Exploring the anthelmintic activity of Olea europaea L (Olive) leaves extract and oleuropein in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera.

Oxyuriasis, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is one of the cosmopolitan intestinal infections of humans. Aspiculuris tetraptera commonly infects mice and it is morphologically similar to E. vermicularis. Parasitic resistance reduces the efficiency of synthetic drugs and poses economic impacts on the dairy sector, thus necessitating novel anthelmintic agents. Olea europaea L. (Olive) is a bioactive plant with potent pharmacological activities. However, its effects on oxyurids are poorly known, and no studies are currently exploring olives' anthelmintic potential. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic behaviors of O. europaea leaves extract (OLE) and its phenolic compound oleuropein in mice infected with A. tetraptera, in comparison with Albendazole (ABZ), a standard drug used to treat parasitic worms. Fecal flotation method was used to identify the infestation with A. tetraptera eggs by examining the stool samples from mice. Infected animals were divided into 7 groups. 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg doses of OLE, 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses of oleuropein, 10 mg/kg of ABZ and tap water were orally administered by gavage for 7 days during treatments. Drug efficacies and statistical differences between the treatments and controls were evaluated. Our results revealed 92.43 % efficacy of ABZ, similar to 92.19 % efficacy of 1000 mg/kg of OLE. At the same time, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg concentrations of OLE remained 70.03 % and 63.18 % effective in reducing worm counts. Efficacy percentages of 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of oleuropein were 9.27 % and 70.56 %, respectively. Statistical analysis of ABZ was significant compared to 1000 mg/kg of OLE, which was almost equal but insignificant. In general, our results confirm the anthelmintic potential of OLE and oleuropein against mice pinworms and open the way for targeted extraction of bioactive compounds from plants to optimize its use in human and veterinary medicine.

Effective eradication of pinworms (Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera) with Polygonum cognatum Meissn.

Polygonum cognatum Meissn. (Polygonaceae) is a wild edible plant known locally as "solucanotu, madimak" in Turkey and it has been used for various purposes, such as diuretic and antidiabetic, as well to treat oxyuris and worms internally in humans. The present study was carried out to investigate the anthelmintic activity of various extracts were obtained from the aerial parts of P. cognatum in order to justify its traditional usage in Turkish folk medicine. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of the plant, successively. The anthelmintic potentials of these extracts were evaluated on mice naturally infected with Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera. Cellophane perianal tape test and fecal flotation test were used for the activity screening. The results were compared with control and reference groups. In addition to all these experiments, the total amount of phenolic compounds and tannin contents thought to be responsible for the activity were evaluated for all extracts. According to the results, it has been found that the methanolic extract reduced the number of S. obvelata (66.8%) and A. tetraptera (73.4%) eggs. Moreover, the methanolic extract include higher amount of total phenolic compound (48.75 ±â€¯0.82 mg of GA/g of extract) and tannin (30.04 ±â€¯0.22 mg TA/g of extract) than n-Hexane (17.21 ±â€¯0.75 mg of GA/g of extract; 6.82 ±â€¯0.41 mg TA/g of extract) and ethyl acetate (25.06 ±â€¯0.94 mg of GA/g of extract; 10.29 ±â€¯0.34 mg TA/g of extract); therefore the anthelmintic activity could be related to these constituents. The present study explored the anthelmintic potential of P. cognatum. Further studies should be conducted into the mechanism of these compounds' against helminths. This study can be an important step in the discovery of new anthelmintic agents.

Morphological Re-Description and 18 S rDNA Sequence Confirmation of the Pinworm Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nematoda, Heteroxynematidae) Infecting the Laboratory Mice Mus musculus.

Aspiculuris tetraptera is a heteroxynematid nematoda infecting most of the laboratory animals, occasionally mice which represent the mostly used animal for biological, medical, and pharmacological studies. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of nematode parasites infection in the laboratory mice Mus musculus in Egypt. Morphologically, this oxyurid possessed four distinct cephalic papillae on a cephalic plate, with three small rudimental lips carrying two sessile poorly developed labial papillae and one pair of amphidial pores. Esophagus divided into cylindrical corpus and globular bulb. Distinct cervical alae interrupted at the level of esophago-intestinal junction forming an acute angle. At the caudal end, twelve caudal papillae in male worms while an ovijector apparatus opening and a vulva surrounded by protruded lips in females were observed. The general morphological criteria include this nematode with other Aspiculuris species which were compared in the present study. Molecular characterization based on 18SSU rDNA sequencing performed to confirm the taxonomic position of this species and to documents the morphological data. Sequence alignment detects a percent of identity up to 88.0% with other Heteroxynematidae species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the present recorded is a putative sister taxon to A. tetraptera recorded in a previous study. The SSU rDNA sequence has been deposited in the GenBank under the accession no. MG019400.

Bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and house mice (Mus musculus musculus; M. m. domesticus) in Europe are each parasitized by their own distinct species of Aspiculuris (Nematoda, Oxyurida).

The molecular phylogeny and morphology of the oxyuroid nematode genus Aspiculuris from voles and house mice has been examined. Worms collected from Myodes glareolus in Poland, Eire and the UK are identified as Aspiculuris tianjinensis, previously known only from China, while worms from Mus musculus from a range of locations in Europe and from laboratory mice, all conformed to the description of Aspiculuris tetraptera. Worms from voles and house mice are not closely related and are not derived from each other, with A. tianjinensis being most closely related to Aspiculuris dinniki from snow voles and to an isolate from Microtus longicaudus in the Nearctic. Both A. tianjinensis and A. tetraptera appear to represent recent radiations within their host groups; in voles, this radiation cannot be more than 2 million years old, while in commensal house mice it is likely to be less than 10,000 years old. The potential of Aspiculuris spp. as markers of host evolution is highlighted.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Aspiculuris tetraptera (nematoda: Heteroxynematidae) from Mus musculus (rodentia: Muridae) in Saudi Arabia.

Aspiculuris tetraptera a pinworm of mice, is an important parasite in institutions with mice colonies for both research and teaching purposes. Infection with this parasite has impact on biomedical research. This is likely due to the availability of the parasite's eggs in the environment, therefore can easily be transmitted and infection is generally asymptomatic. No information regarding the prevalence, morphology or phylogeny is available on A. tetraptera from Saudi Arabia. A group of 50 laboratory mice were investigated for the presence of A. tetraptera. Worms were described morphologically and molecular characterization was attempted using 18S rRNA and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I genes. The prevalence of A. tetraptera infestation in the laboratory mice examined was found to be 46%. Morphological description indicated that the worms belong to A. tetraptera and this was confirmed by molecular characterization. Both regions studied have shown that the worm under investigation grouped with A. tetraptera. 18S rDNA sequences obtained in the present study showed high identity with sequences from A. tetraptera while Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I gene (COI) sequences showed intraspecific variation resulted into two haplotypes from the isolates in the present study. A. tetraptera was recorded for the first time from Saudi Arabia. Molecular characterization has shown, based on the COI sequences, that the Saudi isolates of A. tetraptera are distinct.

Study ofthe comparative efficacy of the phytotherapeutic complex against nematodes of mice

The purpose of the research is to studythe efficacy of phytotherapeutic, and homeopathic drugs. Phytotherapeutic drugs have been widely used in parasitology for many years. Also, homeopathic drugs such as Cina have anti-helminthicproperties. The possibility of using phytotherapeutic and high dilutiondrugs during the treatment of nematodedisease has been studied. Two experimental parasitological disease models (aspiculuriosis and trichinellosis) were used.Trichinellosisis a common model of nematodesinmice [1,2].Aspiculuris tetrapteraa pinworm of mice is an important parasite in institutions with mice colonies for both research and teaching purposes. The infection is generally asymptomatic. This study aimed to assess the protective efficiency of a homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH, sphagnum,and its complex against experimental trichinosis and aspiculuriosis. Methods:An assay was carried out on 80 white outbred mice. These were divided into 6 groups of ten mice each. Groups1 and 4 had sphagnum q.s. per os; groups2 and 5 -desoldering dissolved in water Cina C6cH one time a day per os, the groups3 and 6 received complex sphagnum+Cina C6cHone time a day per os. Groups1-3 were inoculated with a dose of 80 ± 5 units of T. spiralislarva per mouse, groups 4-6 had spontaneous aspiculuriosis, and group 7 had T. spiralis, group 8 had Aspiculuris tetraptera. After 60 days of trichinellosis incubation, process the mice were euthanized and dissected for evaluation.Results:Maximum protection was obtained in the group of mice 3: T. spiralisdetected larvae in animals was 650.5±25.1 larva/animal. Group N2 (Cina C6cH) presented 2840.5±183.3 larva/animal. This was less than the control group (4485±430.6 larva/mouse). Also,groups 4-6 of mice with aspiculuriosis showed 75%, 80%,and 86% efficacy against nematodes.

Cholinergic signaling plasticity maintains viscerosensory responses during Aspiculuris tetraptera infection in mice small intestine.

Intestinal parasites alter gastrointestinal (GI) functions like the cholinergic function. Aspiculuris tetraptera is a pinworm frequently observed in laboratory facilities, which infests the mice cecum and proximal colon. However, little is known about the impact of this infection on the GI sensitivity. Here, we investigated possible changes in spontaneous mesenteric nerve activity and on the mechanosensitivity function of worm-free regions of naturally infected mice with A. tetraptera. Infection increased the basal firing of mesenteric afferent nerves in jejunum. Our findings indicate that nicotinic but not muscarinic receptors, similarly affect spontaneous nerve firing in control and infected animals; these axons are mainly vagal. No difference between groups was observed on spontaneous activity after nicotinic receptor inhibition. However, and contrary to the control group, during infection, the muscarinic signaling was shown to be elevated during mechanosensory experiments. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that alterations induced by infection of the basal afferent activity were independent of the cholinergic function but changes in mechanosensitivity were mediated by muscarinic, but not nicotinic, receptors and specifically by high threshold nerve fibers (activated above 20mmHg), known to play a role in nociception. These plastic changes within the muscarinic signaling would function as a compensatory mechanism to maintain a full mechanosensory response and the excitability of nociceptors during infection. These changes indicate that pinworm colonic infection can target other tissues away from the colon.

Comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of the two murine pinworms Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata.

Pinworms Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata are important parasitic nematodes of laboratory mice, rat and other rodents. However, the mitochondrial (mt) genome of these parasites have not been known yet. In the present study, the complete mt genomes of A. tetraptera and S. obvelata were sequenced, which were 13,669 bp and 14,235 bp in size, respectively. Both genomes included 12 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one non-coding region. The mt genomes of A. tetraptera and S. obvelata preferred bases A and T, with the highest for T and the lowest for C. The mt gene arrangements of the two pinworms were the same as that of the GA8 type. Phylogenetic analysis using mtDNA data revealed that the Bayesian inference (BI) trees contained two big branches: species from Oxyuridomorpha, Rhabditomorpha and Ascaridomorpha formed one branch, and those from Spiruromorpha formed another branch with high statistical support. The two murine pinworms A. tetraptera and S. obvelata have closer relationship than to other pinworms. This study provides a foundation for studying the population genetics, systematics and molecular phylogeny of pinworms.

Oxyurid nematodes of pet rodents in Slovakia - a neglected zoonotic threat / Nematódeos oxiurídeos de roedores de estimação na Eslováquia - uma ameaça zoonótica negligenciada

Abstract The role of rodents as reservoirs of helminths of public health importance is not well known. The zoonotic potential of Syphacia spp. has been confirmed; therefore, the study aimed to estimate the occurrence of oxyurid nematodes in small rodents from pet shops and breeding clubs in Slovakia. Fecal samples of 586 pet rodents kept in 133 cages were collected between 2016 and 2018 and examined by Faust´s flotation method. Four species of oxyurid nematodes, Syphacia muris, S. obvelata, Aspiculuris tetraptera and Paraspidodera uncinata were detected. A. tetraptera was found in the faecal samples of all rodent species included in this survey. The number of positive boxes varied from 5.4% in hamsters to 70.0% with mice. The prevalence of Syphacia muris was highest in Mongolian gerbils where up to 75.0% boxes were positive; S. obvelata was found in 26.7% of boxes with mice, 25.0% of boxes with Mongolian gerbils and 3.2% of boxes with rats. The high prevalence of Syphacia spp. in all animal species points out the infection risk for humans. Animals offered for sale are often in close contact with human beings; therefore they should be regularly tested for parasites and then effectively dewormed.

Resumo O papel dos roedores como reservatórios de helmintos de importância para a saúde pública não é bem conhecido. O potencial zoonótico de Syphacia spp. foi confirmado; portanto, o estudo teve como objetivo estimar a ocorrência de nematóides oxiurídeos em pequenos roedores de pet shops e clubes de reprodução na Eslováquia. Amostras fecais de 586 roedores mantidos em 133 gaiolas foram coletadas entre 2016 e 2018 e examinadas pelo método de flotação de Faust. Foram detectadas quatro espécies de nematódeos oxiurídeos, Syphacia muris, S. obvelata, Aspiculuris tetraptera e Paraspidodera uncinata, A. tetraptera foi encontrado nas amostras fecais de todas as espécies de roedores incluídas nesta pesquisa. O número de gaiolas positivas variou de 5,4% em hamsters a 70,0% em camundongos. A prevalência de Syphacia muris foi maior nos gerbilos da Mongólia, onde até 75,0% das gaiolas foram positivas; S. obvelata foi encontrada em 26,7% das gaiolas com camundongos, 25,0% das gaiolas com gerbilos da Mongólia e 3,2% das gaiolas com ratos. A alta prevalência de Syphacia spp. em todas as espécies animais aponta o risco de infecção para os seres humanos. Animais oferecidos para venda estão frequentemente em contato próximo com seres humanos; portanto, eles devem ser regularmente testados quanto a parasitas e, então, efetivamente desparasitados.

Aspicularis tetraptera Induced Hematological Parameters in Infected and Vaccinated Mice.

BACKGROUND: The present study deals with the effect of helminthic infection as Nematode parasite like Aspiculuris tetraptera on the haematological parameters of infected and vaccinated mice. METHODS: Totally 15 mice were used. Five mice were used for positive control, 5 mice used for negative control and 5 mice used for experiment. The hematological parameters were studied viz. RBC, Hb, and serum protein values. RESULTS: The mice carrying heavy infection showed decrease in the Hb, RBC, and serum protein but in the vaccinated mice, all studied parameters were become on normal range. The level of immune response was assessed based on above studied hematological parameters in infected and vaccinated mice with Aspiculuris tetraptera. CONCLUSION: The increased value of RBC, Hb and Serum protein in infected and vaccinated mice compared to infected and non vaccinated suggested the involvement of blood parameters in immune response. This study also proves that somatic antigen of A. tetraptera was effective in imparting immunity in mice.