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1.
Parasite Immunol ; 44(10): e12941, 2022 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35842816

RESUMEN

This study aimed to collect information on local and systemic inflammatory responses, and goblet cell-associated components, following anthelmintic treatment with moxidectin and ivermectin in horses naturally infected with cyathostomin parasites. Thirty-six horses aged 2-5 years of age were randomly allocated to three groups. Group 1 received ivermectin/praziquantel (0.2 mg/kg), Group 2 received moxidectin/praziquantel (0.4 mg/kg) and Group 3 were untreated controls. Tissue samples from the Cecum, Dorsal and Ventral Colons were used for histopathological evaluation and preserved for RNA isolation and gene expression analysis. Whole blood was collected weekly for gene expression analysis as well. The control group had significantly higher inflammation associated with higher larval scores. The treatment groups displayed no differences in larval counts and inflammatory cell populations (p > .05). Mucosal larval counts were positively correlated with goblet cell hyperplasia scores (p = .047). The moxidectin-treated group had a significantly lower expression of IFN-γ (p < .05). The data suggest that removal of cyathostomins reduced the pro-inflammatory response associated with cyathostomin infections. Pro-inflammatory reactions associated with anthelmintic treatment were minimal, but lowest for moxidectin-treated horses. Results suggested that cecum, ventral and dorsal colons responded differently to cyathostomin larvae, which may have implications in the disease process.


Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Animales , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Caballos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Ivermectina/farmacología , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Larva , Macrólidos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Praziquantel/uso terapéutico
2.
Parasite Immunol ; 42(6): e12709, 2020 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32145074

RESUMEN

AIMS: The role of the immune response to cyathostomin infections in horses remains unknown. Intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia has previously been noted as a component in cyathostomin infection; however, the function is unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the local and systemic gene expression to cyathostomin infections following larvicidal treatment and explore their relation to goblet cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-six ponies with naturally acquired cyathostomin infections were randomly allocated into three groups: fenbendazole-treated (10 mg/kg PO 5 days), moxidectin-treated (0.4 mg/kg PO once) and untreated control. Whole blood from all horses was collected weekly, and tissue samples from the large intestine collected during necropsy at 2 and 5 weeks post-treatment (WPT). Gene expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, IFN-γ, resistin-like molecule beta (RELM-ß), Mucin 2 (MUC2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α was measured using qRT-PCR. There were statistically significant linear correlations between luminal worm burdens and MUC2 (r = -.2358) and RELM-ß (r = -.2261). CONCLUSION: This suggests an active role of immune system post-treatment in parasite expulsion, specifically in goblet cells, and that the organs respond differently to treatment and the larvae themselves. This may have implications in the disease process and treatment.


Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Caballos/inmunología , Estrongílidos/inmunología , Animales , Citocinas/metabolismo , Fenbendazol/uso terapéutico , Expresión Génica/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Caballos , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Macrólidos/uso terapéutico , Estrongílidos/efectos de los fármacos
3.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 140: 105137, 2024 Jun 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38909768

RESUMEN

Horses are regularly transported in the United States (U.S.); however, how, and why horses travel by road has not been explored. Consequently, an online nationwide survey was conducted to understand 1) the most common reasons for travel; 2) the types of journeys undertaken when being transported by road in the U.S. and 3) the general management practices when transporting for 3 h or less. Responses were collected from 1294 participants with at least one response from every state in the continental U.S. The most common survey taker was a female (93.9 %), adult amateur (81.2 %), horse owner (64.6 %) who rode recreationally (33.1 %) and transported their own horse (79.4 %). The most common reasons for travel were for trail or leisure riding (34.2 %) followed by showing and competition (25.3 %); however, this varied by discipline. The most common trip duration was less than one hour (46.8 %), with only 12.4 % of the most common trip durations being 4 h or more. The most common specific horse transported by road for 3 h or less was an adult (age 5-15; 59.0 %), Quarter Horse (21.2 %), used for pleasure or trail riding (44.3 %). The biggest concern when transporting was injury to the horse (26.7 %), whilst the biggest factor when planning to travel was the weather (24.1 %). These results provide insight into why horses are being transported by road in the U.S. and that it is more common to transport horses for shorter durations.

4.
Equine Vet J ; 56(2): 318-325, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37545128

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: A single dose of metformin administered 1 h prior to oral glucose challenge was previously shown to reduce insulinaemic responses in horses with experimentally-induced insulin dysregulation (ID). Targeted administration could be useful for controlling post-prandial hyperinsulinaemia in horses with naturally-occurring ID. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to compare the insulinaemic and glycaemic responses to oral sugar testing (OST) performed at different intervals after a single dose of metformin in horses with naturally-occurring ID. We hypothesised that pre-treatment with one dose of metformin would significantly decrease the insulinaemic response to OST. STUDY DESIGN: Randomised cross-over in vivo experiment. METHODS: Eight university-owned adult horses with naturally-occurring ID underwent OST 1, 2 and 6 h following a single oral dose of metformin (30 mg/kg) or 1 h after placebo (240 mL water) with a 7-day washout between treatments over a period of 3 weeks. Plasma insulin, C-peptide and glucose concentrations were measured at 0, 60 and 90 min after 0.45 mL/kg light corn syrup and the effect of treatment (and the interval since dosing) examined using a mixed effects linear regression model. RESULTS: Metformin treatment had no significant effect on plasma glucose, insulin or C-peptide concentrations at any time point compared with placebo (p > 0.05). For OST 1 h post metformin, median (IQR) plasma insulin was 91.3 (62.4-114.9) µIU/mL at 60 min versus 76.2 (59.1-134.5) for placebo (p = 0.8) and 62.7 (31.4-109.7) at 90 min versus 51.8 (29.2-126.3) for placebo (p = 0.9). MAIN LIMITATIONS: Small sample size may limit identification of more subtle decreases in insulin concentration with metformin pre-dosing. The results of this study are relevant only for one pre-treatment dose (30 mg/kg) which limits extrapolation to predictions about the effects of longer-term metformin administration on insulin and glucose dynamics in the horse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The results do not support the use of targeted metformin treatment to reduce post-prandial hyperinsulinaemia in horses with naturally-occurring ID.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos , Hiperinsulinismo , Metformina , Humanos , Caballos , Animales , Insulina , Glucemia , Azúcares , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa/veterinaria , Metformina/uso terapéutico , Péptido C , Glucosa , Hiperinsulinismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperinsulinismo/veterinaria
5.
Equine Vet J ; 56(3): 522-534, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37341387

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Information on the management and health of US senior horses (≥15 years of age) is currently limited. OBJECTIVES: Provide information on (1) primary use of US senior horses, (2) reasons and risk factors for horse retirement, (3) exercise management, (4) prevalence of low muscle mass and (5) risk factors for, and owner-perceived consequences of, low muscle mass. STUDY DESIGN: Online survey. METHODS: Survey responses from 2717 owners of U.S.-resident senior horses (≥15 years of age) were analysed descriptively and inferentially, using ordered and binomial logistic regression, ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The most frequently reported primary uses were pleasure riding/driving (38.5%) and full retirement (39.8%). Most horses (61.5%) were retired between 15 and 24 years of age, with health problems being the main reason. Age, female sex, Thoroughbred breed and various medical conditions were identified as risk factors for retirement. In working horses (i.e., those not retired or semi-retired), exercise intensity was negatively associated with age. The owner-reported prevalence of low muscle mass in all horses was 17.2% (95%CI = 15.7-18.7). In those affected by low muscle mass, the ability to work and welfare-related aspects were commonly perceived to be impaired. Increasing age, sex (gelding), pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, osteoarthritis, laminitis and primary use (retired and semi-retired vs. use for competition) were identified as risk factors for owner-reported low muscle mass. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Potential response, recall and sampling bias. Causal relationships cannot be established. CONCLUSIONS: Although structured exercise into old age may provide health benefits (as seen in elderly people), a large proportion of horses were fully retired in the current study. Senior horses were mainly retired for health problems and characterising these problems may aid in extending their work/active life. Low muscle mass was perceived to affect horses' welfare and ability to work, and identification of prevention and treatment strategies is therefore warranted.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos , Jubilación , Masculino , Animales , Femenino , Caballos , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/terapia , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Músculos
6.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 257: 110549, 2023 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36682327

RESUMEN

Cannabidiol (CBD) has potential to reduce pain and inflammation in humans leading to the interest of use in equine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of CBD on immune function by measuring inflammatory cytokines and antibody responses to vaccination, as well as other health parameters in senior horses. Horses were orally-dosed with CBD (2 mg/kg: 13 horses) or control (soy oil: 14 horses) daily for 90 days, from July 2021 to November 2021. Peripheral blood samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60, and 90 before administering treatments. On day 90 all horses were kept on treatment and vaccinated with an equine influenza vaccine and blood samples were collected post-vaccination on days 14 and 21. For all time points, plasma samples were analyzed for determination of CBD and metabolites, 7-OH CBD and 7-COOH CBD, using tandem mass spectrometry. For time points 0, 30, 60 and 90, blood samples were analyzed for CBC and chemistry. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated, stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, stained intracellularly for interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) then analyzed via flow cytometry. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analyzed both stimulated PBMCs and whole blood for cytokine gene expression. Inflammatory proteins C-reactive protein, interleukin 1 receptor agonist, and prostaglandin E2 were measured with equine-specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and oral sugar test were performed on all horses before and after the study to analyze metabolic function. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers were measured for immune responses pre- and post-vaccination. All data were analyzed using either a paired t-test or a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (significance P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of CBD and metabolites were determined with 7-COOH CBD, the most significant metabolite, in CBD treated horses compared to control treated horses. A significant decrease was determined for whole blood inflammatory cytokine expression of IFN-γ at day 60, and for IL6 at day 60 and 90 for CBD-treated horses when compared to control horses. CBD did not significantly affect any other immune factors, HI titers, or health parameters. This study demonstrated that treatment with CBD reduced some inflammatory cytokine production with no negative side effects as measured by CBC or chemistry profiles. This study reveals the initial understanding of CBD in the horse, however more in-depth research is needed to fully understand its efficacy on the health of the horse.


Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Humanos , Caballos , Animales , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Citocinas , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Inmunidad
7.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 128: 104879, 2023 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37399910

RESUMEN

Transportation of horses on short journeys can lead to an increase in stress. There are known age-associated changes in immune and metabolic responses in horses; however, no research exists evaluating how age may influence these responses to transportation stress. Eleven mares within two age groups, aged (n = 5, 22 ± 1 year) or young (n = 6, 2 ± 1 year), were transported 1 hour and 20 minutes. Peripheral blood and saliva were collected before and after transportation at baseline (2 to 3 weeks prior to transportation), 24 hours pre-transport, 1 hour before loading, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 to 3 hours, 24 hours and 8 days post-transport. Heart rates, rectal temperatures, under the tail temperatures, serum cortisol, plasma ACTH, serum insulin, salivary cortisol and salivary IL-6 were measured. Whole blood gene expression of the cytokines IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNFα were determined through qPCR, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, stimulated, and stained to determine IFNγ and TNFα production. Serum cortisol (P < .0001), salivary cortisol (P < .0001) and heart rate (P = .0002) increased in response to transportation with no age differences. Rectal (P = .03) and under the tail temperatures (P = .02) were increased in young versus aged horses. ACTH was higher in aged horses (P = .007) and post-transportation (P = .0001). Aged horses showed a greater increase in insulin compared with young horses (P < .0001). While age does not seem to impact cortisol responses to short-term transportation in horses, it did influence the post transportation insulin response to stress in aged horses.


Asunto(s)
Hidrocortisona , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Caballos , Femenino , Animales , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Interleucina-6 , Insulina , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica
8.
Am J Vet Res ; 83(9)2022 Jul 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35895770

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and pharmacological effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in senior horses. ANIMALS: 8 university-owned senior horses. PROCEDURES: In this randomized, crossover study, horses were assigned to receive either a single oral dose of 2 mg/kg CBD in oil or a single IV dose of 0.1 mg/kg CBD in DMSO between August 10 and September 4, 2020. Blood samples were collected before and then 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, and 264 hours after CBD administration. Serum biochemical analyses and CBCs were performed. Plasma concentrations of CBD and its metabolites were determined with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Concentrations of CBD and metabolites (7-COH CBD and 7-COOH CBD) were detected in all plasma samples up to 8 hours after dosing (oral and IV), with 7-COOH CBD being the most predominant metabolite. Pharmacokinetic results for CBD oral dosing at 2 mg/kg were mean ± SD half-life of 7.22 ± 2.86 hours, maximum concentration of 18.54 ± 9.80 ng/mL, and time to maximum concentration of 2.46 ± 1.62 hours. For both oral and IV administrations, 7-COOH CBD did not fall below the limit of quantification for the times reported. Oral bioavailability for CBD was 7.92%. There was no meaningful effect of CBD on results for CBC, serum biochemical analyses, or vital signs for any horse. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of CBD in senior horses were determined, and there were no adverse effects of administering either the oral or IV dose of CBD evaluated.


Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol , Animales , Administración Oral , Área Bajo la Curva , Disponibilidad Biológica , Cannabidiol/efectos adversos , Cannabidiol/farmacocinética , Estudios Cruzados , Caballos
9.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 113: 103945, 2022 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35405290

RESUMEN

Seasonal effects on the oral sugar test (OST), used to monitor insulin dysregulation (ID) status to help reduce laminitis risk, are poorly understood in the ID horse. Resting, (basal) insulin (T0) and 60-minute (T60) OST (0.15 mL/Kg BW Karo Light Corn Syrup) insulin responses were evaluated, once per each season over 2 years, in ID (n = 11 14.9 ± 4.3 years; mean ± SD) and non-insulin dysregulated (NID: n = 11 16.4 ± 5.3 years; mean ± SD) horses housed on the same farm. Seasonal morphometric measurements were collected: bodyweight (BW), body-condition scores (BCS), and cresty neck scores (CNS). Seasonal forage from paddocks and hay were collected and analyzed. Insulin was measured by RIA. Data were analyzed via Minitab Software 20.2 (mixed effects model). Season had no effect on BW (P = .99); however, BCS and CNS were higher in ID versus NID in the spring, summer and fall (P < .02). Paddock (P < .05) but not hay (P > .2) analytes varied across season. ID horses consistently had higher T0, T60 insulin concentrations versus NID (P < .02). Season had no effect on NID T0 insulins (P = .31), but T60 values were higher in the spring versus summer (P = .01). ID horses' T0 & T60 insulins were higher in spring than fall and summer (P < .01 & P < .05) and winter T60 was higher than fall (P = .04). ID horses changed their ID categorization across season, with T0 confirming ID status only 56% of the time whilst T60 confirmed 94% of the time. Therefore, regardless of seasonal changes, if the OST was used, ID diagnosis would be more consistent.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos , Insulina , Animales , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Caballos , Insulina Regular Humana , Estaciones del Año , Azúcares
10.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 110: 103771, 2022 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34973594

RESUMEN

Loss of skeletal muscle mass likely compromises performance and welfare in horses and thus routine monitoring would be valuable. Currently available methods to assess muscle mass require expert knowledge and are often expensive. To provide a simple method, a muscle atrophy scoring system (MASS) was created and tested by three evaluators (raters) in 38 horses of varying age, breed, and health status. Inter-rater agreement on atrophy scores was in the good-to-excellent range for ratings of the neck (ICC = 0.62), back (ICC = 0.62) and hind (ICC = 0.76) regions but was poor for the abdominal region (ICC = 0.29). Due to this low agreement, the abdominal region was excluded from further analysis. Associations between muscle atrophy scores and age, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) status, and body composition indicators, including weight and estimated fat-free mass (FFM), were examined. Weight was inversely associated with neck, back and hind muscle atrophy scores (ß = -0.008, ß = -0.008, ß = -0.009, respectively; all P <0.001), but estimated FFM was not associated with muscle atrophy scores at any region (P >0.05). Age was positively related to neck (ß = 0.030, P <0.01), back (ß = 0.037, P <0.001) and hind (ß = 0.040, P <0.001) muscle atrophy scores. PPID-positive horses (n = 4) had higher muscle atrophy scores than PPID-negative horses (n = 23), even after adjusting for age (P <0.05). This data suggests that neck, back and hind region evaluations by individual raters likely have acceptable reliability. In addition, these findings support further evaluation of the potential benefits of the MASS to identify and monitor muscle atrophy in horses.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos , Atrofia Muscular , Adenohipófisis Porción Intermedia , Envejecimiento , Animales , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Caballos , Atrofia Muscular/diagnóstico , Atrofia Muscular/veterinaria , Adenohipófisis Porción Intermedia/patología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados
11.
Am J Vet Res ; 83(9)2022 Jul 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35895773

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To perform lipidomic analysis of surfactant and plasma from asthmatic and healthy horses. ANIMALS: 30 horses with clinical signs of asthma and 30 age-matched control horses. PROCEDURES: Detailed history, physical examination, CBC, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytologies were obtained. Asthmatic horses were grouped based on their BALF inflammatory profile: severe equine asthma (SEA), mild equine asthma with neutrophilic airway inflammation (MEA-N), or mild equine asthma with eosinophilic airway inflammation (MEA-E). Each asthma group was assigned its own age-matched control group. Lipidomic analysis was completed on surfactant and plasma. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) concentrations were measured in serum and BALF. RESULTS: SEA surfactant was characterized by a phospholipid deficit and altered composition (increased ceramides, decreased phosphatidylglycerol, and increased cyclic phosphatidic acid [cPA]). In comparison, MEA-N surfactant only had a decrease in select phosphatidylglycerol species and increased cPA levels. The plasma lipidomic profile was significantly different in all asthma groups compared to controls. Specifically, all groups had increased plasma phytoceramide. SEA horses had increased plasma cPA and diacylglycerol whereas MEA-N horses only had increased cPA. MEA-E horses had increases in select ceramides and dihydrocermides. Only SEA horses had significantly increased serum SP-D concentrations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The most significant surfactant alterations were present in SEA (altered phospholipid content and composition); only mild changes were observed in MEA-N horses. The plasma lipidomic profile was significantly altered in all groups of asthmatic horses and differed among groups. Data from a larger population of asthmatic horses are needed to assess implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.


Asunto(s)
Asma , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Surfactantes Pulmonares , Animales , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/veterinaria , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar , Ceramidas , Enfermedades de los Caballos/metabolismo , Caballos , Inflamación/veterinaria , Lipidómica , Fosfatidilgliceroles , Fosfolípidos , Proteína D Asociada a Surfactante Pulmonar , Surfactantes Pulmonares/metabolismo , Tensoactivos
12.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 103: 103668, 2021 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34281647

RESUMEN

Cannabis sativa L. contains cannabidiol (CBD), a compound that has many anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, 99.9% CBD powder was used to determine its in vitro efficacy as an anti-inflammatory agent. Heparinized blood was collected via jugular venipuncture from senior horses. PBMCs were isolated then incubated for 24 hours with increasing dilutions of CBD dissolved in DMSO. PBMCs were stimulated the last 4 hours of incubation with PMA/IO and Brefeldin A. A Vicell counter was used to evaluate viability after incubation. PBMCs were stained intracellularly for IFNγ and TNFα then analyzed via flow cytometry. RT-PCR was used to analyze samples for gene expression. Five equine-specific intron-spanning primers/probes used are: CB1, CB2, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, and Beta-glucuronidase. Data was analyzed using RM One-way ANOVA (significance P < .05). Viability of PBMCs with CBD was completed to determine cytotoxicity. The dilution of CBD that did not affect cell viability was 4 µg/mL (P<0.05). CBD at 4 µg/mL significantly reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α (P < .05). RT-PCR results for TNFα and IFNγ at 4 µg/mL showed a reduction compared with the positive control and IL-10 showed a similar reduction at 2 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL. RT-PCR gene expression results showed significance for 10 µg/mL CBD in CB1 and CB2. CBD at 4 µg/mL reduced in vitro production of inflammatory cytokines from senior horses. This in vitro study supports further investigation of CBD to determine if it may be effective as an anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic inflammation in the horse.


Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Cannabidiol/farmacología , Citocinas/genética , Expresión Génica , Caballos , Linfocitos
13.
PLoS One ; 16(8): e0254139, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34411137

RESUMEN

Long-distance transport is associated with stress-related changes in equine immune function, and shipping-associated illnesses are often reported. Horses are frequently transported short distances, yet the effects of short-term transport on immune function remain largely unknown. Twelve horses, aged 15-30 yr, were assigned to either the control (n = 6) or treatment (n = 6) groups; treatment horses received a daily antioxidant supplement 3 weeks before and after transport. All horses were transported for approximately 1.5-2 hr on Day 0. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture at 15-min pre- and post-transport and on Days -21, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Body temperature, heart rate, body weight, total cortisol, and gene expression of IFNγ, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12α, IL-17α, SAA1, and TNFα in whole blood were measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, stimulated with PMA/ionomycin, and stained for IFNγ and TNFα before analysis via flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed with significance set at P < 0.05 (SAS 9.4). Transport and supplementation did not appear to affect body weight, heart rate, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12α, IL-17α, change (Δ) in the % and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IFNγ+ lymphocytes after stimulation, or Δ in the % and MFI of TNFα+ lymphocytes after stimulation. Supplementation decreased IL-1ß and SAA1 expression. Transport increased total cortisol concentration, body temperature, and IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 expression but decreased IL-1ß, TNFα, and IFNγ expression. Short-term transportation affected physiological, endocrine, and immune responses; supplementation may ameliorate inflammation in aged horses. Immune responses were most altered at 15-min post-transport and typically recovered by Day 1, suggesting that horses may be vulnerable to disease during and almost immediately after short-term transport.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/inmunología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Citocinas/inmunología , Caballos/inmunología , Linfocitos/inmunología , Estrés Fisiológico/inmunología , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Transportes
14.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 235: 110207, 2021 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33735821

RESUMEN

In order to better understand the influence of age on innate immune function in horses, blood was collected from twelve adult horses (aged 10-16 years; mean: 13 years) and ten geriatric horses (aged 18-26 years; mean: 21.7 years) for analysis of plasma myeloperoxidase, complete blood counts, and cytokine and receptor expression in response to in vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated Rhodococcus equi, heat-inactivated Escherichia coli, and PMA/ionomycin. Gene expression was measured using RT-PCR for IFNγ, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12α, IL-13, IL-17α, TLR2, TLR4, and TNFα. Endocrine function and body weight were measured to assess any potential impacts of ACTH, insulin, or body weight on immune function; none of the horses had pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. The geriatric horse group had lower concentrations of plasma myeloperoxidase (P = 0.0459) and lower absolute monocyte counts (P = 0.0477); however, the difference in monocyte counts was no longer significant after outliers were removed. Additionally, only two significant differences in cytokine/receptor expression in whole blood were observed. Compared with adult horses, the geriatric horses had increased TNFα expression after in vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated R. equi (P = 0.0224) and had decreased IL-17α expression after PMA/ionomycin stimulation when one outlier was excluded (P = 0.0334). These changes may represent a compensatory mechanism by which geriatric horses could ensure adequate immune responses despite potentially dysfunctional neutrophil activity and/or decreased monocyte counts. Aging may influence equine innate immune function, and additional research is warranted to confirm and further explore these findings.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Células Sanguíneas/inmunología , Citocinas/inmunología , Caballos/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Factores de Edad , Envejecimiento/inmunología , Animales , Células Sanguíneas/fisiología , Citocinas/genética , Escherichia coli/inmunología , Expresión Génica , ARN Mensajero/genética , Rhodococcus equi/inmunología
15.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 221: 110013, 2020 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32058159

RESUMEN

Similarly to aged humans, senior horses (≥20 years) exhibit chronic low-grade inflammation systemically, known as inflamm-aging. Inflamm-aging in the senior horse has been characterized by increased circulating inflammatory cytokines as well as increased inflammatory cytokine production by lymphocytes and monocytes in response to a mitogen. Little is currently known regarding underlying causes of inflamm-aging. However, senior horses are also known to present with muscle wasting and often the endocrinopathy pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Despite the concurrence of these phenomena, the relationships inflamm-aging may have with measures of body composition and pituitary function in the horse remain unknown. Furthermore, nutrition has been a focus of research in an attempt to promote health span as well as life span in senior horses, with some nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, having known anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, an exploratory study of a population of n = 42 similarly-managed senior horses was conducted to determine relationships between inflamm-aging and measures of circulating nutrients, body composition, age, and PPID. Serum was collected to determine vitamin, mineral, and fatty acid content. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also isolated to determine inflammatory cytokine production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) following stimulation with a mitogen, as well as to determine gene expression of interleukin(IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Serum IL-6 and C-reactive protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whole blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Body composition was evaluated via ultrasound and muscle scoring for all 42 horses as well as by deuterium oxide dilution for a subset of n = 10 horses. Pituitary function was evaluated by measuring basal adrenocorticotropin hormone concentrations as well as by thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation testing (to determine PPID status). Results showed various relationships between inflammatory markers and the other variables measured. Most notably, docosadienoic acid (C22:2n6c), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n3c), and folate were positively associated with numerous inflammatory parameters (P ≤ 0.05). Although no relationships were found between inflamm-aging and PPID, being positive for PPID was negatively associated with vitamin B12 (P ≤ 0.01). No relationships between inflammation and body composition were found. Even within this senior horse population, age was associated with multiple parameters, particularly with numerous inflammatory cytokines and fatty acids. In summary, inflamm-aging exhibited relationships with various other parameters examined, particularly with certain fatty acids. This exploratory study provides insights into physiological changes associated with inflamm-aging in the senior horse.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/inmunología , Composición Corporal , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Inflamación , Enfermedades de la Hipófisis/veterinaria , Adenohipófisis Porción Intermedia/patología , Animales , Citocinas/sangre , Femenino , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Caballos , Masculino , Nutrientes , Enfermedades de la Hipófisis/sangre
16.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 127(3-4): 286-94, 2009 Feb 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19097648

RESUMEN

Advanced age is associated with a low-grade, systemic inflammatory response characterized by increased inflammatory cytokine production both in vitro and in vivo, termed inflamm-aging. It is also known that increased white adipose tissue, associated with obesity, leads to increased production of inflammatory cytokines. To date, it is unknown whether increased adiposity contributes to the age-related increased inflammatory status. Here we show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from old horses compared to young horses have increased inflammatory cytokine production; moreover, fat old horses compared to thin old horses have even greater frequencies of lymphocytes and monocytes producing inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we proposed that decreasing adiposity in old horses would reduce age-associated increases of inflammatory cytokines both in vitro and in vivo, and increasing adiposity in old horses would increase these measurements. To test this hypothesis further, eight old obese horses (20-28 year) were assigned to two consecutive treatments, dietary restriction (DR) during weeks 1-12 and increased dietary intake (DI) during weeks 13-30. Body weight, body condition score (BCS) and percent body fat were measured weekly. PBMC were stimulated in vitro and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) production was measured by intracellular staining. Levels of nascent IFNgamma and TNFalpha mRNA expression were examined by RT-PCR. Serum concentrations of TNFalpha protein were also measured weekly. Reducing body weight and fat in old horses significantly reduced the percent of IFNgamma and TNFalpha positive lymphocytes and monocytes, and serum levels of TNFalpha protein. Further, when weight and fat increased in these old horses there was a significant increase in inflammatory cytokine production. Regression analysis also revealed significant relationships. These findings demonstrate that age-related obesity potentially plays a role in the dysregulation of inflammatory cytokine production by the immune system with age or inflamm-aging in the horse.


Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/fisiología , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Caballos/fisiología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Alimentación Animal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Femenino , Factores de Tiempo
17.
Am J Reprod Immunol ; 82(5): e13179, 2019 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31373743

RESUMEN

PROBLEM: Ascending placentitis is one of the leading causes of abortion in the horse. Minimal work has focused on its effect on fetal fluids or the antenatal immune response of the fetus. METHODOLOGY: Placentitis was induced via transcervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi ssp Zooepidemicus, and fluids/serum/tissues were collected 4-6 days later following euthanasia. Cytokine concentrations were detected using a multiplex immunoassay within fetal fluids (amniotic and allantoic) and serum (maternal and fetal) in inoculated and control mares. In addition, tissues from fetal (spleen, liver, lung, umbilicus, amnioallantois) and maternal (spleen, liver, lung, chorioallantois, endometrium) origin were analyzed in inoculated and control mares utilizing qPCR for expression of cytokines. RESULTS: No difference in cytokine concentrations in maternal or fetal serum was noted between inoculated and control mares. Concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and GRO were upregulated in the amniotic fluid following inoculation, with a trend toward higher IL-6 concentration in allantoic fluid. The amnioallantoic tissue separating the two fluids had higher expression of IL-1ß and IL-6 following inoculation, while chorioallantois and endometrium upregulated IL-1ß and IL-8 expression. IL-1ß was upregulated in the maternal spleen following inoculation. Fetal spleens were upregulated in expression of IL-1ß, GRO, and IL-6, while IL-6 was higher in fetal liver after inoculation than in controls. CONCLUSION: The maternal response to placentitis is primarily pro-inflammatory while the fetus appears to play a regulatory role in this inflammation. Additionally, amniotic fluid sampling may be more diagnostic of ascending placentitis than circulating cytokines.


Asunto(s)
Corioamnionitis , Feto , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Caballos , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Infecciones Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus equi/inmunología , Animales , Corioamnionitis/inmunología , Corioamnionitis/microbiología , Corioamnionitis/patología , Corioamnionitis/veterinaria , Femenino , Feto/inmunología , Feto/microbiología , Feto/patología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Caballos/inmunología , Caballos/microbiología , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/inmunología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/microbiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/patología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/veterinaria , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/patología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria
18.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 83: 102811, 2019 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31791524

RESUMEN

Much of the equine population is obese and therefore predisposed to the development of additional health concerns such as equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). However, pharmacologic treatments for EMS are limited. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is a therapeutic strategy in humans with metabolic dysfunction that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation, but the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in horses with EMS are unclear. Therefore, in this pilot study, 10 mixed-sex and mixed-breed horses with EMS were fed a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae containing 16 g DHA/horse/d or served as controls for 46 days. Inflammatory status was measured using serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using flow cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Circulating fatty acids, triglyceride, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations were also determined. Insulin and glucose dynamics were assessed with oral sugar test (OST) and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing. Postsupplementation, treated horses had an increase in many circulating fatty acids, including DHA (P < .001). Treated horses also had lower serum triglycerides postsupplementation (P = .02) and a trend (P = .07) for reduced PBMC tumor necrosis factor α. Interestingly, after 46 days, control horses had an increase in insulin responses to the OST (P = .01), whereas treated horses did not (P = .69). These pilot data indicate that DHA-rich microalgae supplementation alters circulating fatty acids, modulates metabolic parameters, and may reduce inflammation in horses with EMS.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos , Síndrome Metabólico/veterinaria , Microalgas , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Caballos , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Síndrome Metabólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Proyectos Piloto
19.
Am J Reprod Immunol ; 82(2): e13145, 2019 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31087434

RESUMEN

PROBLEM: Progestins are immunomodulatory in a variety of species. In the horse, the most commonly administered synthetic progestin is altrenogest (ALT), but its effect on the immune system of the non-pregnant mare is unknown. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from diestrous mares were incubated with varying concentrations of progesterone (P4) or ALT to assess intracellular production of IFNγ and the expression of select cytokines. Additionally, ten mares received either ALT or VEH daily utilizing a switchback design beginning on the day of ovulation and continuing for 7 days. Circulating PBMCs and endometrial biopsies were obtained to assess the production and expression of the same cytokines. RESULTS: In vitro, both P4 and ALT caused a dose-dependent decrease in intracellular IFNγ in PBMCs. P4 caused a dose-dependent decrease in the expression of IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-4, while ALT caused an increase in the expression of IL-6 and IL-1ß in PBMCs. In vivo, ALT suppressed the intracellular levels of IFNγ in PBMCs on d6. While control mares experienced a decrease in IL-1ß expression from d0 to d6, ALT-treated mares did not. In the endometrium, ALT increased the expression of IL-1RN and IFNγ in comparison with VEH-treated mares. CONCLUSION: P4 and ALT appear to alter the immune system of the non-pregnant mare both systemically in addition to locally within the endometrium. Further research is necessary to determine the pathways through which this synthetic progestin functions on the immune system of the horse, and the consequences it may have.


Asunto(s)
Endometrio/inmunología , Caballos/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Preñez/inmunología , Acetato de Trembolona/análogos & derivados , Animales , Endometrio/metabolismo , Femenino , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Ovulación , Embarazo , Preñez/metabolismo , Progesterona/sangre , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Acetato de Trembolona/sangre , Acetato de Trembolona/farmacología
20.
Dev Comp Immunol ; 32(12): 1409-15, 2008.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18619486

RESUMEN

Telomeres, specialized structures present at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, function to maintain chromosome stability and integrity. Telomeres shorten with each cell division eventually leading to replicative senescence, a process thought to be associated with age-related decline in immune function. We hypothesized that shortened PBMC telomere length is a factor contributing to immunosenescence of the aged horse. Telomere length was assessed in 19 horses ranging in age from 1 to 25 years. Mitogen-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation, total serum IgG, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was also determined for each horse. Relative telomere length (RTL) was highly correlated with overall age. RTL was positively correlated with 3H-thymidine incorporation and total IgG. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was negatively correlated with RTL. These measures were also correlated with age, as expected. However, RTL was not correlated with immunosenescence and inflammaging in the oldest horse.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/genética , Envejecimiento/inmunología , Caballos/genética , Caballos/inmunología , Telómero/genética , Factores de Edad , Envejecimiento/patología , Animales , Senescencia Celular/genética , Senescencia Celular/inmunología , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/patología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/patología , Telómero/inmunología , Telómero/patología
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