Clinically useful smartphone ophthalmic imaging techniques.

Imaging devices in ophthalmology are numerous, and most of them are sophisticated and specialized for specific regions of the eye. In addition, these are fixed and involve close interaction of the patient and the examiner; therefore, simple, portable and tele facility-imbibed imaging tools can be considered optimal alternatives to routine exercises. In the last 10 years, utility of smartphones in ophthalmology is being continuously explored to unearth their potential benefits. In this direction, a smartphone device with/without simple attachments has been noted to aid in detailed, high-quality imaging of the ocular adnexa, cornea, angle, iris, lens, optic disc, and the retina including its periphery. In addition, such utility has also been extended in strabismology workup and intraocular pressure measurements. Hence, using these clinician friendly tools and techniques or by devising newer and more comprehensive tool kits, ophthalmic care can be well-managed with apt use of technology. Also, the smartphone companies are encouraged to collaborate with the medical experts to endeavor more, and help and serve the people better.

Cross-sectional study on the role of public awareness in preventing the spread of COVID-19 outbreak in India.

BACKGROUND: WHO has recommended personal hygiene (respiratory hygiene, using face masks, washing hands with warm water and soap, use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers, avoid touching mouth, eyes & nose, cleanliness), social distancing and careful handling of purchased products as an effective preventive measure for COVID-19 disease. The growing pandemic of COVID-19 disease requires social distancing and personal hygiene measures to protect public health. But this message is not clear and well understood among people. The aim of this study is to determine the awareness, knowledge and attitude about COVID-19 and relate the behaviour of Indian society, especially when the country is restarting all its economic activities, after the complete lockdown. METHOD: The present paper is based on an extensive survey among 21 406 adult participants of various sections of Indian society with different age groups between 18 and 80 years to introspect the level of public awareness with respect to cause, spread, prevention and treatment of disease caused by spread of COVID-19 viral outbreak, which will be automatically reflected in the societal behavioural response of rigorous precautionary measures. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to extend the knowledge base among individuals to enhance their active participation in the prevention mechanisms with respect to the spread of the pandemic. There is a need to elaborate the Indian socio-cultural aspects, so that society starts appreciating and voluntarily following social distancing. This should improve the adaptability of people with livelihood resilience to let them protect themselves not only from the present pandemic but also from all other unforeseen infections, and to provide care to patients.

Granular corneal dystrophy: an enigma resolved.

PURPOSE: To report the intra-familial phenotypic variation of granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) across different age groups. METHOD: Two cases of GCD belonging to the same family (mother and daughter) were assessed and clinical findings were noted. RESULT: An 18-year-old female with complaint of glare, on examination showed brownish granules involving bowman's layer and superficial corneal stroma suggesting a diagnosis of Bowman layer dystrophy. Screening of her mother revealed multiple diffuse white granular opacities with snowflake appearance involving the central cornea. The intervening cornea was clear and limbus was not involved. Focal illumination showed deep stromal involvement. All these findings were typical of GCD. Genetic analysis revealed mutation of TGF beta-1 located on 5q31 which was consistent with our clinical diagnosis of GCD. CONCLUSION: Variable clinical presentation of GCD in different age groups can lead to diagnostic dilemma. Screening of family members can be helpful especially when dealing with early cases of GCD.

Clinical and molecular characterization of Indian patients with fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase deficiency: Identification of a frequent variant (E281K).

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of gluconeogenesis caused by genetic defect in the FBP1 gene. It is characterized by episodic, often life-threatening metabolic acidosis, liver dysfunction, and hyperlactatemia. Without a high index of suspicion, it may remain undiagnosed with devastating consequences. Accurate diagnosis can be achieved either by enzyme assay or gene studies. Enzyme assay requires a liver biopsy and is tedious, invasive, expensive, and not easily available. Therefore, genetic testing is the most appropriate method to confirm the diagnosis. Molecular studies were performed on 18 suspected cases presenting with episodic symptoms. Seven different pathogenic variants were identified. Two common variants were noted in two subpopulations from the Indian subcontinent; p.Glu281Lys (E281K) occurred most frequently (in 10 patients) followed by p.Arg158Trp (R158W, in 4 patients). Molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis and helped in managing these patients by providing appropriate genetic counseling. In conclusion, genetic studies identified two common variants in the Indian subcontinent, thus simplifying the diagnostic algorithm in this treatable disorder.

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia Omani type: CHST3 mutation spectrum and phenotypes in three Indian families.

We describe three consanguineous Indian families with a distinct form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED Omani type). It is an autosomal recessive disorder due to mutation in CHST3 gene. CHST3 gene encodes the enzyme chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) which mediates the sulfation of proteoglycans, (chondroitin sulfate), in the extracellular matrix of cartilage. CHST3 gene was sequenced in probands from three different families with SED. In two families missense mutations (c.904G>C predicting the substitution D302H) and c.491C>T (P164L) were identified. A frameshift (insertion) mutation (c.533_534ins G predicting the substitution A179Rfs*) was found in the third family. SNP micrarray in the family 2 helped to localize the common areas of homozygosity and identified the candidate gene. The confirmation by molecular diagnosis will be useful in the management and in the counseling of affected patients and their families. The presence of sclerosis of cranial sutures adds to the phenotypic spectrum of the disorder. Severe cardiac valvular disease in a case and triangular epiphyses of knees are other features which are highlighted in this report. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effect of Turmeric-Boswellia-Sesame Formulation in Menstrual Cramp Pain Associated with Primary Dysmenorrhea-A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual disorder that significantly impacts women's quality of life, productivity, and healthcare utilization. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, sixty women with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly divided into two groups with thirty participants each, and were allocated either turmeric-boswellia-sesame formulation (treatment) or placebo. The participants were advised to take two softgels of 500 mg as a single dose of allocated study intervention (total dose 1000 mg) when their menstrual pain reached 5 or more on a numerical rating scale (NRS). Menstrual cramp pain intensity and relief were evaluated every 30 min post-dose until 6 h. Results indicated a promising role of turmeric-boswellia-sesame formulation for menstrual pain relief compared to the placebo. The mean total pain relief (TOTPAR) of the treatment group (18.9 ± 0.56) was found to be 12.6 times better than the placebo group (1.5 ± 0.39). The NRS analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in pain intensity between the treatment and placebo groups (p < 0.001) at every timepoint. Additionally, the sum of pain intensity difference at 6 h (SPID6) of the treatment group (34.32 ± 1.41) showed a significant difference (p < 0.0001) and was 20.19 times better when compared to placebo (1.7 ± 0.56). Based on the study results, the turmeric-boswellia-sesame formulation exhibited remarkable menstrual pain relief as compared to the placebo.

Multimodal imaging of reactive retinal astrocytic vasoproliferative tumour in a case of systemic tuberculosis.

A man in his 20s presented with diminished vision in the left eye. He had a history of Pott's spine and had been diagnosed elsewhere as having left eye tubercular granuloma in the retina. He was started on anti-tubercular therapy and high-dose oral steroids. He presented to us 1 month later. Presently fundus examination revealed a yellow to whitish mass temporal to disc with diffuse hard exudates throughout the retina. Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) revealed a hyper-reflective mass involving the retina. SSOCT angiography and fundus fluorescein angiography revealed vascularity within the lesion. We made a diagnosis of a secondary reactive retinal astrocytic vasoproliferative tumour (VPT) and hence tapered the steroids and given intravitreal bevacizumab injection. At 6 weeks follow-up after intravitreal bevacizumab, there was some amount of resolution of hard exudates along with reduction of the vascular pattern of the lesion. The peripapillary location and development of a VPT following resolution of a presumed tubercular granuloma is rare.

Stereopsis following surgery in children with congenital and developmental cataracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We estimated the proportion of children with stereopsis following surgery in congenital and developmental cataracts by systematic review and meta-analysis and also considered the factors influencing stereopsis, such as intervention age and presence of strabismus. Stereopsis is directly related to quality of life, and investigating its levels following cataract surgery in children may help decide the right time to intervene, particularly in the context of brain plasticity. We conducted a systematic literature search using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science and found 25 case series, 3 cohorts, and 3 clinical trial studies from 1/1/1995 to 31/12/2020. Study-specific proportions of stereopsis from 923 children were pooled using a random-effects model, and stratified analyses were conducted based on intervention age and pre-existing strabismus as a confounder. We appraised the risk of bias using tools published by National Institutes of Health and evaluated publication bias with funnel plots and the Egger test. The pooled proportions of stereopsis based on 8 unilateral and 6 bilateral congenital cataract studies were 0.37 (95% CIs: [0.24, 0.53]) and 0.45 (95% CIs: [0.24,0.68]) when patients with preexisting strabismus were excluded as a confounder. When the intervention age was ≤6 months, proportions in unilateral congenital cataract group significantly increased to 0.52 (95% CIs: [0.37, 0.66]; P = 0.49) compared to 0.26 (95% CIs: [0.14, 0.44]; P = 0.16) otherwise. A similar increase in proportions was found when intervention age ≤4 months. In both unilateral and bilateral congenital cataract groups, proportions increased significantly when the confounder was excluded. Overall, proportions in bilateral congenital cataracts were significantly greater than unilateral cases (irrespective of confounder). Eight unilateral and 5 bilateral developmental cataract studies resulted in pooled proportions of 0.62 (95% CIs: [0.27, 0.88] and 0.82 (95% CIs: [0.4, 0.97]), respectively. Although proportions for bilateral developmental cataracts were greater than unilateral cataracts (irrespective of confounder), results were not statistically significant. Finally, proportions in unilateral developmental cataracts were significantly greater than unilateral congenital cataracts (Z = 7.413, P = 6.173694e-14). We conclude that surgical intervention within first 4-6 months can significantly affect postoperative outcomes in unilateral congenital cataracts. Analysis of existing data does not show a significant effect of intervention age on stereopsis outcomes for developmental cataracts.

Optimization of a stochastic model having erratic server with immediate or delayed repair.

The thought to put forward a queuing model proposed in this work was its pertinence in everyday life wherever we can see the uses of computing and networking systems. Industrial software developers and system managers can consider the results of the model to evolve their system for better results. Here we present a novel queueing model having erratic server with delayed repair and balking. Two distinct breakdowns i.e. active and passive breakdown for the system are also considered with their respective amendments. This model is closely related with the smooth functioning of the system during some internal faults (virus attack, electricity failures etc.). The performance indicators which are utilized in enhancing the service standards are obtained using supplementary variable technique. Using ANFIS soft computing technique we have compared the analytical results with those of neuro fuzzy results. Furthermore single and bi-objective minimization problems are considered and minima is obtained using particle swarm optimization and multi objective genetic algorithm respectively. Also, the minimization problems are shown as a convex programming problem to ensure the global optimality of the result. The proposed approach makes it conceivable to accomplish a relevant harmony between operational expenses and administration quality.

The great recession and job loss spillovers: impact of tradable employment shocks on supporting services.

This paper explores the spillover effects of job losses via input-output linkages during the Great Recession. Exploiting exogenous variation in tradable employment shocks across US counties, the paper finds that job losses in a county's tradable industries cause further job losses in the county's supporting services. A 10% exogenous decline in tradable employment reduces supporting industries' employment by 3.1%. In addition, a county's regional supporting services are relatively less affected by its tradable job losses than its local supporting services, reinforcing the argument that the spillovers are due to input-output linkages.

Myopia in India.

India is a culturally and geographically diverse nation. Its vast demographic nature does not allow a single definition for any of the given medical conditions in its territory. One important clinical condition which has created an uproar in the rest of the world is myopia. Its cause, prevalence, etiopathogenesis and other factors are being explored constantly; however, data with respect to Indian subcontinent are genuinely missing. Hence, in this review, we enumerate the country's myopia journey from last 4 decades. The epidemiology, genetics, ocular/systemic association, quality of life, imaging, and management in myopia with necessary future directives are discussed to augment the overall management in future.

Acute inflammatory ankle arthritis in northern India--Löfgren's syndrome or Poncet's disease?

OBJECTIVES: To analyse patients presenting with acute inflammatory ankle arthritis from an aetiological standpoint; whether they had Löfgren's syndrome (acute presentation of sarcoidosis), or Poncet's disease (reactive arthritis due to tuberculosis infection). An additional objective was to establish a simple, practical yet optimal algorithm for diagnostic approach and management of such patients. METHODS: The study included 18 patients from northern India presenting with isolated acute inflammatory ankle arthritis. A combination of complete clinical evaluation, Mantoux test and contrast-enhanced computerised tomography (CE-CT) of the chest was carried out and results analysed. RESULTS: Among 18 patients presenting as inflammatory ankle arthritis is was possible to classify 10 of them as Löfgren's syndrome all of whom had negative Mantoux test and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy without central necrosis. The other 8 patients could be classified as Poncet's disease as all of them had positive Mantoux test and showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy with or without unilateral hilar lymph nodes, with central necrosis. Finally, appropriate drug treatment (glucocorticoids with glucocorticoid-sparing drugs methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in patients with Löfgren's syndrome; standard anti-tuberculosis drugs in Poncet's disease) gave excellent clinical response and patients remained well over a period of 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Investigated on standard lines without any invasive procedure, patients with isolated inflammatory ankle arthritis could be classified in 2 distinct categories namely: (1) Löfgren's syndrome in its complete (with EN) or incomplete (without EN) form; (2) Poncet's disease. Appropriate treatment gave satisfactory response and patients remained well over a period of 1 year of follow-up.

Clinical role of swept source optical coherence tomography in anterior segment diseases: a review.

PURPOSE: To note the comprehensive role of swept source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS-ASOCT) in anterior segment diseases. METHODS: A systematic literature search was carried out on various medical databases using the keywords, swept source anterior segment optical coherence tomography; SS-ASOCT; Cornea and SS-ASOCT; SS-ASOCT and glaucoma; SS-ASOCT and cataract; SS-ASOCT and biometer; SS-ASOCT and tear film and ocular surface.Original works and novel reports describing the potential role of SS-ASOCT in various anterior segment conditions were included. RESULTS: After a thorough assessment of literature, it was clear that the SS-ASOCT did provide newer insights into many anterior eye conditions. The rapid scan acquisition, deeper tissue penetration, and higher magnification did enhance many of our understandings, which were previously not possible. In addition, lenticular assessment under complex clinical scenarios with automated values on objective scale has made it a worthy tool with immense future possibilities. CONCLUSIONS: SS-ASOCT unveiled various anterior segment findings which were of clinical importance.

Comparison of anatomical and functional outcomes of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling in recalcitrant diabetic macular edema with and without traction in Indian patients.

PURPOSE: To study and compare the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in the eyes with recalcitrant diabetic macular edema (DME) with and without vitreomacular traction. METHODS: A comparative prospective interventional study was undertaken in which group 1 included 45 eyes of 45 patients with DME with vitreomacular tractional component and group 2 included 45 eyes of 45 patients with recalcitrant DME without a tractional component. Both groups underwent standard PPV with ILM peeling. All the patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. The parameters evaluated were changes in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) parameters, and occurrence of any intraoperative/postoperative surgical complication. RESULTS: The mean CMT improved significantly from 540.6 and 490.2 µm at the baseline to 292.5 and 270.6 µm at 6 months in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean BCVA logMAR improved from 0.78 ± 0.21 to 0.62 ± 0.22 in group 1 and 0.84 ± 0.19 to 0.65 ± 0.21 in group 2 at 6 months follow-up which was not statistically significant. The improvement in the mfERG was seen in group 2 as a significant increase in P1 wave amplitude in ring 2 (2-5°) (P < 0.004) and a significant decrease in P 1 wave implicit time in ring 1 (central 2°) (P < 0.001). None of the eyes suffered from the loss of BCVA or any major surgical complication in either group. CONCLUSION: PPV in recalcitrant DME provides good anatomical outcomes and the results are comparable in DME with and without a tractional component.

Study 3: Assessment of events during surgery on posterior polar cataracts using intraoperative optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To describe the changes along nucleo-epinuclear and the opacity-capsular junction during hydrodelineation and the entire period of phacoemulsification using intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT). Methods: A total of 12 eyes of 12 patients with clinically confirmed posterior polar cataract, who underwent cataract surgery by a single surgeon under the direct guidance of iOCT. The changes along nucleo-epinuclear junction and opacity-capsular junction during/following hydrodelineation and the changes along the opacity-capsular junction following nucleus removal, capsular changes before the opacity removal, and its dynamic changes throughout the surgical procedure were studied. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.25 ± 7.89 years. Eight of them were males and the right eye was operated in seven patients. With regular hydrodelineation, optimal separation of the nucleus-epinuclear layer was evident in 11 patients. Once a golden ring is achieved through the hydro procedure, then repeated attempts can be performed within it to decrease the chances of capsular damage. Fracture of the posterior opacity with tension over the underlying capsule (n = 1), inadvertent hydro dissection while performing hydrodelineation (n = 1), continuous posterior capsular billowing (n = 2), and posterior capsular ruptures (n = 2) were encountered in this observation with even well-judged surgical maneuvering. Conclusion: iOCT provides a better understanding of real-time changes along different layers of the human lens during posterior polar cataract surgery. The observations obtained here are likely to help in minimizing inadvertent complications in the future.

Vitrectomy without encircling band for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with inferior break utilizing 3D heads up viewing system.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the anatomical and functional outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy without encircling band for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with inferior breaks utilizing 3D heads up viewing system. Method: This prospective, single-center study included 22 consecutive eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with only inferior breaks with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) CP2 or less, who underwent pars plana vitrectomy without encircling band, with silicon oil as tamponade. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon. The single operation success rate was recorded after silicon oil removal. Results: The patient population consisted of 08 women (36%) and 14 men (64%) with a mean age of 56.6 +/- 14.7 years. The mean follow-up period was 8 months. A single break was present in 13 cases (59%), and 2-4 breaks were present in 9 cases (40.9%). The mean time for the surgical procedure was 35 min (range: 25-50). The macula was found to be detached in 19 cases (86.36%) and attached in 3 cases (13.6%). Single operation success rate (SOSR) of vitrectomy, after silicon oil removal without encircling band, for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with inferior breaks was 95.4%. One case redetached due to PVR changes and underwent re-surgery. Final reattachment was achieved in all 22 cases (100%). Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved from 1.43 ± 0.59 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) to postoperative BCVA was 0.48 ± 0.34 logMAR (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Pars plana vitrectomy without encircling band, utilizing 3D heads up the system in RRDs with inferior breaks in eyes with PVR grade C2 or less, provides good outcome.

Clinical Role of Smartphone Fundus Imaging in Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Neuro-retinal Diseases.

Purpose: In today's life, many electronic gadgets have the potential to become invaluable health care devices in future. The gadgets in this category include smartphones, smartwatches, and others. Till now, smartphone role has been highlighted on many occasions in different areas, and they continue to possess immense role in clinical documentation, clinical consultation, and digitalization of ocular care. In last one decade, many treatable conditions including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other pediatric retinal diseases are being imaged using smartphones.Methods: To comprehend this cumulative knowledge, a detailed medical literature search was conducted on PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science till February 2021.Results: The included literature revealed a definitive progress in posterior segment imaging. From simple torch light with smartphone examination to present day compact handy devices with artificial intelligence integrated software's have changed the very perspectives of ocular imaging in ophthalmology. The consistently reproducible results, constantly improving imaging techniques, and most importantly their affordable costs have renegotiated their role as effective screening devices in ophthalmology. Moreover, the obtained field of view, ocular safety, and their key utility in non-ophthalmic specialties are also growing.Conclusions: To conclude, smartphone imaging can now be considered as a quick, cost-effective, and digitalized tool for posterior segment screenings, however, their definite role in routine ophthalmic clinics is yet to be established.