ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Reports of reduced desire to smoke in patients treated with semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, have raised interest about its potential benefit for tobacco use disorders (TUDs). OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of semaglutide with TUD-related health care measures in patients with comorbid T2DM and TUD. DESIGN: Emulation target trial based on a nationwide population-based database of patient electronic health records. SETTING: United States, 1 December 2017 to 31 March 2023. PARTICIPANTS: Seven target trials were emulated among eligible patients with comorbid T2DM and TUD by comparing the new use of semaglutide versus 7 other antidiabetes medications (insulins, metformin, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and other GLP-1RAs). MEASUREMENTS: The TUD-related health care measures (medical encounter for diagnosis of TUD, smoking cessation medication prescriptions, and smoking cessation counseling) that occurred within a 12-month follow-up were examined using Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. RESULTS: The study compared 222 942 new users of antidiabetes medications including 5967 of semaglutide. Semaglutide was associated with a significantly lower risk for medical encounters for TUD diagnosis compared with other antidiabetes medications, and was strongest compared with insulins (hazard ratio [HR], 0.68 [95% CI, 0.63 to 0.74]) and weakest but statistically significant compared with other GLP-1RAs (HR, 0.88 [CI, 0.81 to 0.96]). Semaglutide was associated with reduced smoking cessation medication prescriptions and counseling. Similar findings were observed in patients with and without a diagnosis of obesity. For most of the group comparisons, the differences occurred within 30 days of prescription initiation. LIMITATION: Documentation bias, residual confounding, missing data on current smoking behavior, body mass index, and medication adherence. CONCLUSION: Semaglutide was associated with lower risks for TUD-related health care measures in patients with comorbid T2DM and TUD compared with other antidiabetes medications including other GLP-1Ras, primarily within 30 days of prescription. These findings suggest the need for clinical trials to evaluate semaglutide's potential for TUD treatment. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Glucagon-Like Peptides , Hypoglycemic Agents , Tobacco Use Disorder , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Glucagon-Like Peptides/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptides/adverse effects , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Aged , United States/epidemiology , Smoking Cessation , Obesity/complications , Obesity/drug therapyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have shown that fetal hypoxia predisposes individuals to develop addictive disorders in adulthood. However, the specific impact of maternal stress, mediated through glucocorticoids and often coexisting with fetal hypoxia, is not yet fully comprehended. METHODS: To delineate the potential effects of these pathological factors, we designed models of prenatal severe hypoxia (PSH) in conjunction with maternal stress and prenatal intrauterine ischemia (PII). We assessed the suitability of these models for our research objectives by measuring HIF1α levels and evaluating the glucocorticoid neuroendocrine system. To ascertain nicotine dependence, we employed the conditioned place aversion test and the startle response test. To identify the key factor implicated in nicotine addiction associated with PSH, we employed techniques such as Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and correlational analysis between chrna7 and nr3c1 genes across different brain structures. RESULTS: In adult rats exposed to PSH and PII, we observed increased levels of HIF1α in the hippocampus (HPC). However, the PSH group alone exhibited reduced glucocorticoid receptor levels and disturbed circadian glucocorticoid rhythms. Additionally, they displayed signs of nicotine addiction in the conditioned place aversion and startle response tests. We also observed elevated levels of phosphorylated DARPP-32 protein in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) indicated compromised glutamatergic efferent signaling. Furthermore, there was reduced expression of α7 nAChR, which modulates glutamate release, in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and HPC. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between chrna7 and nr3c1 expression in both brain structures. CONCLUSION: Perturbations in the glucocorticoid neuroendocrine system and glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression of chrna7 associated with maternal stress response to hypoxia in prenatal period favor the development of nicotine addiction in adulthood.
Subject(s)
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Stress, Psychological , Tobacco Use Disorder , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor , Animals , Female , Male , Pregnancy , Rats , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/genetics , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/metabolism , Fetal Hypoxia/metabolism , Fetal Hypoxia/complications , Fetal Hypoxia/genetics , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics , Stress, Psychological/metabolism , Tobacco Use Disorder/metabolism , Tobacco Use Disorder/genetics , Tobacco Use Disorder/complicationsABSTRACT
People with severe mental disorders have a higher mortality rate due to preventable conditions like cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Nicotine addiction is a preventable risk factor, with tobacco use being twice as high in people with mental disorders. An integrative model that divides mental disorders into externalising, internalising, and thought disorders could be useful for identifying common causalities and risk factors. This review aims to examine the interface between smoking and internalising disorders, specifically schizophrenia, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders. The review finds that there is a clear association between smoking behaviour and these disorders. Schizophrenia is associated with polymorphisms that result in an imbalance between glutamate and GABA release and abnormalities of dopaminergic pathways. Nicotine improves dopaminergic signalling and balances glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways, improving symptoms and increasing the risk of nicotine dependence. In depressive disorders, smoking is associated with functional changes in brain regions affected by smoking and self-medication. In anxiety disorders, there is a bidirectional relationship with smoking, involving the amygdala and changes in dopaminergic pathways and cortisol production. Smoking poses a threat to people living with psychiatric disorders and calls for further research to assess the interactions between nicotine dependence and internalising and thought disorders.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders , Schizophrenia , Smoking Cessation , Tobacco Use Disorder , Humans , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy , Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/psychology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Schizophrenia/etiology , Anxiety Disorders/complicationsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among people living with HIV (PLWH) who were current cigarette smokers and receiving treatment at HIV outpatient clinics (OPCs) in Vietnam. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of smokers living with HIV. SETTING: The study was carried out in 13 HIV OPCs located in Ha Noi, Vietnam. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 527 PLWH aged 18 and above who were smokers and were receiving treatment at HIV OPCs. OUTCOME MEASURES: The study used the Centre for Epidemiology Scale for Depression to assess depressive symptoms. The associations between depressive symptoms, tobacco dependence and other characteristics were explored using bivariate and Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among smokers living with HIV was 38.3%. HIV-positive smokers who were female (prevalence ratio, PR 1.51, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.22), unmarried (PR 2.06, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.76), had a higher level of tobacco dependence (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.11) and reported their health as fair or poor (PR 1.66, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.26) were more likely to have depression symptoms compared with HIV-positive smokers who were male, married, had a lower level of tobacco dependence and self-reported their health as good, very good or excellent. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among smokers receiving HIV care at HIV OPCs was high. Both depression and tobacco use screening and treatment should be included as part of ongoing care treatment plans at HIV OPCs.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Tobacco Use Disorder , Humans , Male , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Smokers , Vietnam/epidemiology , Depression/epidemiology , Prevalence , Ambulatory Care FacilitiesABSTRACT
Objetivo: A periodontite é uma doença infecto-inflamatória que acomete os tecidos de inserção periodontal, e ser fumante representa um risco modificável significativo para todos os graus da doença. Ainda, indivíduos fumantes apresentam uma resposta inflamatória alterada quando comparados a não fumantes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi reportar um relato de caso de tratamento periodontal de paciente fumante pesado. Relato de caso: O paciente DRS, sexo masculino, 22 anos, foi encaminhado à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) com a queixa principal de necessidade de "realização de uma limpeza dentária". Na anamnese, relatou fumar 20 cigarros ao dia, há 7 anos (7 maços-ano). Na consulta inicial, foi encontrado índice de placa visível (IPV) de 100% e índice de sangramento gengival (ISG) de 66,67%. Foi encontrado cálculo supragengival como fator retentivo de placa (FRP) em 46,30% dos sítios. Estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de periodontite estágio III localizado grau C. Os exames periodontais foram realizados por um único pesquisador calibrado e optou-se pelo tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Ao exame de 12 meses, o paciente apresentou IPV de 23,45% e ISG de 22,83%. Houve ausência de FRP. De uma forma geral, foi possível constatar a diminuição significativa das bolsas periodontais, bem como o ganho significativo de inserção clínica periodontal. Considerações finais: Dessa forma, é possível concluir a efetividade da terapia periodontal não cirúrgica, aliada à manutenção periodontal e instruções de higiene para o tratamento de periodontite estágio III, grau C, em paciente fumante.(AU)
Objective: Periodontitis is an infect-inflammatory diseases that affects the periodontal attachment tissues, and being smoker represents a significant modifiable risk for all degrees of the disease. Moreover, smokers have an altered inflammatory response when compared to non-smokers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report a case report of periodontal treatment of a heavy smoker. Case report: A patient DRS, male, 22 years old, was referred to the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) with the main complaint of the need to "perform a dental cleaning". During the anamnesis, he reported smoking 20 cigarettes a day for 7 years (7 pack-years). In the initial appointment, a visible plaque index (VPI) of 100% and a gingival bleeding index (GBI) of 66.67% were found. Supragingival calculus was found as a plaque retentive factor (PRF) in 46.30% of the sites. The diagnosis of periodontitis stage III localized grade C was established. Periodontal examinations were performed by a single calibrated researcher and non-surgical periodontal treatment was chosen. At the 12-month appointment, the patient had an VPI of 23.45% and an GBI of 22.83%. There was absence of PRF. In general, it was possible to observe a significant decrease in periodontal pockets, as well as a significant gain in periodontal clinical attachment. Final considerations: Thus, it is possible to conclude the effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal therapy, combined with periodontal maintenance and hygiene instructions for the treatment of periodontitis stage III localized grade C in a smoker.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Periodontitis/etiology , Periodontitis/therapy , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Periodontal Pocket/therapy , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Abstract The present study aims to investigate the impacts of cigarette smoking (CS) and water-pipe smoking (WPS) on the visceral adiposity index (VAI), hematological characteristics, and glycemic tolerance in Iraqi healthy smokers. A total of 528 healthy males from different locations of Baghdad city were allocated to three groups; nonsmokers (176), cigarette smokers (178), and WP smokers (174). Baseline characteristics, anthropometric and hematological markers and were reported. Glycemic control was evaluated using the glucose tolerance test. The evidence of elevated VAI, disrupted hematological markers, and impaired glucose tolerance was significantly (P<0.001) different compared with non-smokers and related to the duration of smoking. The impacts of WPS seem to be significantly greater than CS in certain parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, methemoglobin, and 2-hour glucose tolerance values). In conclusion, CS and WPS negatively impacted body fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and hematological markers. There is a positive association between the rate of smoking and obesity, glycemic intolerance in both groups
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Association , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Body Fat Distribution , Adiposity , Water Pipe Smoking/adverse effects , Glycemic Control/instrumentation , Hemoglobins/analysis , Smokers , Glucose Tolerance Test/instrumentation , Iraq/ethnologyABSTRACT
El tabaquismo es un importante factor de riesgo para las enfermedades periodontales y periimplantares. Los fumadores tienen más posibilidades de presentar pérdida de dientes e implantes y puede promover un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud bucal (QVRSB). Este estudio prospectivo tiene como objetivo verificar el impacto de la cesación de tabaquismo sobre la QVRSB de pacientes fumadores que recibieron implantes oseointegrados. Todos los participantes recibieron terapia antitabáquica y rehabilitación protética implantosoportada. Fue aplicado un cuestionario OHIP-14 para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud bucal. La exposición a tabaco fue evaluada por dedio de un cuestionario estructurado y validado por medición de los niveles de monóxido de carbono expirado. Pacientes que consiguieron dejar de fumar (NF) fueron comparados con pacientes fumadores que no consiguieron dejar de fumar(F) en relación al OHIP-14. Durante el período de estudio, fueron incluídos 83 pacientes, de los cuales 77 permanecieron hasta el final del estudio. La media de cigarros fumados por día fue de 14,3 y un número medio de años de tabaquismo fue de 29,8 años. Hubo reducción significativa de los escores medios de OHIP-14 en los dos grupos: que dejaron de fumar que no consiguieron de dejar de fumar. Por otro lado, no hubo diferencia entre los grupos en relación a la media de OHIP-14. Dentro de los límites del estudio, concluímos que dejar de fumar no tiene impacto significativo en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud bucal (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Quality of Life , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Oral Health , Dental Implantation, Endosseous/methods , Brazil , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Health Impact AssessmentABSTRACT
O cigarro eletrônico surgiu como uma tentativa para minimizar a dependência ao uso de tabaco, entretanto, engloba controvérsias e dúvidas acerca das reais implicações para o organismo humano. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura a fim de relacionar o uso de cigarro eletrônico com suas consequências para os humanos. Os estudos analisados relatam experimentos in vitro e in vivo em camundongos, demonstrando menor concentração de poluentes e nocividades no cigarro eletrônico comparado ao convencional, porém, seu potencial efeito maléfico está relacionado à composição do e-líquido, à maneira do uso e à variedade de aromas presentes nos produtos. Além disso, foram verificadas lesões celulares, hiperreatividade das vias aéreas, liberação de citocinas IL-8, IL-10 e TNF, redução da ação antimicrobiana de queratinócitos e potencial apoptose nas células alveolares. Foi observado também um aumento em até cinco vezes da concentração de carboxihemoglobina em comparação ao cigarro comum e um aumento na auto renovação de células de adenocarcinoma pulmonar de células não pequenas, devido à expressão de SOX2. Observa-se também que em casos de DPOC, o cigarro eletrônico não apresenta agravamentos na fisiologia respiratória, contrapondo outras ocorrências como asma, pneumonia, câncer de pulmão e doenças infecciosas que podem ser ocasionadas ou exacerbadas pelo seu uso. Contudo, pelo curto prazo de observação de seus efeitos, não é possível determinar com precisão a segurança dos cigarros eletrônicos, dessa forma, faz-se necessário que mais pesquisas longitudinais sejam desenvolvidas, auxiliando, assim, na construção de evidências sobre a segurança dos cigarros eletrônicos e na regulamentação futura do produto.
Electronic cigarettes emerged as an attempt to minimize tobacco dependence. However, its use is surrounded by controversies and doubts about the real implications for the human organism. Therefore, this study aims at performing a review of the most recent literature to corelate the use of e-cigarettes with their consequences for the human body. The analyzed studies relate in vitro and in vivo experiments on mice, demonstrating lower concentration of pollutants and harmfulness in the electronic cigarette than in conventional cigarettes. However, its potential harmful effect is related to the composition of the e-liquid, in its use and in the variety of aromas in the products. In addition, cellular lesions, airway hyperreactivity, release of IL-8, IL-10 and TNF cytokines could be observed, as well as reduced keratinocyte antimicrobial action and potential apoptosis in alveolar cells. An increase of up to five-fold the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in comparison to ordinary cigarettes and an increase in self-renewal of non-small pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells due to the expression of SOX2 have also been related. It could also be observed that in COPD cases, e-cigarettes do not present worsening in respiratory physiology, which contrasts with other occurrences such as asthma, pneumonia, lung cancer, and infectious diseases that can be caused or exacerbated by its use. However, due to the short term of observation of the effects, the safety of e-cigarettes could not be accurately determined, thus, the need for further longitudinal research is necessary, which could be used to help build evidence about the safety of e-cigarettes and also to create future regulation of the product.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Rats , Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/instrumentation , Lung Diseases , Pneumonia/complications , Asthma/complications , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Smoking , Disease , Lung Injury , Tobacco Use , Vaping , Smokers , E-Cigarette Vapor/adverse effects , Lung NeoplasmsABSTRACT
La periodontitis es una enfermedad no transmisible, con una alta prevalencia, que oscila entre el 45% y el 50% de la población mundial, ocupando el sexto lugar entre las enfermedades más frecuentes de la huma-nidad. Existe suficiente evidencia que avala la relación entre la enfermedad periodontal y la enfermedad car-diovascular, responsable de aproximadamente el 45% de las muertes en países desarrollados, compren-diendo en su causalidad al infarto de miocardio, el accidente cerebrovascular, la insuficiencia cardíaca y las arritmias, que causan alrededor del 95 % de las muertes relacionadas con la enfermedad cardiovas-cular. Ambas patologías presentan factores de riesgo comunes ampliamente reconocidos, como la diabetes y el tabaquismo, pero además manifiestan caracte-rísticas genéticas y epigenéticas que avalan distintos mecanismos etiopatológicos. Más allá de los factores de riesgo comunes, se han propuesto dos mecanis-mos para explicar la relación entre la enfermedad periodontal y las cardiovasculares. Uno de ellos, constituye la invasión directa de patógenos periodontales en las células endoteliales. El otro mecanismo sugerido (vía indirecta), ocasionado por la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica que resulta en niveles cróni-camente elevados de diferentes citoquinas, también relacionadas con la enfermedad vascular aterosclerotica como IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, PCR y la proteína quimioatrayente de monocitos, podría estar mediado por productos bacterianos, como los lipopolisacári-dos que alcanzarían la circulación induciendo una potente respuesta inmunitaria. Estos mecanismos pueden actuar inflamando las células endoteliales, modulando el metabolismo de los lípidos y aumentan-do el estrés oxidativo, favoreciendo la aterosclerosis, conformando la expresión de un fenotipo arterial in-flamatorio, generando el nexo entre la enfermedad periodontal y las patologías cardiovasculares (AU))
Periodontitis is a non-communicable disease which is highly prevalent worldwide. It was reported to range from 45% to 50% around the world and it was the sixth most prevalent condition of humanity. Consistent body of evidence explains the relationship between periodontal disease and other common systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Periodontitis is likely to cause a 45% of deaths in developed countries, including myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure and arrhythmias that cause about a 95% of deaths related to cardiovascular disease.Both diseases share many risk factors, such as diabetes and smoking; but also, genetic, and epigenetic characteristics support several etiopathological mechanisms. Beyond the common risk factors, two mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the relationship between the periodontal disease and cardiovascular diseases. One of them supports the concept that periodontal pathogens are capable of the direct invasion of endothelial cells. The other mechanism suggested (indirect pathway), caused by the disease resulting in chronically elevation of CRP, inflammatory cytokines, the monocyte chemoattractant protein, could be mediated by bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharides, wich induce a potent immune response and can accelerate endothelial dysfunction. These mechanisms may act by inflaming endothelial cells, modulating lipid metabolism and increasing oxidative stress, favoring atherosclerosis, determining the expression of an inflammatory arterial phenotype, generating the link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular pathologies (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Periodontitis/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Inflammation Mediators/physiology , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Risk Factors , Cytokines/physiology , Stroke/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus , Hypertension , Myocardial Infarction/etiologyABSTRACT
Fundamento: O tempo de aceleração na artéria pulmonar (TAP) pode ser utilizado para avaliação da hipertensão pulmonar na análise da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Objetivo: Avaliar se existe correlação entre o valor do tempo de aceleração na artéria pulmonar e parâmetros da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em indivíduos com função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo preservada e de acordo com sexo, idade e fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal. Foram selecionados 119 pacientes (59 mulheres; 49,6%). Os indivíduos foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtorácico incluindo os valores de tempo de aceleração na artéria pulmonar; ondas E e A e relação E/A ao Doppler espectral do influxo mitral; ondas e' septal, e' lateral e relação E/e' ao Doppler tecidual do anel mitral; pressão sistólica na artéria pulmonar e volume atrial esquerdo. Resultados: No sexo feminino, foi encontrada correlação positiva (coeficiente de correlação de Spearman) entre o valor do tempo de aceleração na artéria pulmonar e e' lateral (coeficiente de correlação de Spearman de 0,47; p=0,002), relação E/A (coeficiente de correlação de Spearman de 0,32; p=0,04) e e' septal (coeficiente de correlação de Spearman de 0,36; p=0,023) e uma correlação negativa entre o valor do tempo de aceleração na artéria pulmonar e pressão sistólica na artéria pulmonar (coeficiente de correlação de Spearman de -0,43; p=0,034). No sexo masculino, não foi encontrada correlação significativa. Foram encontrados menores valores de tempo de aceleração na artéria pulmonar em mulheres com hipertensão arterial sistêmica quando comparadas a mulheres sem hipertensão arterial sistêmica (0,13±0,03 segundos versus 0,16±0,03 segundos; p = 0,015). Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou correlação significativa dos valores do TAP com alguns parâmetros da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo apenas no sexo feminino, sendo que mulheres hipertensas apresentaram menores valores de TAP. (AU)
Background: Pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) can be used as a parameter in the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension and aids left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) analyses. Objective: To assess whether there is a correlation between PAAT and LVDF parameters in individuals with a preserved left ventricular systolic function and by sex, age, and cardiovascular risk factors. Method: Observational cross-sectional study. One hundred nineteen patients were selected (59 women [49.6%]). The subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography including measurements of PAAT, E and A waves and E/A ratio, e' septal and e' lateral waves and E/e' ratio, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), and left atrial volume. Results: In female patients, a positive correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient Spearman correlation coefficient [SCC]) was found between the PAAT value and the lateral e' (SCC, 0.47; p = 0.002), with the E/A ratio (SCC, 0.32; p = 0.04), and with septal e' (SCC, 0.36; p = 0.023), and a negative correlation between PAAT and PASP (SCC, -0.43; p = 0.034). In men, no correlation was found between PAAT. and any parameters. Lower PAAT values were found in women with systemic arterial hypertension (hypertension) than in women without hypertension (0.13 ± 0.03 s versus 0.16 ± 0.03 s; p = 0.015). Conclusion: The present study showed a significant correlation between PAAT and some LVDF parameters in female patients only. Hypertension was correlated with lower PAAT values in women. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Pulmonary Artery/physiology , Heart Ventricles/abnormalities , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Echocardiography/methods , Statistics, Nonparametric , Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed/methods , Dyslipidemias/complications , Heart Disease Risk FactorsABSTRACT
O diabetes melito é o maior fator de risco para doença arterial coronariana. Além da longa duração de diabetes, outros fatores, como presença de doença arterial periférica e tabagismo são fortes preditores para anormalidades na cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto dos fatores de risco de pacientes diabéticos nos resultados da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio e comparar com os resultados de pacientes não diabéticos em uma clínica de medicina nuclear. Foi realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo por meio da análise de prontuários de pacientes que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica no período de 2010 a 2019. Foram avaliados 34.736 prontuários. Analisando a fase de estresse da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio, os portadores de diabetes melito precisaram receber estímulo farmacológico duas vezes mais que os não diabéticos para sua realização. Também foram avaliados fatores que tivessem impacto negativo no resultado da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio, e foi visto que o diabetes melito (33,6%), a insulinoterapia (18,1%), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (69,9%), a dislipidemia (53%), o sedentarismo (83,1%), o uso de estresse farmacológico (50,6%), a dor torácica típica (8,5%) e a angina limitante durante o teste (1,7%) estiveram associados significativamente (p<0,001) a anormalidades neste exame. (AU)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the greatest risk factor for coronary artery disease. In addition to a long duration of diabetes, the presence of peripheral arterial disease and smoking are strong predictors of abnormalities on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). This study aimed to assess the impact of risk factors in diabetic patients on MPS results and compare them with those of non-diabetic patients in a nuclear medicine clinic. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed through the analysis of the medical records of patients who underwent MPS in 20102019. A total of 34,736 medical records were evaluated. Analyzing the stress phase of MPS, DM patients required two-fold more pharmacological stimulation than non-diabetic patients for MPS. Factors that negatively impact the MPS results were also evaluated, and DM (33.6%), insulin therapy (18.1%), systemic arterial hypertension (69.9%), dyslipidemia (53%), sedentary lifestyle (83.1%), use of pharmacological stress (50.6%), typical chest pain (8.5%), and limiting angina during the test (1.7%) were significantly associated (p < 0.001) with test abnormalities. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology , Peripheral Arterial Disease/complications , Ventilation-Perfusion Scan/methods , Myocardium/pathology , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods , Risk Factors , Myocardial Ischemia/diagnosis , Convulsive Therapy/methods , Dyslipidemias/complications , Sedentary Behavior , Hypertension/complications , Nuclear Medicine Department, HospitalABSTRACT
A forma extracutânea pulmonar da esporotricose, uma infecção causada por espécies geneticamente distintas de um fungo dimórfico do gênero Sporothrix, é rara, com poucos casos relatados na literatura. Trata-se de um caso de uma mulher de 55 anos, residente da região do Barreiro de Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais, que buscou o serviço de infectologia de um hospital público de Belo Horizonte com história de emagrecimento, dispneia aos pequenos esforços, tosse crônica e calafrios vespertinos de três anos de evolução. Foi tratada para pneumonia bacteriana, em cinco ocasiões, sem melhora clínica. Apresentou tomografia computadorizada de tórax com cavitação residual e lesões escavadas pulmonares. A paciente foi internada com quadro de dispneia aos pequenos esforços, tosse e expectoração purulenta, sendo sua cultura de escarro positiva para Sporothrix spp. Foi instituído o tratamento padrão ouro para esporotricose pulmonar, inicialmente, com itraconazol, 200 mg, duas vezes ao dia, entretanto, após 10 meses, a melhora clínica e radiológica não foi satisfatória e optou-se pela internação a administração de anfotericina B complexo lipídico endovenosa 4 mg/kg/dia. Em menos de 1 mês a paciente apresentou piora do quadro e evoluiu a óbito, apesar de ter recebido 2g de dose acumulada de anfotericina
The pulmonary extracutaneous form of sporotrichosis, an infection caused by genetically distinct species of a dimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix, is rare, with few cases reported in the literature. This is a case of a 55-year-old woman, resident of the Barreiro region in Belo Horizonte/ Minas Gerais, who sought the infectious disease service of a public hospital in Belo Horizonte with a history of weight loss, dyspnea at small efforts, chronic cough and three-year-old vespertinus chills. She was treated for bacterial pneumonia on five occasions without clinical improvement. He presented computed tomography of the chest with residual cavitation and excavated pulmonary lesions. The patient was hospitalized with dyspnea on small efforts, cough and purulent sputum, and her sputum culture was positive for Sporothrix spp. The gold standard treatment for pulmonary sporotrichosis was instituted, initially with itraconazole, 200 mg twice a day, however, after 10 months, the clinical and radiological improvement was not satisfactory and the administration of intravenous amphotericin B lipid complex 4 mg/kg/day was chosen. In less than 1 month the patient presented worsening of the condition and died, despite receiving 2g of accumulated dose of amphotericin B lipid complex.
Subject(s)
Female , Middle Aged , Sporotrichosis , Immunocompetence , Lung Diseases, Fungal , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Immunosuppression Therapy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Background: Factors like medical and periodontal conditions, implant location and smoking can affect marginal bone loss (MBL) of basal implants. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore the association of MBL with multiple variables including gender, age, smoking status, diabetes, implant placement protocol, location of implant, and type of prosthesis. Material and Methods: A total of 156 single-piece basal implants (Dr. Ihde Dental AG in Gommiswald, Switzerland) were placed in 44 patients. Dental panoramic tomographs were obtained postoperatively and following a one-year of service to determine MBL on mesial and distal sides. The association of MBL with the multiple variables was analysed using the multivariate and the random forest analysis. Results: The mean mesial and distal MBL was 0.64 millimetres. None of the implants presented MBL exceeding 1 millimetre. All implants were retained without complications during the firstyear of service. The MBL was remarkably associated with the smoking status, diabetes, location of implant and implant placement protocol. Diabetes mellitus is the most vital parameter in predicting MBL. Conclusion: The mean MBL of all implants did not exceed the threshold of 1 millimetre during the first year of service. When placing implants in patients who smoke and have diabetes, care should be taken.
Antecedentes: Factores como las condiciones médicas y perio-dontales, la ubicación del implante y el tabaquismo pueden afectar la pérdida marginal de hueso (PMH) de los implantes basales. Objetivo: La finalidad de este estudio es explorar la asociación de PMH con múltiples variables, incluido el sexo, la edad, el tabaquismo, la diabetes, el protocolo de colocación del implante, la ubicación del implante y el tipo de prótesis. Material y Métodos: Se colocaron 156 implantes basales de una sola pieza (Dr.Ihde Dental AG, Gommiswald, Suiza) en 44 pacientes. Se obtuvieron tomografías panorámicas dentales después de la operación y después de un año de servicio para deter-minar la MBL en los lados mesial y distal. La asociación de la PMH con las múltiples variables se analizó mediante el análisis multivariado y de bosque aleatorio. Resultados: La PMH media mesial y distal fue de 0,64 milímetros. Ninguno de los implantes presentó PMH superior a 1 milímetro. Todos los implantes se mantuvieron sin complicaciones durante el primer año de servicio. La PMH se asoció nota-blemente con el tabaquismo, la diabetes, la ubicación del implante y el protocolo de colocación del implante. La diabetes mellitus es el paráme-tro más importante para predecir la MBL. Conclusion: La PMH media de todos los implantes no superó el umbral de 1 milímetro durante el primer año de servicio. Se debe tener especial cuidado al colocar implantes en pacientes que fuman y tienen diabetes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Radiography, Panoramic , Dental Implants , Dental Implantation, Endosseous , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Alveolar Bone Loss , Diabetes Mellitus , Mandible/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Introdução: Usuários do sistema de saúde com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis devem estar em acompanhamento constante para evitar complicações em seu estado de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar os indicadores laboratoriais de saúde em usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde com e sem o diagnóstico para a diabetes e hipertensão. Métodos: A amostra foi de 231 usuários de uma unidade básica de saúde da cidade de Santarém-PA, maiores de idade, que foram agrupados em pacientes com DM/HAS (DM/HAS; n=144), e sem o diagnóstico para DM/HAS (AUS; n=87). As coletas envolveram informações socioeconômicas, clínicas e laboratoriais. Os dados foram tratados com estatística descritiva e inferencial, adotando-se p<0.05. Resultados: Tanto no DM/HAS como no AUS predominou o sexo feminino, estado civil casado, com vínculo empregatício, cor de pele parda, com 4-7 anos de estudo, renda de 1-2 salários, não tabagistas, não etilista e faixa etária de 38-77 anos. A HAS foi a doença mais presente de forma geral, bem como por sexo. Identificou-se no DM/HAS valores menores para a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) e maiores valores para a glicemia, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, LDL-c e não HDL-c. Conclusão: De acordo com a proposta desenvolvida, destaca-se que os usuários com DM/HAS apresentam associação positiva para valores alterados de glicemia, colesterol total, não HDL-c, triglicerídeos, TFG e para a presença da síndrome metabólica e risco cardiovascular moderado/alto.
Introduction: Users of the health system with chronic non-communicable diseases must be constantly monitored to avoid complications in their health status. Objective: Analyze laboratory health indicators in users of a Basic Health Unit with and without a diagnosis for diabetes and hypertension. Methods: The sample consisted of 231 users of a basic health unit in the city of Santarém-PA, all of them of age, grouped into patients with DM/SAH (DM/SAH; n=144), and without the diagnosis for DM/SAH (ABS; n=87). The collections involved socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory information. The data were treated with descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting p <0.05. Results: In both DM/SAH and ABS groups, there was a predominance of female individuals, married status, employed, brown skin color, with 4-7 years of study, income of 1-2 salaries, non-smokers, non-alcoholic drinkers, and aged between 38-77 years. SAH was the most common disease in general, as well as when analyzing by gender. Lower values for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were identified in the DM/SAH and higher values for the glycemia, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c. Conclusion: According to the proposal of this paper, it is noteworthy that users with DM/SAH have a positive association for altered values of blood glucose, total cholesterol, non-HDL-c, triglycerides, GFR, and for the presence of metabolic syndrome and moderate/high cardiovascular risk.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Health Evaluation/statistics & numerical data , Health Centers , Health Status Indicators , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Triglycerides/blood , Blood Glucose , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cholesterol/blood , Chronic Disease/nursing , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Hypertension/diagnosis , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholesterol, LDL/bloodABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Aproximadamente un sexto de la población mundial tiene el hábito de fumar para una prevalencia de 24%. La OMS considera que, de no cambiar las tendencias durante el siglo XXI, el tabaco será responsable de la muerte prematura de mil millones de personas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y la medición de desigualdades socioeconómicas en la población Lenca, Municipio de Intibucá, Intibucá, Honduras, 2015. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con análisis de asociación. Se aplicó formulario estructurado para recolectar datos generales, sociodemográficos y tabaquismo, previo consentimiento informado. Dependencia al tabaco fue evaluada con test Faguerström. Se prepararon bases de datos en Epi-info-7 y SPSS-18. Se calcularon razones de disparidad (OR). Resultados: De un total de 602 entrevistados,se identificaron 167 fumadores para una prevalencia de consumo de tabaco de 27.7%. El 76.6% (128) de fumadores tuvo dependencia baja a nicotina y 23.4% (39) dependencia moderada. La media de ingreso familiar mensual fue USD$193 en fumadores y USD$168 en no fumadores. El 40.1% (67) de fumadores gastó mensualmente en tabaco un mínimo de USD$95. No se encontró relación entre consumo de tabaco e ingreso familiar mensual (OR=0.87, IC95% 0.7-1.0) ni con analfabetismo (OR=1.20, IC95% 0.7-2.0). Discusión: No se observaron diferencias significativas entre consumo de tabaco y las variables socioeconómicas, se encontró una elevada prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en esta población en relación con otros estudios realizados en el país. Los resultados apoyan la necesidad de políticas enfocadas en prevención del tabaco en indígenas...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Ethnicity/classification , Tobacco Use , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Health Status DisparitiesABSTRACT
Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente de 51 años de edad con antecedente patológico personal de ser un fumador empedernido, el cual acudió al Cuerpo de Guardia del Hospital Provincial Docente Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba por presentar disnea asociada a cifras elevadas de tensión arterial y livedo reticular en la cara anterior abdominal. Debido al cuadro clínico y a los resultados de los exámenes complementarios, fue trasladado a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, donde posteriormente se le diagnosticó pancreatitis aguda grave, tras realizar una laparotomía exploratoria y hallar zonas isquémicas en las asas intestinales. El paciente mantuvo una evolución tórpida y falleció a causa de una disfunción múltiple de órganos.
The case report of a 51 years patient with personal pathological history of being a heavy smoker is described, who went to the emergency room of Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba due to a dyspnea associated with high figures of blood pressure and livedo reticularis in the abdominal anterior face. Due to the clinical pattern and the results of the complementary tests, he was referred to the Intensive Cares Unit, where later on he was diagnosed serious acute pancreatitis, after an exploratory laparotomy where ischemic areas in the intestinal loops were found. The patient maintained a torpid clinical course and he died because of a multiple dysfunction of organs.
Subject(s)
Pancreatitis/diagnosis , Multiple Organ Failure , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Hypertension , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
Introducción: El tabaquismo es una enfermedad adictiva crónica la cual constituye la causa de muerte prevenible más importante en los países desarrollados y la de mayor morbilidad y mortalidad antes que cualquier otra enfermedad crónica (hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus). Se considera una epidemia de carácter universal y es una gravosa carga para el individuo, la familia y la sociedad. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el hábito de fumar, relacionado con la cavidad bucal en adultos fumadores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 55 pacientes fumadores de ambos sexos. Se aplicó un cuestionario para realizar un diagnóstico de conocimientos sobre el daño que ocasiona el tabaquismo en la cavidad bucal. Resultados: El 76,33 por ciento de los sujetos presentaron un nivel de conocimiento insuficiente, el 92,72 por ciento conocían la relación con el cáncer bucal, el 72,72 por ciento los beneficios de abandonar el hábito y el 53,36 por ciento la relación con los dientes, sin embargo el 83,63 por ciento presentó un nivel de conocimiento insuficiente en relación con los tejidos periodontales. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos en la población estudiada fue insuficiente(AU)
Introduction: Smoking is a chronic addictive disease which is the most important preventable cause of death in developed countries and the one with the highest morbidity and mortality before any other chronic disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus). It is considered an epidemic of universal character and is a burden for the individual, the family and society. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge about smoking habit, related to the oral cavity in adult smokers. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 55 smokers patients of both sexes. A questionnaire was applied to make a diagnosis of knowledge about the damage caused by smoking in the oral cavity. Results: 76.33 percent of the subjects presented an insufficient level of knowledge, 92.72 percent knew the relationship with oral cancer, 72.72 percent the benefits of quitting and 53.36 percent the relationship with teeth, however, 83.63 percent presented an insufficient level of knowledge in relation to periodontal tissues. Conclusions: The level of knowledge in the population studied was insufficient(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis , Chronic Disease/prevention & control , Surveys and Questionnaires , Knowledge , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La hidradenitis supurativa (HS) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica relacionada con el síndrome metabólico (SM), con un mayor riesgo de comorbilidades cardiovasculares; por lo tanto, se debe mantener un alto grado de sospecha clínica frente al hallazgo de alguno de sus componentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia del SM en los pacientes con diagnóstico de HS en comparación con la población general. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas y el archivo fotográfico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de HS que consultaron entre el 1/9/2017 y el 31/8/2019. Se analizaron las variables: sexo, edad, antecedentes familiares, tiempo de evolución, índice de masa corporal, obesidad abdominal, laboratorio (glucemia y perfil lipídico), presión arterial, tabaquismo, número y localización de las lesiones, gravedad clinicoecográfica, respuesta al tratamiento y evolución clínica. Resultados: Se evaluaron 30 pacientes con HS valorados en nuestro servicio en los últimos 2 años; 23 mujeres y 7 varones. Predominó el grupo etario de 31-40 años. De ellos, 19 pacientes (63,3%) cumplieron con los criterios necesarios para diagnosticar el SM, hallazgo que no se relacionó con el grado de severidad de la HS. Conclusiones: La prevalencia del SM en nuestros pacientes con HS fue del 63,3% con respecto al 27,5% de la población general. La importancia de este hallazgo radica en detectar de forma temprana y oportuna la presencia de este síndrome en los pacientes con HS para evitar el riesgo de comorbilidades cardiovasculares en el futuro. (AU)
Background: Suppurative hidradenitis (SH) is a chronic, inflammatory disease, closely related to metabolic syndrome (MS), with an increased risk of cardiovascular comorbidities; for that reason we should keep a high level of clinical suspicion when one of its components is found. Objective: To evaluate MS prevalence in patients with diagnosis of SH in comparison with general population. Design: Descriptive retrospective study. Methods: We reviewed clinical and photographical files of patients with diagnosis of suppurative hidradenitis who consulted from 1/9/2017 until 31/8/2019. Variables analyzed were: sex, age, familial history, time of evolution, body mass index, abdominal obesity, glycemia, lipid profile, blood pressure, smoking, number and location of lesions, clinicalechographic severity, response to treatment and clinical evolution. Results: Thirty patients with SH were evaluated, 23 females and 7 males. The age group between 31-40 years prevailed; of these, 19 patients (63.3%) meet necessary criteria for diagnosis of MS, this finding did not correlate to the severity degree of SH. Conclusions: The MS prevalence in our SH patients was 63.3%, compared to 27.5% in the general population. The importance of this finding lays on detecting in an early and opportune way, the presence of MS in patients with SH, and to avoid the risk of future cardiovascular comorbidities. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Body Mass Index , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/diagnosis , Obesity, Abdominal/complications , Heart Disease Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade das lesões coronarianas em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Coorte aninhada ao Catarina Heart Study que avaliou 350 indivíduos durante o primeiro evento de infarto agudo do miocárdio e o 30º dia pós-infarto. As variáveis qualitativas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Após o resultado da distribuição, a avaliação de variáveis quantitativas foi feita pelo teste de t de Student, pela correlação de Pearson, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e pela correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Indivíduos com obesidade G2 (15,4%) tiveram maior probabilidade de trombose em 30 dias em comparação a indivíduos com índice de massa corporal normal (1,1%), com p=0,005. Indivíduos com obesidade grau 1 (6,0%) e obesidade grau 2 (7,7%) tiveram mais eventos de infarto agudo do miocárdio em 30 dias em comparação a indivíduos com índice de massa corporal normal (0,0%), com p=0,019 e p=0,009, respectivamente. Nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada em termos de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, mortalidade e complexidade das lesões coronarianas (escore SYNTAX e TIMI frame count). Conclusão: A obesidade em diversos graus está diretamente associada a fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia e tabagismo. Não houve associação entre o índice de massa corporal com a gravidade das lesões coronarianas ou a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Não houve diferença na mortalidade comparando-se indivíduos com índice de massa corporal elevado a pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal. Pacientes com obesidade tiveram mais desfechos cardiovasculares, como trombose e novo evento de infarto agudo do miocárdio em 30 dias, ao serem comparados a pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal. Outros desfechos de seguimento em 30 dias não estiveram associados ao índice de massa corporal.
Objective: To evaluate the association between body mass index and severity of coronary lesions in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A cohort nested to Catarina Heart Study, which evaluated 350 individuals during the first event of myocardial infarction and the 30th day post-infarction. Qualitative variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. After the distribution result, the evaluation of quantitative variables was done through Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation, Mann Whitney's test, and Spearman's correlation. Results: Individuals with G2 obesity (15.4%) had a greater probability of having thrombosis in 30 days compared to individuals with normal body mass index (1.1%), p=0.005. Individuals with G1 obesity (6.0%) and G2 obesity (7.7%) had more events of myocardial infarction in 30 days compared to individuals with normal body mass index (0.0%), with p=0.019 and p=0.009, respectively. No significant association was found in terms of left ventricle ejection fraction, mortality, and complexity of coronary lesions (SYNTAX score and TIMI frame count). Conclusion: Obesity in several degrees is directly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking. There was no association between the body mass index and the severity of coronary lesions or left ventricle ejection fraction. There was no difference in mortality comparing individuals with high body mass index to patients with normal body mass index. Patients with obesity had more cardiovascular outcomes, such as thrombosis and a new event of myocardial infarction in 30 days when compared to patients with normal body mass index. Other follow-up outcomes in 30 days were not associated with body mass index