Clonal evolution dissection reveals that a high MSI2 level promotes chemoresistance in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

ABSTRACT: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive cancer with resistant clonal propagation in recurrence. We performed high-throughput droplet-based 5' single-cell RNA with paired T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of paired diagnosis-relapse (Dx_Rel) T-ALL samples to dissect the clonal diversities. Two leukemic evolutionary patterns, "clonal shift" and "clonal drift" were unveiled. Targeted single-cell DNA sequencing of paired Dx_Rel T-ALL samples further corroborated the existence of the 2 contrasting clonal evolution patterns, revealing that dynamic transcriptional variation might cause the mutationally static clones to evolve chemotherapy resistance. Analysis of commonly enriched drifted gene signatures showed expression of the RNA-binding protein MSI2 was significantly upregulated in the persistent TCR clonotypes at relapse. Integrated in vitro and in vivo functional studies suggested that MSI2 contributed to the proliferation of T-ALL and promoted chemotherapy resistance through the posttranscriptional regulation of MYC, pinpointing MSI2 as an informative biomarker and novel therapeutic target in T-ALL.

Minimal residual disease monitoring in childhood Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic significance and correlation between multiparameter flow cytometry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction

Not available.

Single-cell analysis highlights a population of Th17-polarized CD4+ naïve T cells showing IL6/JAK3/STAT3 activation in pediatric severe aplastic anemia.

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is recognized as an immune-mediated disorder resulting from active destruction of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow (BM) by effector T lymphocytes. Bulk genomic landscape analysis and transcriptomic profiling have contributed to a better understanding of the recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities and immunologic cues associated with the onset of hematopoietic destruction. However, the functional mechanistic determinants underlying the complexity of heterogeneous T lymphocyte populations as well as their correlation with clinical outcomes remain to be elucidated. To uncover dysfunctional mechanisms acting within the heterogeneous marrow-infiltrating immune environment and examine their pathogenic interplay with the hematopoietic stem/progenitor pool, we exploited single-cell mass cytometry for BM mononuclear cells of severe AA (SAA) patients pre- and post-immunosuppressive therapy, in contrast to those of healthy donors. Alignment of BM cellular composition with hematopoietic developmental trajectories revealed potential functional roles for non-canonically activated CD4+ naïve T cells in newly-diagnosed pediatric cases of SAA. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomic profiling highlighted a population of Th17-polarized CD4+CAMK4+ naïve T cells showing activation of the IL-6/JAK3/STAT3 pathway, while gene signature dissection indicated a predisposition to proinflammatory pathogenesis. Retrospective validation from our SAA cohort of 231 patients revealed high plasma levels of IL-6 as an independent risk factor of delayed hematopoietic response to antithymocyte globulin-based immunosuppressive therapy. Thus, IL-6 warrants further investigation as a putative therapeutic target in SAA.

Therapy-induced mutations drive the genomic landscape of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

To study the mechanisms of relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we performed whole-genome sequencing of 103 diagnosis-relapse-germline trios and ultra-deep sequencing of 208 serial samples in 16 patients. Relapse-specific somatic alterations were enriched in 12 genes (NR3C1, NR3C2, TP53, NT5C2, FPGS, CREBBP, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, WHSC1, PRPS1, and PRPS2) involved in drug response. Their prevalence was 17% in very early relapse (<9 months from diagnosis), 65% in early relapse (9-36 months), and 32% in late relapse (>36 months) groups. Convergent evolution, in which multiple subclones harbor mutations in the same drug resistance gene, was observed in 6 relapses and confirmed by single-cell sequencing in 1 case. Mathematical modeling and mutational signature analysis indicated that early relapse resistance acquisition was frequently a 2-step process in which a persistent clone survived initial therapy and later acquired bona fide resistance mutations during therapy. In contrast, very early relapses arose from preexisting resistant clone(s). Two novel relapse-specific mutational signatures, one of which was caused by thiopurine treatment based on in vitro drug exposure experiments, were identified in early and late relapses but were absent from 2540 pan-cancer diagnosis samples and 129 non-ALL relapses. The novel signatures were detected in 27% of relapsed ALLs and were responsible for 46% of acquired resistance mutations in NT5C2, PRPS1, NR3C1, and TP53. These results suggest that chemotherapy-induced drug resistance mutations facilitate a subset of pediatric ALL relapses.

Dasatinib-therapy induced sustained remission in a child with refractory TCF7-SPI1 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The prognosis of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has been largely lacked behind than that of patients with B-cell ALL, especially in refractory or relapsed cases. Here, we describe a 4.7-year-old male child with TCF-SPI1-postitve T-ALL who developed refractoriness disease after a seven drugs-conventional therapy. Several studies have suggested the therapeutic potential of dasatinib in refractory T-ALL. Actually, dasatinib-included therapy dramatically reduces the leukemic burden and re-induces this patient into complete remission without systemic adverse events. Although this is a single exceptional case, the translational potential evidence of dasatinib in specific T-ALL subtype should not be under-estimated.

Necrosulfonamide reverses pyroptosis-induced inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts through the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway.

The acute inflammatory stimulation occurring after a bone fracture regulates the repair and healing of local bone injury; however, under certain conditions, pyroptosis may occur in osteoblasts, which affects osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, thereby affecting the growth, development and morphological changes of bone tissue. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the pyroptosis inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that NSA reversed the effects of ATP/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cell viability and pyroptosis, and on the mRNA and protein expression of pyroptosis-related genes. It also suppressed the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß and reversed the effects of ATP/LPS on the activity of ALP and the mRNA expression of differentiation-related genes in osteoblasts. The fact that overexpression of caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD) and NLRP3 abolished the effects of NSA on the viability and pyroptosis of osteoblasts, as well as the mRNA expression of differentiation-related genes and the activity of ALP in osteoblasts, indicated that NSA promoted the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway. The present study provides proof supporting the potential application of NSA for improving the function of osteoblasts in fracture repair and indicates the value of the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway as a pharmaceutical target.

Long-term outcomes of 172 children with severe aplastic anemia treated with rabbit antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine.

This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcome of 172 children with newly diagnosed severe aplastic anemia (SAA) between January 2008 and April 2018, who received rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine (CsA) as first-line treatment. The median age at diagnosis was 5 years (range, 1-14). The overall response rates were 22.7%, 45.3%, and 61% at 40 days, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively, after rabbit ATG. In multivariate analysis, mild disease severity was the only predictor of favorable response at 6 months (P = 0.006). In the present study, median follow-up period was 63 months (range, 1-135). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and failure-free survival (FFS) rates were 90.5% and 70.4%. Multivariate analysis showed that erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) > 2/105 bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) (P = 0.037) and time interval before IST ≤ 30 days (P = 0.017) were independent positive predictors for OS, meanwhile BFU-E > 2/105BMMNC (P = 0.029) was the only favorable prognostic factor for FFS.

Actin polymerization state regulates osteogenic differentiation in human adipose-derived stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Actin is an essential cellular protein that assembles into microfilaments and regulates numerous processes such as cell migration, maintenance of cell shape, and material transport. METHODS: In this study, we explored the effect of actin polymerization state on the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). The hASCs were treated for 7 days with different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 nM) of jasplakinolide (JAS), a reagent that directly polymerizes F-actin. The effects of the actin polymerization state on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and the maturity of focal adhesion-related proteins were assessed. In addition, western blotting and alizarin red staining assays were performed to assess osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS: Cell proliferation and migration in the JAS (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 nM) groups were higher than in the control group and the JAS (50 nM) group. The FAK, vinculin, paxillin, and talin protein expression levels were highest in the JAS (20 nM) group, while zyxin expression was highest in the JAS (50 nM) group. Western blotting showed that osteogenic differentiation in the JAS (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 nM) group was enhanced compared with that in the control group, and was strongest in the JAS (50 nM) group. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our data suggest that the actin polymerization state may promote the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs by regulating the protein expression of focal adhesion-associated proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings provide valuable information for exploring the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation in hASCs.

PDGFRB mutation and tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprises ∼10% to 15% of childhood ALL cases, many of which respond exquisitely to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), for example, imatinib in PDGFRB-rearranged ALL. However, some cases developed drug resistance to TKIs and the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel PDGFRB fusion gene, namely AGGF1-PDGFRB, and functionally characterized its oncogenic potential in vitro. Further genomic profiling of longitudinally collected samples during treatment revealed the emergence of a mutation, PDGFRBC843G , which directly conferred resistance to all generations of ABL TKIs, including imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib. PDGFRB-mutant leukemia cells are highly sensitive to multitarget kinase inhibitor CHZ868, suggesting potential therapeutic options for some patients resistant to ABL TKIs. In summary, we describe a complex clonal evolution pattern in Ph-like ALL and identified a novel PDGFRB point mutation that drives leukemia relapse after ABL TKI treatment.

Prospective randomized trial comparing two doses of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin in patients with severe aplastic anaemia.

The treatment of choice for patients with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) includes immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and ciclosporin A. However, the optimal dose for rabbit ATG has yet to be established. We herein report the first prospective, randomized, multicentre study comparing two doses of rabbit ATG in patients with SAA. Patients with SAA who required initial IST in Japan (n = 89), China (n = 85) and Korea (n = 48) were enrolled between May 2012 and October 2017. A 1:1 block randomization was employed for two doses of rabbit ATG. In total, 222 patients were randomized, with 112 patients receiving 2·5 mg/kg and 110 receiving 3·5 mg/kg of rabbit ATG for 5 days. The primary endpoint was the haematological response at day 180. After 6 months, no significant difference in response rates was observed between the 2·5 and 3·5 mg/kg groups (49% vs. 48%, P = 0·894). Overall survival at 3 years was similar between the two groups [85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76%-91%) vs. 91% (95% CI, 82%-96%); P = 0·107]. The current study revealed no significant differences in the efficacy and safety between the 2·5 and 3·5 mg/kg doses of rabbit ATG in patients with SAA. Trial registration: UMIN000011134.

Intron 1 GATA site enhances ALAS2 expression indispensably during erythroid differentiation.

The first intronic mutations in the intron 1 GATA site (int-1-GATA) of 5-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) have been identified in X-linked sideroblastic anemia (XLSA) pedigrees, strongly suggesting it could be causal mutations of XLSA. However, the function of this int-1-GATA site during in vivo development remains largely unknown. Here, we generated mice lacking a 13 bp fragment, including this int-1-GATA site (T AGATAA: AGCCCC) and found that hemizygous deletion led to an embryonic lethal phenotype due to severe anemia resulting from a lack of ALAS2 expression, indicating that this non-coding sequence is indispensable for ALAS2 expression in vivo Further analyses revealed that this int-1-GATA site anchored the GATA site in intron 8 (int-8-GATA) and the proximal promoter, forming a long-range loop to enhance ALAS2 expression by an enhancer complex including GATA1, TAL1, LMO2, LDB1 and Pol II at least, in erythroid cells. However, compared with the int-8-GATA site, the int-1-GATA site is more essential for regulating ALAS2 expression through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated site-specific deletion. Therefore, the int-1-GATA site could serve as a valuable site for diagnosing XLSA in cases with unknown mutations.

[Advances in the treatment of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia].

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare chronic myeloid leukemia in children and has the features of both myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm. It is highly malignant and has a poor treatment outcome. Children with JMML have a poor response to conventional chemotherapy. At present, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only possible cure for this disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made in targeted therapy for mutant genes in the Ras signaling pathway and demethylation treatment of aberrant methylation of polygenic CpG islands. This article reviews the treatment and efficacy evaluation of JMML.

[Value of multiparameter flow cytometry in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of childhood myelodysplastic syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) and flow cytometric scoring system (FCSS) in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of childhood myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 42 children who were diagnosed with MDS. MFC was performed to investigate the phenotype and proportion of each lineage of bone marrow cells. The correlations of FCSS score with MDS type, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) score, and revised IPSS (IPSS-R) score were analyzed. RESULTS: Of all the 42 children, 20 (48%) had an increase in abnormal marrow blasts, 19 (45%) had a lymphoid/myeloid ratio of >1, 14 (33%) had abnormal cross-lineage expression of lymphoid antigens in myeloid cells, 8 (19%) had abnormal CD13/CD16 differentiation antigens, 5 (12%) had abnormal expression of CD56, 3 (7%) had reduced or increased side scatter of granulocytes, 3 (7%) had reduced expression of CD36 in nucleated red blood cells, 2 (5%) had reduced expression of CD71 in nucleated red blood cells, 1 (2%) had absent expression of CD33 in myeloid cells, 1 (2%) had reduced or absent expression of CD11b in granulocytes, and 1 (2%) had absent expression of CD56 and CD14 in monocytes. There were significant differences in the median overall survival time and event-free survival time among the low-, medium-, and high-risk FCSS groups (P<0.05). Among the low-, medium-, and high-risk FCSS groups, the low-risk FCSS group had the highest 2-year overall survival rate, while there was no significant difference between the medium- and high-risk FCSS groups (P>0.05). The three groups had a 2-year event-free survival rate of 95%, 60%, and 46% respectively (P<0.05). FCSS score was positively correlated with MDS type, IPSS score, and IPSS-R score (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MFC and FCSS help with the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of childhood MDS.

[Clinical characteristics of clonal evolution after immunosuppressive therapy in children with severe/very severe aplastic anemia].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of clonal evolution after immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in children with severe/very severe aplastic anemia (SAA/VSAA). METHODS: The clinical data of 231 children with newly-diagnosed SAA/VSAA who received IST were retrospectively studied. The incidence and risk factors of clonal evolution after IST were analyzed. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival rate of the 231 patients was 82.7%. Except for 18 cases of early deaths, 213 patients were evaluated for IST efficacy. Among the 231 patients, cytogenetic abnormalities for at least two chromosome metaphase were detectable in 14 (7.4%) patients, and PNH clones were detectable in either peripheral red blood cells or neutrophils for 95 patients. Among the 213 patients evaluated for IST efficacy, 15 patients experienced clonal evolution after IST. Five patients had PNH and trisomy 8 which were defined as favorable progressions, and ten patients experienced monosomy 7 and MDS/AML as unfavorable progressions. The 5-year accumulative incidence of favorable and unfavorable progression were (2.2±2.2)% and (4.8±3.3)%, respectively. Until the last follow-up, 100% (5/5) of patients with favorable progressions and 50% (5/10) of patients with unfavorable progressions survived. WBC>3.5×109/L, CD3+T cell percentage>80%, dosage of antithymocyte globulin >3.0 mg/(kg·d) and no response to IST were related to unfavorable progressions by univariate analysis. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that an increased CD3+T cell percentage (>80%) and no response to IST were independent risk factors for unfavorable progressions. CONCLUSIONS: The children with SAA/VSAA who have an increased CD3+T cell percentage at diagnosis or have no response to IST are in high risks of unfavorable progressions.

[Defectiveness of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in acquired aplastic anemia].

The defectiveness of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in acquired aplastic anemia (AA) has been a frequent research topic in recent years. This review summarizes the defectiveness of BM-MSCs which is responsible for the mechanism of acquired AA and the prospective application of BM-MSCs in the treatment of acquired AA. An increasingly number of laboratory statistics has demonstrated that the defectiveness of BM-MSCs is more likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AA, namely, the apparently different biological characteristics and gene expression profiles, the decreased ability of supporting hematopoiesis as well as self-renewal and differentiation, and the exhaustion of regulating immune response of hematopoietic environment. Those abnormalities continuously prompt AA to become irreversible bone marrow failure along with the imbalanced immunity. With deepening research on MSCs, infusion of MSCs for the primary purpose of recovering hematopoietic microenvironment may become a new approach for the treatment of AA.

CALR mutation screening in pediatric primary myelofibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is quite rare in children. Mutations of JAK2(V617F) or MPL(W515K/L) were absent in pediatric patients with PMF according to previous studies. Recently, mutations in calreticulin (CALR) were described in adult patients with JAK2/MPL-unmutated PMF. Our study aimed to analyze the clinical and genetic features of Chinese pediatric patients with PMF. PROCEDURES: We retrospectively investigated 14 pediatric patients diagnosed as PMF according to WHO 2008 criteria. Direct sequencing was performed for the existence of genetic alterations in JAK2, MPL, TET2, CBL, ASXL1, IDH1, IDH2, SRSF2, EZH2, DNMT3A and CALR. RESULTS: In our cohort, all patients had anemia, three patients (21%) had splenomegaly, six patients (43%) had micromegakaryocytes at time of diagnosis. No patient had spontaneous remission and six patients (43%) transformed to acute myelocytic leukemia. In nine patients with evaluable cytogenetic information, three subjects (33%) had abnormal karyotypes. The median survival from time of diagnosis was 28 months. Seven patients (50%) had type 2 mutations of CALR. No patient had mutations in the other candidate genes. There was no statistical differences in age, gender, hemoglobin, WBC, neutrophil and platelet counts, percentage of circulating blast, overall survival and leukemia transformation between patients with and without CALR mutation. CONCLUSION: Our study documented that Chinese pediatric patients with PMF in our cohort had its own clinical characteristics and poor outcome. CALR mutations were detected in 50% of our pediatric patients with PMF. Based on our study, CALR mutations screening could be used as molecular marker for diagnosis of pediatric patients with PMF.

[Establishment of BCL-2 Inhibitors-Resistant B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines and Study on Their Resistance Mechanisms].

OBJECTIVE: RS4;11 cell line was used to establish BCL-2 inhibitor-resistant cell lines of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and explore the possible mechanisms of drug resistance. METHODS: RS4;11 cell line was continuously induced and cultured by low and ascending concentrations of BCL-2 inhibitors navitoclax and venetoclax to construct navitoclax-resistant cell line RS4;11/Nav and venetoclax-resistant cell line RS4;11/Ven. The cell viability was detected by MTT assay, and the cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between RS4;11 drug-resistant cell lines and parental cell line were detected by transcriptome sequencing technology (RNA-seq), and mRNA expression levels of DEGs between drug-resistant cell lines and parental cell line were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of BCL-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins in drug-resistant cell lines and parental cell line. RESULTS: The drug-resistant cell lines RS4;11/Nav and RS4;11/Ven were successfully established. The resistance index (RI) of RS4;11/Nav to navitoclax and RS4;11/Ven to venetoclax was 328.655±47.377 and 2 894.027±300.311, respectively. The results of cell apoptosis detection showed that compared with the drug-resistant cell lines, RS4;11 parental cell line were significantly inhibited by BCL-2 inhibitors, while the apoptosis rate of drug-resistant cell lines was not affected by the drugs. Western blot assay showed that the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins of BCL-2 family did not increase significantly in drug-resistant cell lines. RNA-seq, RT-PCR and Western blot assays showed that the expression of EP300 in drug-resistant cell lines was significantly higher than that in parental cell line (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Drug-resistant B-ALL cell lines could be successfully established by exposing RS4;11 cell line to the ascending concentration of BCL-2 inhibitors, and the drug resistance mechanism may be related to the overexpression of EP300.

The elevation of red blood cell distribution width is an independent prognostic factor for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a disorder characterized by the simultaneous presence of myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic features, primarily affecting infants and young children. Due to the heterogeneous genetic background among patients, the current clinical and laboratory prognostic features are insufficient for accurately predicting outcomes. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify novel prognostic indicators. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a critical parameter reflecting the variability in erythrocyte size. Recent studies have emphasized that elevated RDW serves as a valuable predictive marker for unfavorable outcomes across various diseases. However, the prognostic role of RDW in JMML remains unclear. Patients with JMML from our single-center cohort between January 2008 and December 2019 were included. Overall, 77 patients were eligible. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models showed that patients with red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) >17.35% at diagnosis were susceptible to much worse overall survival rate (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.22, confidence interval [CI] = 1.50-18.21, P = .010). Besides, the combination of RDW elevation and protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) mutation was likely to predict a subgroup with the worst outcomes in our cohort. RDW is an independent prognostic variable in JMML subjects. RDW may be regarded as an inexpensive biomarker to predict the clinical outcome in patients with JMML.

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the immune microenvironment in pediatric acute leukemia.

Relapse and treatment resistance pose significant challenges in the management of pediatric B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The efficacy of immunotherapy in leukemia remains limited due to factors such as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and lack of suitable immunotherapeutic targets. Thus, an in-depth characterization of the TME in pediatric leukemia is warranted to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the TME of pediatric B-ALL and AML, focusing specifically on bone-marrow-derived T cells. Moreover, we investigated the transcriptome changes during the initiation, remission, and relapse stages of pediatric AML. Our findings revealed that specific functional expression programs correlated with fluctuations in various T cell subsets, which may be associated with AML progression and relapse. Furthermore, our analysis of cellular communication networks led to the identification of VISTA, CD244, and TIM3 as potential immunotherapeutic targets in pediatric AML. Finally, we detected elevated proportions of γδ T cells and associated functional genes in samples from pediatric patients diagnosed with B-ALL and AML, which could inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches, potentially focusing on γδ T cells.