveratrol in combination with cisplatin on apoptosis via modulating autophagy in A549 cells.

Several studies have shown that combination treatment with natural products and chemotherapy agents can improve the sensitivity and cytotoxicity of chemotherapy agents. Resveratrol, a natural product, has many biological effects including antitumor and antiviral activities, as well as vascular protective effect. The aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic anticancer effect of resveratrol in combination with cisplatin and the potential anticancer mechanisms involved in A549 cells. The results obtained from Cell Counting Kit-8 and isobolographic analysis demonstrated that combination of resveratrol and cisplatin resulted in synergistic cytotoxic effects in A549 cells. Results from Hoechst staining, flow cytometry and western blot analysis suggested that resveratrol enhanced cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. Meanwhile, the changes of LC3-II and P62 levels and formation of autophagosome suggested that resveratrol in combination with cisplatin triggered autophagy. More importantly, inhibiting autophagy by 3-methyladenine markedly attenuated the apoptosis caused by combination of resveratrol and cisplatin in A549 cells. Taken together, our study provides the first evidence that resveratrol combined with cisplatin synergistically induce apoptosis via modulating autophagic cell death in A549 cells. These findings also help us to understand the role of natural products in combination with chemotherapy agents in lung cancer.

Lentinan exerts synergistic apoptotic effects with paclitaxel in A549 cells via activating ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome.

Paclitaxel is generally used to treat cancers in clinic as an inhibitor of cell division. However, the acquired resistance in tumours limits its clinical efficacy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect whether co-treatment with lentinan enhanced the anti-cancer effects of paclitaxel in A549 cells. We found that the combination of paclitaxel and lentinan resulted in a significantly stronger inhibition on A549 cell proliferation than paclitaxel treatment alone. Co-treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan enhanced cell apoptosis rate by inducing caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, co-treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan significantly triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and increased thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression. Moreover, co-treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan enhanced TXNIP-NLRP3 interaction, and activated NLRP3 inflammasome whereat interleukin-1ß levels were increased and cell apoptosis was induced. In addition, combination of paclitaxel and lentinan could activate apoptosis signal regulating kinase-1 (ASK1)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal which also contributed to cell apoptosis. Taken together, co-treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan exerts synergistic apoptotic effects in A549 cells through inducing ROS production, and activating NLRP3 inflammasome and ASK1/p38 MAPK signal pathway.

Differential expression of inflammasomes in lung cancer cell lines and tissues.

As pivotal elements involved in inflammation, inflammasomes represent a group of multiprotein complexes triggering the maturation of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18. Although the importance of the inflammasomes in inflammatory diseases is well appreciated, a precise characterization of their expressions in lung cancer remains obscure. This study aimed to determine the expressions of inflammasomes in various lung cancer cell lines and tissues to understand their potential roles in lung cancer. Our findings showed that inflammasome components were markedly upregulated in lung cancer and elicited the maturation of IL-1ß and IL-18. In addition, enormous variations in subtypes and levels of inflammasomes were detected in lung cancers depending on their histological type and grading, invasion ability, as well as chemoresistance. Generally, AIM2 inflammasome was overexpressed in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while NLRP3 inflammasome was upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The high-metastatic or cisplatin-sensitive NSCLC cells expressed more inflammasome components and products than their counterpart low-metastatic or cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells, respectively. In resected lung cancer tissues, high-grade ADC expressed more inflammasome components and products than low-grade ADC. Together, these findings suggest that inflammasomes may be crucial biomarkers for lung cancer as well as potential modulators of the biological behaviors of lung cancer. Further, pharmacotherapeutics targeting inflammasomes might be novel adjuvant therapy strategies for lung cancer.

Deguelin induces the apoptosis of lung cancer cells through regulating a ROS driven Akt pathway.

BACKGROUND: Duguelin is a rotenoid extracted from plants and has potent antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism underlying the antitumor effect remains unclear. Our preliminary study showed that Deguelin is effective to stimulate the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). In the current study, we evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of Deguelin against lung cancer cells and studied whether a ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), can reverse the inhibitory effect of Deguelin. RESULTS: We showed that the dose-dependent apoptotic inducing effect of Deguelin could be partially reversed by the co-administration of NAC. Moreover, Deguelin reduced the phosphorylation of Akt protein and induced the apoptotic protein Caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner. Co-treatment with NAC partially attenuated this effect and rescued some cells from apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Deguelin induces the apoptosis of cancer cells through a ROS driven Akt pathway, which could translate into a promising therapeutic for lung cancer.

Effect of diosmetin on airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma.

Bronchial asthma, one of the most common allergic diseases, is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and remodeling. The anti-oxidant flavone aglycone diosmetin ameliorates the inflammation in pancreatitis, but little is known about its impact on asthma. In this study, the effects of diosmetin on chronic asthma were investigated with an emphasis on the modulation of airway remodeling in BALB/c mice challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). It was found that diosmetin significantly relieved inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, and collagen deposition in the lungs of asthmatic mice and notably reduced AHR in these animals. The OVA-induced increases in total cell and eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reversed, and the level of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E in serum was attenuated by diosmetin administration, implying an anti-Th2 activity of diosmetin. Furthermore, diosmetin remarkably suppressed the expression of smooth muscle actin alpha chain, indicating a potent anti-proliferative effect of diosmetin on airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Matrix metallopeptidase-9, transforming growth factor-ß1, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were also alleviated by diosmetin, suggesting that the remission of airway remodeling might be attributed to the decline of these proteins. Taken together, our findings provided a novel profile of diosmetin with anti-remodeling therapeutic benefits, highlighting a new potential of diosmetin in remitting the ASMC proliferation in chronic asthma.

Subsets of regulatory T cells and their roles in allergy.

In recent years, it is recognized that acquired immunity is controlled by regulatory T cell (Treg). Since fundamental pathophysiological changes of allergy are mainly caused by hyperresponsiveness of immune system to allergens that acquires after birth, Tregs likely play key roles in the pathogenesis of allergy, particularly during the sensitization phase. However, accumulated information indicate that there are several distinctive subtypes of Tregs in man, and each of them seems to play different role in controlling immune system, which complicates the involvement of Tregs in allergy. The aim of the present study is to attempt to classify subtypes of Tregs and summarize their roles in allergy. Tregs should include natural Tregs (nTreg) including inducible costimulator (ICOS)(+) Tregs, inducible/adaptive Tregs (iTreg), interleukin (IL)-10-producing type 1 Tregs (Tr1 cells), CD8(+) Tregs and IL-17-producing Tregs. These cells share some common features including expression of Foxp3 (except for Tr1 cells), and secretion of inhibitory cytokine IL-10 and/or TGF-ß. Furthermore, it is noticeable that Tregs likely contribute to allergic disorders such as dermatitis and airway inflammation, and play a crucial role in the treatment of allergy through their actions on suppression of effector T cells and inhibition of activation of mast cells and basophils. Modulation of functions of Tregs may provide a novel strategy to prevent and treat allergic diseases.

Evaluation on potential contributions of protease activated receptors related mediators in allergic inflammation.

Protease activated receptors (PARs) have been recognized as a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be cleaved by certain serine proteases. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the role of PARs in allergic inflammation, the fundamental pathologic changes of allergy, but the potential roles of PARs in allergy remain obscure. Since many of these proteases are produced and actively involved in the pathologic process of inflammation including exudation of plasma components, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue damage and repair, PARs appear to make important contribution to allergy. The aim of the present review is to summarize the expression of PARs in inflammatory and structural cells, the influence of agonists or antagonists of PARs on cell behavior, and the involvement of PARs in allergic disorders, which will help us to better understand the roles of serine proteases and PARs in allergy.

Prognostic significance of ERCC1 expression in postoperative patients with gastric cancer.

AIM: This study explored the correlation between the expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) and the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. METHODS: From January 2005 to December 2008, 605 patients who underwent radical surgery in The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled. We conducted the follow-up every 6 months and its contents included a comprehensive medical history, tumor markers and abdominal ultrasound or CT and other imaging findings. Deadline was April 30, 2013 and follow-up time between 51 to 91 months. Survival time is calculated from the date of diagnosis to death or last follow-up date. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess the expression of ERCC1 in resected samples. The relationship between ERCC1 expression and survival of patients was investigated. The comparison of count data were analyzed by Chi-square test. Median survival time (MST) and the 5-year survival rate were calculated by life table analysis. The Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analysis. RESULTS: ERCC1 expression was positive in 412 patients (68.1%). There is no significant difference between ERCC1-positive group and ERCC1-negative group in terms of the MST and 5-year survival rate (P=0.455). The MST and 5-year survival rate have no significant difference (P=0.162) between group with chemotherapy and group with no chemotherapy in patients with ERCC1-positive expression. However, the MST and 5-year survival rate in patients with ERCC1-negative expression benefited more from with chemotherapy (P=0.019). The ERCC1-positive patients survived longer than those ERCC1-negative patients (P=0.183) in subgroup with no adjuvant chemotherapy. In the subgroup analysis, ERCC1 expression had no significant relationship with overall survival in patients with stage II or III gastric cancer (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ERCC1 might be a good prognostic factor for the patients of gastric cancer after radical resection. Patients with ERCC1-negative expression could benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapy.

The implication of dendritic cells in lung diseases: Immunological role of toll-like receptor 4.

The immune responses play a profound role in the progression of lung lesions in both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Dendritic cells, as the "frontline" immune cells responsible for antigen presentation, set up a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity in the course of these diseases. Among the receptors equipped in dendritic cells, Toll-like receptors are a group of specialized receptors as one type of pattern recognition receptors, capable of sensing environmental signals including invading pathogens and self-antigens. Toll-like receptor 4, a pivotal member of the Toll-like receptor family, was formerly recognized as a receptor sensitive to the outer membrane component lipopolysaccharide derived from Gram-negative bacteria, triggering the subsequent response. Moreover, its other essential roles in immune responses have drawn significant attention in the past decade. A better understanding of the implication of Toll-like receptor 4 in dendritic cells could contribute to the management of pulmonary diseases including pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, acute lung injury, and lung cancer.

Mast cells and basophils are essential for allergies: mechanisms of allergic inflammation and a proposed procedure for diagnosis.

The current definition of allergy is a group of IgE-mediated diseases. However, a large portion of patients with clinical manifestations of allergies do not exhibit elevated serum levels of IgE (sIgEs). In this article, three key factors, ie soluble allergens, sIgEs and mast cells or basophils, representing the causative factors, messengers and primary effector cells in allergic inflammation, respectively, were discussed. Based on current knowledge on allergic diseases, we propose that allergic diseases are a group of diseases mediated through activated mast cells and/or basophils in sensitive individuals, and allergic diseases include four subgroups: (1) IgE dependent; (2) other immunoglobulin dependent; (3) non-immunoglobulin mediated; (4) mixture of the first three subgroups. According to our proposed definition, pseudo-allergic-reactions, in which mast cell or basophil activation is not mediated via IgE, or to a lesser extent via IgG or IgM, should be non-IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Specific allergen challenge tests (SACTs) are gold standard tests for diagnosing allergies in vivo, but risky. The identification of surface membrane activation markers of mast cells and basophils (CD203c, CCR3, CD63, etc) has led to development of the basophil activation test (BAT), an in vitro specific allergen challenge test (SACT). Based on currently available laboratory allergy tests, we here propose a laboratory examination procedure for allergy.