ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Calophyllum brasiliense is highlighted as an important resource of calanolides, which are dipyranocoumarins that inhibit the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 RT). Despite having great medicinal importance, enzymes involved in calanolide, biosynthesis and the pathway itself, are still largely unknown. Additionally, no genomic resources exist for this plant species. RESULTS: In this work, we first analyzed the transcriptome of C. brasiliense leaves, stem, and roots using a RNA-seq strategy, which provided a dataset for functional gene mining. According to the structures of the calanolides, putative biosynthetic pathways were proposed. Finally, candidate unigenes in the transcriptome dataset, potentially involved in umbelliferone and calanolide (angular pyranocoumarin) biosynthetic pathways, were screened using mainly homology-based BLAST and phylogenetic analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The unigene dataset that was generated in this study provides an important resource for further molecular studies of C. brasiliense, especially for functional analysis of candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of linear and angular pyranocoumarins.
Subject(s)
Calophyllum/genetics , Plant Proteins/genetics , Pyranocoumarins/metabolism , Calophyllum/classification , Calophyllum/metabolism , Gene Expression Profiling , Phylogeny , Plant Proteins/metabolism , TranscriptomeABSTRACT
The Calophyllum genus is well-known for its antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and therefore, we analyzed these biological activities for resins of Calophyllum antillanum and Calophyllum inophyllum growing in Cuba. C. antillanum resins showed a potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 0.3 ± 0.1 µg/mL), while its cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells was much lower (IC50 = 21.6 ± 1.1 µg/mL). In contrary, the resin of C. inophyllum showed an unspecific activity. The presence of apetalic acid, isoapetalic acid, calolongic acid, pinetoric acid I, pinetoric acid II, isocalolongic acid, pinetoric acid III, and isopinetoric acid III in C. antillanum resins was also confirmed. These results demonstrated for the first time the potential activity of C. antillanum resins against P. falciparum.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Calophyllum/chemistry , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Resins, Plant/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Calophyllum/classification , Candida albicans/drug effects , Cell Line , Chromones/isolation & purification , Chromones/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Humans , Isoflavones/isolation & purification , Isoflavones/pharmacology , Leishmania infantum/drug effects , Molecular Structure , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Trichophyton/drug effects , Trypanosoma/drug effectsABSTRACT
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Robust markers are required (inter alia) for assessing origins of Calophyllum inophyllum populations on the Bonin Islands, Japan. Therefore, informative expressed sequence tag (EST)-based microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers in the species were sought. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using 135378 ESTs derived from de novo pyrosequencing, primers for 475 EST-SSRs were developed, 48 of which were tested for PCR amplification. Thirty-six of the 48 primers showed clear amplification, with 23 displaying polymorphism in sampled populations. Expected heterozygosity in the samples from the Bonin Islands and Ryukyu Islands populations ranged from 0.041 to 0.697 and from 0.041 to 0.773, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: As EST-SSRs are potentially tightly linked with functional genes, and reportedly more transferable to related species than anonymous genomic SSRs, the developed primers have utility for future studies of the origins, genetic structure, and conservation of C. inophyllum and related species.