Pierre Fauchard's Contribution to Oral Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: An historical essay.

Pierre Fauchard, considered the father of dentistry, contributed to the development of different fields of dentistry that we know today. However, the contribution of this important individual to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology is unknown. This study aimed to identify Pierre Fauchard's contribution to these areas of dentistry. We focused on "Le Chirurgien Dentiste, or Traité des Dents" in both French and English, looking for information about the oral diseases diagnosed and treated by Fauchard. Information on patient history, disease description, treatment applied, and clinical follow-up was collected. A contemporary analysis of the diseases was performed, and the collected data were systematized, reported, and analyzed descriptively, according to the current literature on the addressed topics. Information on conditions such as scurvy, parulides, epulides, oral ulcers, dentoalveolar abscesses, dental alterations, and post-exodontia incidents were elucidated. Findings indicated that Pierre Fauchard described, diagnosed, and treated different soft and hard tissue diseases of great interest to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology.

The future of oral medicine.

Oral Medicine has been a specialty at the cross-roads of medicine and dentistry, not entirely recognized as a specialty by organized dentistry (at least in the US), and not embraced by medicine. This study makes a case for its place as a specialty of Medicine.

The origins of oral medicine in the Hippocratic collected works.

The collected works of Hippocrates describe for the first time in a systematic way a large number of oral diseases, such as ulcers, inflammations, abscesses and tumours from the epiglottis, mouth, tongue, palate, uvula and the sublingual area. Several of these case reports are remarkable for the accurate observation of clinical symptoms and signs, the aetiology, the pathogenesis and their therapeutic approach in relation to prognosis. The Hippocratic authors report cases of aphthae as part of a polysystemic disease, described many centuries later by Behçet and Adamantiades, while they associate features of splenomegaly from endemic malaria with gingivitis (ulitis). Benign lip ulcers, caused by sharp teeth bites, were distinguished from the difficult to treat herpes labialis (herpes) and from the necrotising nomae. Although staphylitis and angina (kynanche) were attributed to phlegm accumulation, they were recognised as true emergencies when they were associated with a swollen tongue and uvula. Several cases of kynanche with forward displacement of the first cervical vertebrae, atrophy of the uvula and oedema of the jaws are illustrated. A fatal outcome was anticipated in cases of phagedaenic ulcers of the teeth, causing necrosis and abscess formation. The therapeutic approach of oral diseases proceeded step by step, starting with simple regimens and progressing to invasive techniques, such as phlebotomy, surgical incisions for fluid drainage, and cauterisation. With the aim to avoid adverse events, special attention was paid to the correct timing of surgery and the maintenance of a patent airway with the insertion of small pharyngeal tubes.

[The development of higher stomatological education in the Voronejskaia oblast].

The article considers development of stomatological education in the Voronezhskaia oblast from 1920s. The issue of development of network of dental out-patient clinics in the Voronezhskaia gubernia and problem of inadequate number of dentists are considered. The organization of training courses of dentists from feldshers and paramedical personnel and training of dental personnel in dental school are presented. The role of professor A.I. Evdokimov is demonstrated related to organization of stomatological institute and training of stomatological personnel in the Voronezhskaia oblast and organization of the Voronezhskii stomatological institute. The plans of Oblzdrav of the Central'no-Chernozemnaia oblast are reflected concerning issues of training of stomatological personnel in the stomatological institute and assignment of the first stomatologists of the Voronezhskii stomatological institute. The issues are considered concerning organization of evacuation of the stomatological institute in Krasnoyarsk, joining up of parts of the four Leningradskii medical institutes and the Voronezhskii stomatological institute into the Krasnoyarskii medical institute during the Great Patriotic War and post-war restoration of teaching of stomatology at the chair of hospital surgery in the medical institute of Voronezh. The data is presented related to organization of the stomatological faculty in the Voronezhskii N.N. Burdenko medical institute, the chairs of therapeutic, orthopedic, surgical and children stomatology. The pedagogic and scientific research activity of stomatological chairs is considered, including their publication activity and international activity. The role of stomatological faculty of the Voronezhskii N.N. Burdenko state university is demonstrated.

[The current research status and thinking on the history of stomatology in modern China].

The research on the history of stomatology in modern China began in the middle of 20th century. The history of stomatology is a branch of medical history and stomatology education research. Most of researches on it were general historical researches, but problems on its medical knowledge dissemination and system, development process and social relations, etc. had not been drawn wider attentions at the moment. In order to innovate the research methods of stomatology history, and to promote the study of stomatology history from the perspective of empirical and cultural mutual corroboration, this article classifies and summarizes the research status, characteristics and trends of the stomatology history in modern China.

[Professor K. P. Tarasov--the first dean of stomatologic department in National Medical University named after A. A. Bogomolets. On 90th anniversary of NMU foundation].

The article presents a complex course of life of the professor, K. P. Tarasov--the first dean of stomatological (odontological) faculty of National medical university named after A. A. Bogomolets and the chief of orthodontics department, his considerable contribution to faculty development, and also destiny of his children.

The maturation of science within dentistry: the impact of critical milestones and visionary leaders on contemporary achievements.

In the last 150 years dentistry has faced myriad challenges as it has developed as a technical profession; but even greater struggles to develop a true scientific basis, one that permeates both the academic and practice sectors. In the latter part of the 19th century, technical advances abounded and clinical practice was empirically driven. The first few decades of the 20th century were a tumultuous time in the scientific evolution of dentistry, and many political barriers existed. The formation of scientific journals, research institutes, and a focus on dental education all contributed to a slow and sometimes agonizing evolution of the scientific development of dentistry. Today, while research endeavors are vast, the dental educational system and its embracing of new science within its curricula may not have kept pace with the vision of William J. Gies to revitalize the dental profession over 75 years ago. We are on the brink of a remarkable transformation for both dental education and the practice of dentistry, one that will require enhanced leadership, a revitalized vision and a passion for excellence to allow its continued progress and ultimate success.

[Beginning of modern stomatology education of China in later Qing dynasty].

In the 19th century, modern stomatology education were introduced into China with the impact of the west medicine and education. The apprenticeship of modern stomatology education were carried out by missionaries firstly, and then changed to dental schools established by the missionaries or foreigners, which was replaced partly by local Chinese dentists later and improved the development of modern Chinese stomatology education preliminarily.

Francis P. McCarthy, pioneer in oral medicine.

Francis P. McCarthy MD (1883-1970) was a major pioneer in the development of the discipline of Oral Medicine in America. A 1905 graduate of Tufts Medical School, he later became certified in both pathology and dermatology. As a practicing dermatologist Dr. McCarthy's attention was drawn to diseases of the mouth. In 1925 he introduced a course of lectures in Oral Medicine at Tufts Dental School. This was the first course in Oral Medicine presented at an American dental school. Dr. McCarthy gradually developed a clinic in Oral Medicine, where he would bring in some of his private patients with oral mucous membrane diseases. Students would also bring their patients with oral mucosal diseases to this clinic, where Dr. McCarthy's considerable background and experience would often be able to interpret complex oral mucosal manifestations. He retired as Professor of Oral Medicine after many years of teaching both predoctoral and postdoctoral students at the Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.

[Continuing dental education in Hungary from the beginnings to the turn of the millenium--for the 80th anniversary of birth and 15th anniversary of death of Professor Dr. Sándor Orsós]. / A fogorvos-továbbképzés hazai története a kezdetektôl az ezredfordulóig. Dr. Orsós Sándor professzor születésének 80., halálának 15. évfordulójára.

The history of continuing dental education in Hungary has had a close relationship with continuing medical education. In the beginning continuing education had been voluntary and occasional and it obtained its real professional merits only during the first half of the 20th century. Nevertheless the legal background of the regular continuing education was only established after World War II, when a special institute for the organization and monitoring was founded, also. In Hungary the traditional old system survived 10 years after the regime change.

[Pierre Fauchard--founder of stomatology as a separate branch of science].

The article presents information on the origin of stomatology and the role of famous french surgeon and dentist, P. Fauchard--the founder of stomatology as a separate branch of science and as the author of the first manual on the treatment of teeth. The author showed in the article a great contribution of P. Fauchard to prosthetic dentistry.