Catalpol restores LPS-elicited rat microcirculation disorder by regulation of a network of signaling involving inhibition of TLR-4 and SRC.

LPS-induced microvascular hyperpermeability and hemorrhage play a key role in the development of sepsis, the attenuation of which might be an important strategy to prevent sepsis. However, the current clinical therapies have proven to be inefficient in improving the prognosis for patients with sepsis. Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside extracted from the roots of Rehmannia, has been reported to protect against LPS-induced acute lung injury through a Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4)-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. However, it is still unknown whether catalpol can be an effective treatment to ameliorate the LPS-induced microvascular disorder. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of catalpol on LPS-induced mesenteric microvascular disorder and its underlying mechanism. Male Wistar rats were challenged by infusion of LPS (10 mg·kg-1·h-1) through the left femoral vein for 120 min. Post-treatment with catalpol (10 mg/kg) alleviated the LPS-induced microvascular hyperpermeability and hemorrhage; reduced mortality; ameliorated the alteration in the distribution of claudin-5 and the junctional adhesion molecule-1, as well as the degradation of collagen IV and laminin; and attenuated the increase of TLR-4 level, phosphorylations of Src tyrosine kinase, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and cathepsin B activation. In vitro study in human umbilical vein endothelial cells verified these results and further revealed that inhibition of TLR-4 and Src each simulated some, but not all, of the effects that catalpol exerted. Besides, surface plasmon resonance showed that catalpol could directly bind to TLR-4 and Src. These results demonstrated that catalpol was able to ameliorate the LPS-induced microvascular barrier damage and hemorrhage by targeting both TLR-4 and Src, thus attenuating the phosphorylation of Src kinase, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase, and focal adhesion kinase, as well as cathepsin B activation.

Kudiezi Injection(®) Alleviates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption After Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to examine the effect of KDZ, on the BBB disruption in rat underwent MCAO and reperfusion. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (260-280 g) were subjected to 60 minutes MCAO followed by reperfusion. KDZ (4 mL/kg) was administrated before ischemia. The Evans blue extravasation, albumin leakage, brain water content, TJ proteins, caveolin-1, p-caveolin-1, Src, and p-Src were evaluated. Neurological scores, cerebral infarction, and CBF were assessed. The binding affinity of KDZ to Src was examined. RESULTS: I/R evoked a range of insults including Evans blue extravasation, albumin leakage, brain water content increase, CBF decrease, cerebral infarction, and neurological deficits, all of which were attenuated by KDZ. Meanwhile, KDZ inhibited TJ proteins down-expression, expression of caveolin-1, phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and Src after I/R. In addition, SPR revealed binding of KDZ to Src with high affinity. CONCLUSIONS: KDZ protects BBB from disruption and improves cerebral outcomes following I/R via preventing the degradation of TJ proteins, caveolin-1 expression, and inhibiting p-caveolin-1 and p-Src, which were most likely attributable to the ability of its main ingredients to bind to Src and inhibit its phosphorylation.

Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced albumin leakage from rat mesenteric venules by intervening in both trans- and paracellular pathway.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the common pathogens that causes mesentery hyperpermeability- and intestinal edema-related diseases. This study evaluated whether ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), an ingredient of a Chinese medicine Panax ginseng, has beneficial effects on mesentery microvascular hyperpermeability induced by LPS and the underlying mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were continuously infused with LPS (5 mg · kg(-1) · h(-1)) via the left jugular vein for 90 min. In some rats, Rb1 (5 mg · kg(-1) · h(-1)) was administrated through the left jugular vein 30 min after LPS infusion. The dynamics of fluorescein isothiocynate-labeled albumin leakage from mesentery venules was assessed by intravital microscopy. Intestinal tissue edema was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The number of caveolae in endothelial cells of microvessels was examined by electron microscopy. Confocal microscopy and Western blotting were applied to detect caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression and phosphorylation, junction-related proteins, and concerning signaling proteins in intestinal tissues and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. LPS infusion evoked an increased albumin leakage from mesentery venules that was significantly ameliorated by Rb1 posttreatment. Mortality and intestinal edema around microvessels were also reduced by Rb1. Rb1 decreased caveolae number in endothelial cells of microvessels. Cav-1 expression and phosphorylation, VE-Cadherin phosphorylation, ZO-1 degradation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, and Src kinase phosphorylation were inhibited by Rb1. Rb1 ameliorated microvascular hyperpermeability after the onset of endotoxemia and improved intestinal edema through inhibiting caveolae formation and junction disruption, which was correlated to suppression of NF-κB and Src activation.

Analysis on correlation of white matter lesion and lacunar infarction with vascular cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of white matter lesion (WML) and lacunar infarction (LI) with vascular cognitive impairment. To investigate the correlation of cognitive changes of vascular dementia (VD) patients with lacunar infarction (LI) and white matter lesion (WML). METHODS: The clinical data of 60 cases of VD patients were evaluated and analyzed by combining with imageological findings and cognitive function assessment. RESULTS: Multiple LI and WML were negatively correlated with both mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scale scores (r = -0.401, P = 0.036) and clock drawing test (CDT) scale scores (r = -0.482, P = 0.028); the LI number in occipital lobe was negatively correlated with MMSE scores (r = 0.338, P = 0.048), the LI number in temporal lobe was negatively correlated with CDT scores (r = -0.235, P = 0.047), and the LI number in frontal lobe was negatively correlated with MoCA scores (r = -0.450, P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: All of LI location and number as well as WML are independent influencing factors of cognitive impairment of VD patients.