Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is effective for p47phox chronic granulomatous disease: A Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium study.

BACKGROUND: P47phox (neutrophil cytosolic factor-1) deficiency is the most common cause of autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and is considered to be associated with a milder clinical phenotype. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for p47phox CGD is not well-described. OBJECTIVES: We sought to study HCT for p47phox CGD in North America. METHODS: Thirty patients with p47phox CGD who received allogeneic HCT at Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium centers since 1995 were included. RESULTS: Residual oxidative activity was present in 66.7% of patients. In the year before HCT, there were 0.38 CGD-related infections per person-years. Inflammatory diseases, predominantly of the lungs and bowel, occurred in 36.7% of the patients. The median age at HCT was 9.1 years (range 1.5-23.6 years). Most HCTs (90%) were performed after using reduced intensity/toxicity conditioning. HCT sources were HLA-matched (40%) and -mismatched (10%) related donors or HLA-matched (36.7%) and -mismatched (13.3%) unrelated donors. CGD-related infections after HCT decreased significantly to 0.06 per person-years (P = .038). The frequency of inflammatory bowel disease and the use of steroids also decreased. The cumulative incidence of graft failure and second HCT was 17.9%. The 2-year overall and event-free survival were 92.3% and 82.1%, respectively, while at 5 years they were 85.7% and 77.0%, respectively. In the surviving patients evaluated, ≥95% donor myeloid chimerism at 1 and 2 years after HCT was 93.8% and 87.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with p47phox CGD suffer from a significant disease burden that can be effectively alleviated by HCT. Similar to other forms of CGD, HCT should be considered for patients with p47phox CGD.

Effect of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic granulomatous disease in children: A multicentre, retrospective cohort study in China.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in children is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder that can lead to life-threatening infections and inflammatory complications. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is increasingly being used to treat severe CGD in children. We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis of children with CGD who were treated with allo-HSCT at four pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant centers in China from September 2005 to December 2019. The study included a total of 171 patients (169 males and 2 females). The median age at the time of transplantation was 6.1 (0-16.4) years. Among them, 154 patients had X-linked recessive inheritance caused by CYBB gene mutations, 12 patients were autosomal recessive, 1 patient had DNAH11 and HYDIN gene mutations, and 4 patients had no gene mutations. The median follow-up period was 36.3 (1.9-79) months. All participating patients were applied to myeloablative conditioning (MAC) regimens. The rates of OS, EFS, and GEFS within three years were 87.5%, 85.3%, and 75.2%, respectively. The total graft failure and the total mortality rate were 5.3% and 11.1%. The cumulative incidence of acute GVHD was 53.8% and the incidence of chronic GVHD was 12.9%, The incidence of chronic GVHD was higher for patients who received unrelated donor cord blood stem cell transplantation (UD-CB) (P = 0.001). Chronic GVHD and coinfections are the risk factors for OS and EFS in patients with CGD after receiving allo-HSCT. UD-CB is a risk factor for EFS and the presence of pneumonia before transplantation is a risk factor for OS. In conclusion, through this study, we have demonstrated that allo-HSCT has excellent efficacy in the treatment of CGD in children, especially, RD-haplo is associated with a lower rate of graft failure incidence and mortality than the treatment modalities of other donor type. Therefore, allo-HSCT is strongly recommended when a well-matched donor is available. If a well-matched donor is not available, the HLA-mismatched donor should be carefully evaluated, and the conditioning regimen modified accordingly.

[Pulmonary complications of Chronic Granulomatous Disease]. / Complications pulmonaires de la granulomatose septique chronique.

Chronic Granulomatosis Disease (CGD) is an inherited immune deficiency due to a mutation in the genes coding for the subunits of the NADPH oxidase enzyme that affects the oxidative capacity of phagocytic cells. It is characterized by increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, particularly Aspergillus, as well as complications associated with hyperinflammation and granulomatous tissue infiltration. There exist two types of frequently encountered pulmonary manifestations: (1) due to their being initially pauci-symptomatic, possibly life-threatening infectious complications are often discovered at a late stage. Though their incidence has decreased through systematic anti-bacterial and anti-fungal prophylaxis, they remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality; (2) inflammatory complications consist in persistent granulomatous mass or interstitial pneumoniae, eventually requiring immunosuppressive treatment. Pulmonary complications recurring since infancy generate parenchymal and bronchial sequelae that impact functional prognosis. Hematopoietic stem cell allograft is a curative treatment; it is arguably life-sustaining and may limit the morbidity of the disease. As a result of improved pediatric management, life expectancy has increased dramatically. That said, new challenges have appeared with regard to adults: difficulties of compliance, increased inflammatory manifestations, acquired resistance to anti-infectious therapies. These different developments underscore the importance of the transition period and the need for multidisciplinary management.

A Mouse Model of X-Linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease for the Development of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Therapy.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immunodeficiency disease mainly caused by mutations in the X-linked CYBB gene that abrogate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in phagocytes and microbial defense. Gene repair using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is a promising technology for therapy for CGD. To support the establishment of efficient and safe gene therapies for CGD, we generated a mouse model harboring a patient-derived mutation in the CYBB gene. Our CybbC517del mouse line shows the hallmarks of CGD and provides a source for Cybb-deficient HSPCs that can be used to evaluate gene-therapy approaches in vitro and in vivo. In a setup using Cas9 RNPs and an AAV repair vector in HSPCs, we show that the mutation can be repaired in 19% of treated cells and that treatment restores ROS production by macrophages. In conclusion, our CybbC517del mouse line provides a new platform for refining and evaluating novel gene therapies and studying X-CGD pathophysiology.

TNFα: TNFR1 signaling inhibits maturation and maintains the pro-inflammatory programming of monocyte-derived macrophages in murine chronic granulomatous disease.

Introduction: Loss of NADPH oxidase activity results in proinflammatory macrophages that contribute to hyperinflammation in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD). Previously, it was shown in a zymosan-induced peritonitis model that gp91phox-/- (CGD) monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMacs) fail to phenotypically mature into pro-resolving MoMacs characteristic of wild type (WT) but retain the ability to do so when placed in the WT milieu. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that soluble factor(s) in the CGD milieu thwart appropriate programming. Methods: We sought to identify key constituents using ex vivo culture of peritoneal inflammatory leukocytes and their conditioned media. MoMac phenotyping was performed via flow cytometry, measurement of efferocytic capacity and multiplex analysis of secreted cytokines. Addition of exogenous TNFα, TNFα neutralizing antibody and TNFR1-/- MoMacs were used to study the role of TNFα: TNFR1 signaling in MoMac maturation. Results: More extensive phenotyping defined normal MoMac maturation and demonstrated failure of maturation of CGD MoMacs both ex vivo and in vivo. Protein components, and specifically TNFα, produced and released by CGD neutrophils and MoMacs into conditioned media was identified as critical to preventing maturation. Exogenous addition of TNFα inhibited WT MoMac maturation, and its neutralization allowed maturation of cultured CGD MoMacs. TNFα neutralization also reduced production of IL-1ß, IL-6 and CXCL1 by CGD cells though these cytokines played no role in MoMac programming. MoMacs lacking TNFR1 matured more normally in the CGD milieu both ex vivo and following adoptive transfer in vivo. Discussion: These data lend mechanistic insights into the utility of TNFα blockade in CGD and to other diseases where such therapy has been shown to be beneficial.

Case Report: The leopard sign as a potential characteristic of chronic granulomatous disease-associated colitis, unrelated to colitis severity.

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn immune disorder in which the phagocytic system cannot eradicate pathogens, and autoinflammation occurs. Approximately half of the patients have associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Although most cases with CGD-associated colitis present nonspecific histology, colonoscopy in some cases shows brownish dots over a yellowish oedematous mucosa, which is termed a "leopard sign". However, the significance of these signs remains unclear. Methods: We collected data from patients with CGD whose colonoscopic findings showed the leopard sign. Results: Three patients with CGD and leopard signs were enrolled in this study. One patient underwent colonoscopy for frequent diarrhoea and weight gain failure, and another for anal fistula. The third patient was without gastrointestinal symptoms and underwent colonoscopy as a screening test before allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Endoscopic findings showed a mild leopard sign in the first case; however, non-contiguous and diffuse aphthae were observed throughout the colon. The other two cases were unremarkable except for the leopard sign. All the patients achieved remission with oral prednisolone or HCT. One patient underwent colonoscopy after HCT; results revealed improvements in endoscopy (including the leopard sign) and histological findings. However, another patient underwent colonoscopy after prednisolone treatment; this revealed no change in the leopard sign. Conclusion: The leopard sign in the colon may be a characteristic endoscopic finding of CGD, even in patients who do not develop severe gastrointestinal symptoms; however, it does not reflect the severity of CGD-associated colitis.

Enfermedad granulomatosa crónica en paciente pediátrico y trasplante de médula ósea como tratamiento curativo / Chronic granulomatous disease in pediatric patients and bone marrow transplantation as a curative treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica (EGC) es una inmunodeficiencia primaria, caracterizada por la incapacidad de células fagocíticas para producir sustancias necesarias para destruir microorganismos. Actualmente, el trasplante de médula ósea como tratamiento curativo de la EGC ha demostrado ser una prometedora alternativa terapéutica. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Lactante menor de 8 meses, ingresa a Unidad de Cuidados Especiales Pediátricos por cuadro de nueve días de evolución caracterizado por fiebre de 39ºC, calofríos, meteorismo y distensión abdominal, sin foco clínico evidente. EXÁMENES: hemograma con leucocitosis y desviación izquierda, PCR 103 mg/L, urocultivo positivo para bacilos gram negativos e inmunoglobulinas en rango bajo. Cintigrama óseo normal. Ecografía abdominal; hepatomegalia, linfonodos mesentéricos reactivos y líquido ascítico. Gram ganglionar mesentérico; Cándida lusitaniae positiva y dudoso Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se efectúa estudio con estallido respiratorio, evidenciándose alteración severa compatible con diagnóstico de EGC. Se inicia tratamiento antifúngico, antituberculoso y administración de gammaglobulina endovenosa. Considerando diagnóstico se agrega interferón gamma 50 ug/m2 tres veces por semana. Al controlarse la infección, se realiza Trasplante Alogénico de Precursores Hematopoyéticos (TPH) con sangre de cordón umbilical de donante no emparentado, evidenciándose tres meses posterior al procedimiento remisión de la EGC por un estallido respiratorio normal. Actualmente estable con manejo ambulatorio, cursando anemia hemolítica autoinmune como complicación leve y tardía del TPH. DISCUSIÓN: El diagnóstico precoz e inicio adecuado del tratamiento antimicrobiano e interferón gamma ha modificado favorablemente la morbimortalidad de pacientes con EGC. No obstante, el tratamiento curativo con TPH es una alternativa terapéutica eficaz y prometedora en estos pacientes

INTRODUCTION: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency, characterized by the inability of phagocytic cells to produce substances needed to destroy certain microorganisms. In recent years, marrow transplantation has been effective for patients with CGD. CASE REPORT: Breastfed infant of eight months was admitted to the Pediatric Special Care Unit for nine days, exhibiting the following symptoms despite no clinical source of infection: a 39°C fever, chills, bloating, and abdominal distension. EXAMS: hemogram showed leukocytosis with left shift, PCR 103 mg/L, positive urine culture for gram-negative bacilli, immunoglobulin in low range. Normal bone scintigraphy. Abdominal ultrasound; hepatomely, reactive mesenteric lymph nodes and ascites fluid. Mesenteric lymph nodes gram: positive for Candida lusitaniae and inconclusive evidence for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Later, a respiratory burst revealed the absence of an immune response, consistent with a diagnosis of CGD. Antifungal, anti-tuberculosis, and intravenous gamma globulin were administered, as well as 50ug/m2 of interferon gamma delivered three times per week. Once the infection had been controlled, the patient received an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) with cord blood from an unrelated donor. Over the following three months, respiratory burst was normal, evidencing CGD's remission. The patient is currently stable with ambulatory management and a mild case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a common delayed-onset complication of an Allogenic HSCT. DISCUSSION: Early diagnosis and appropriate initiation of antimicrobial and interferon gamma treatment favorably impacts the morbidity and mortality of CGD patients. However, an Allogenic HSCT has proven to be an even more effective curative treatment

Escleromalacia necrotizante: a propósito de 1 caso / Scleritis necroticans: Apropos of a case

La escleromalacia necrotizante es una enfermedad granulomatosa crónica de la esclera, poco frecuente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina, blanca de 63 años de edad con esta afección y se resaltan tanto las manifestaciones oftalmológicas como los procesos asociados donde se destaca la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz para un adecuado tratamiento

Utilizaçäo terapêutica do interferon-gama em doença granulomatosa crônica: fundamentos, efeitos sobre a síntese de reativos intermediários do nitrogênio e outros possíveis mecanismos de açäo / Therapeutic use of the gamma-interferon in a chronic granulomatous disease: basis, effects on the synthesis of intermediary reactives of nitrogen and other possible mechanisms of action

Therapy with rIFN-ç did not cause an induction of NO synthesis by neutrophils or mononuclear cells from CGD patients, nor changed any of the immunological parameters of these patients. These results indicate that O2- production is not essential for NO synthesis in human leukocytes and that therapy with rIFN-ç in CGD patients does not induces NO synthesis by their leucocytes. The mechanisms by which rIFN-ç therapy produces clinical improvement remain to be investigated

Manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas de las enfermedades granulomatosas: Experiencia en el Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Venezuela / Otorhinolaryngologic manifestation of granulomatose diseases: Experience at Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Venezuela

Las enfermedades granulomatosas representan un grupo heterogeneo de afecciones de evolucion cronica, caracterizadas por su tendencia a persistir y a progresar. En la esfera otorrinolaringologica, causan lesiones mucosas granulomatosas necrotizantes, que se manifiestan por un variado espectro de formas clinicas, afectando todos los organos del tracto respiratorio superior, ocasionando graves defectos anatomicos y severos trastornos funcionales. En el Servicio de Otorrinolaringologia del Hospital Universitario de Caracas se presentan con mayor frecuencia la tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, paracoccidioidomicosis e histoplasmosis. Se realiza una revision de las manifestaciones clinicas más frecuentes y se hacen consideraciones diagnosticas, ya que son enfermedades que requieren un alto indice de sospecha y representan un reto a la terapeutica otorrinolaringologica, debido a lo prolongado, costoso y mal tolerado del tratamiento, asi como por la tendencia natural a recidivar