ABSTRACT
The effect of spontaneous fermentation by lactic acid bacteria on the extraction yield of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from rosemary leaf extracts was investigated using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Brining and spontaneous fermentation with lactic acid bacteria more than doubled extraction of polyphenolics and antioxidants from the rosemary leaves. The results show that lactic acid fermentation enhances antioxidant activity in extracts by increasing the total phenolic content but does not increase extraction of phytosterols. Increased extraction of phenolic oxidants during fermentation assisted extraction, results from the in situ generated natural eutectic solvent from the plant sample. ATR-FTIR spectra from the bioactive bands suggests that this increased antioxidant activity is associated with increased extraction of rosmarinic acid, depolymerised lignin, abietane diterpenoids and 15-hydroxy-7-oxodehydroabietic acid.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/metabolism , Lactobacillales/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Rosmarinus/chemistry , Rosmarinus/metabolism , Abietanes/chemistry , Abietanes/metabolism , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Cinnamates/chemistry , Cinnamates/metabolism , Depsides/chemistry , Depsides/metabolism , Fermentation , Humans , Lignin/chemistry , Lignin/metabolism , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/metabolism , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Rosmarinic AcidABSTRACT
Natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) is generally considered as a greener alternative to fossil solvent, with great potential in various areas. In the present work, 25 different NaDESs were screened for the extraction of puerarin (PUE) and its two natural derivatives from Radix Pueraria (RP). As the main isoflavone in RP, PUE has a wide range of biological activities. However, its application is restricted due to its poor solubility in water and low oral bioavailability. In this study, the extraction of PUE with NaDESs showed significant advantages compared with traditional solvents. While using L-Pro-Maa (L-proline-malic acid) under optimal conditions, the optimized yields of PUE, 3-MPR and PRX were 98.7 mg/g, 16.3 mg/g and 9.9 mg/g, respectively, which were 2.2-, 2.9- and 3.4-fold higher than that of water. Furthermore, the oral bioavailability of PUE in NaDES extracts was comparatively investigated in rats with HPLC-MS technique. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the relative bioavailability of PUE in L-Pro-Maa extract is 323%. The result indicated that NaDES is not only a sustainable ionic liquid with higher extraction efficiency, but also an enhancer of oral bioavailability of specific natural products.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics , Plant Roots/chemistry , Pueraria/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Animals , Biological Availability , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Rats , Solubility , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) is widely applied in the extraction of nutrients from natural resources as a greener alternative for fossil solvent. In the present work, 27 different NaDESs were screened for the extraction of paeoniflorin (PF) and galloyl paeoniflorin (GPF) from Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR). After screening and extraction parameter optimization, the extraction yields of PF and GPF reached up to 182.8â¯mg/g and 77.4â¯mg/g with the selected NaDES, ChCl-Sor. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity in vitro and neuroprotectivity in vivo of the 'ready-to-use' extracts were evaluated comprehensively. Especially in vivo, the cerebral ischemic/ reperfusion injury model was established in rats and the protective effects of the RPR extracts were determined. The results not only proved that NaDES is a valuable green extraction media, but also indicated the safety and potential pharmaceutical application of NaDES based 'ready-to-use' extracts from medical plants.