Stereotactic body radiotherapy plus rucosopasem in locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: GRECO-2 phase II study design.

Ablative doses of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may improve pancreatic cancer outcomes but may carry greater potential for gastrointestinal toxicity. Rucosopasem, an investigational selective dismutase mimetic that converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, can potentially increase tumor control of SBRT without compromising safety. GRECO-2 is a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rucosopasem in combination with SBRT in locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Patients will be randomized to rucosopasem 100 mg or placebo via intravenous infusion over 15 min, before each SBRT fraction (5 × 10 Gy). The primary end point is overall survival. Secondary end points include progression-free survival, locoregional control, time to metastasis, surgical resection rate, best overall response, in-field local response and acute and long-term toxicity.

The use of high doses of radiation delivered directly to tumors (stereotactic body radiation therapy [SBRT]) may improve survival compared with lower doses of radiation in patients with pancreatic cancer, but it may increase side effects. Rucosopasem, an investigational new drug being developed, can potentially improve the ability of SBRT to treat tumors without decreasing safety. In a previous study, median overall survival was improved when patients were treated with SBRT plus avasopasem, a drug that works the same way as rucosopasem. GRECO-2 is a clinical trial of rucosopasem used in combination with SBRT for treatment of localized pancreatic cancer. Patients will be randomly selected to receive either rucosopasem 100 mg or placebo via intravenous infusion over 15 min, before each SBRT treatment. The main result being studied is overall survival. Additional results include amount of time before tumors start to grow, how often patients get tumors surgically removed, best overall response and long-term safety. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04698915 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Stereotactic body radiotherapy with or without selective dismutase mimetic in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: an adaptive, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1b/2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has the potential to ablate localised pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Selective dismutase mimetics sensitise tumours while reducing normal tissue toxicity. This trial was designed to establish the efficacy and toxicity afforded by the selective dismutase mimetic avasopasem manganese when combined with ablative SBRT for localised pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: In this adaptive, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1b/2 trial, patients aged 18 years or older with borderline resectable or locally advanced pancreatic cancer who had received at least 3 months of chemotherapy and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2 were enrolled at six academic sites in the USA. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1), with block randomisation (block sizes of 6-12) with a maximum of 24 patients per group, to receive daily avasopasem (90 mg) or placebo intravenously directly before (ie, within 180 min) SBRT (50, 55, or 60 Gy in five fractions, adaptively assigned in real time by Bayesian estimates of 90-day safety and efficacy). Patients and physicians were masked to treatment group allocation, but not to SBRT dose. The primary objective was to find the optimal dose of SBRT with avasopasem or placebo as determined by the late onset EffTox method. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03340974, and is complete. FINDINGS: Between Jan 25, 2018, and April 29, 2020, 47 patients were screened, of whom 42 were enrolled (median age was 71 years [IQR 63-75], 23 [55%] were male, 19 [45%] were female, 37 [88%] were White, three [7%] were Black, and one [2%] each were unknown or other races) and randomly assigned to avasopasem (n=24) or placebo (n=18); the placebo group was terminated early after failing to meet prespecified efficacy parameters. At data cutoff (June 28, 2021), the avasopasem group satisfied boundaries for both efficacy and toxicity. Late onset EffTox efficacy response was observed in 16 (89%) of 18 patients at 50 Gy and six (100%) of six patients at 55 Gy in the avasopasem group, and was observed in three (50%) of six patients at 50 Gy and nine (75%) of 12 patients at 55 Gy in the placebo group, and the Bayesian model recommended 50 Gy or 55 Gy in five fractions with avasopasem for further study. Serious adverse events of any cause were reported in three (17%) of 18 patients in the placebo group and six (25%) of 24 in the avasopasem group. In the placebo group, grade 3 adverse events within 90 days of SBRT were abdominal pain, acute cholangitis, pyrexia, increased blood lactic acid, and increased lipase (one [6%] each); no grade 4 events occurred. In the avasopasem group, grade 3-4 adverse events within 90 days of SBRT were acute kidney injury, increased blood alkaline phosphatase, haematoma, colitis, gastric obstruction, lung infection, abdominal abscess, post-surgical atrial fibrillation, and pneumonia leading to respiratory failure (one [4%] each).There were no treatment-related deaths but one late death in the avasopasem group due to sepsis in the setting of duodenal obstruction after off-study treatment was reported as potentially related to SBRT. INTERPRETATION: SBRT that uses 50 or 55 Gy in five fractions can be considered for patients with localised pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The addition of avasopasem might further enhance disease outcomes. A larger phase 2 trial (GRECO-2, NCT04698915) is underway to validate these results. FUNDING: Galera Therapeutics.

Sociodemographic Disparities in the Receipt of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Among Patients With Resected Stage I-III Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant therapy for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma was given a category 1 NCCN recommendation in 2000, yet many patients do not receive chemotherapy after definitive surgery. Whether sociodemographic disparities exist for receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy is poorly understood. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent definitive surgery from 2004 through 2015. Multivariable logistic regression defined the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and associated 95% CI of receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. Among patients receiving chemotherapy, multivariable logistic regression assessed the odds of treatment with multiagent chemotherapy. RESULTS: Among 18,463 patients, 11,288 (61.1%) received any adjuvant chemotherapy. Sociodemographic factors inversely associated with receipt of any adjuvant chemotherapy included uninsured status (aOR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.50-0.74), Medicaid insurance (aOR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.57-0.77), and lower income (P<.001 for all income levels compared with ≥$46,000). Black race (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57-0.90) and female sex (aOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.86) were associated with lower odds of receiving multiagent chemotherapy. There was a statistically significant interaction term between black race and age/comorbidity status (P=.03), such that 26.4% of black versus 35.8% of nonblack young (aged ≤65 years) and healthy (Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score 0) patients received multiagent adjuvant chemotherapy (P=.006), whereas multiagent adjuvant chemotherapy rates were similar among patients who were not young and healthy (P=.15). CONCLUSIONS: In this nationally representative study, receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy appeared to be associated with sociodemographic characteristics, independent of clinical factors. Sociodemographic differences in receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy may represent a missed opportunity for improving outcomes and a driver of oncologic disparities.

AXL/WRNIP1 Mediates Replication Stress Response and Promotes Therapy Resistance and Metachronous Metastasis in HER2+ Breast Cancer.

Therapy resistance and metastatic progression are primary causes of cancer-related mortality. Disseminated tumor cells possess adaptive traits that enable them to reprogram their metabolism, maintain stemness, and resist cell death, facilitating their persistence to drive recurrence. The survival of disseminated tumor cells also depends on their ability to modulate replication stress in response to therapy while colonizing inhospitable microenvironments. In this study, we discovered that the nuclear translocation of AXL, a TAM receptor tyrosine kinase, and its interaction with WRNIP1, a DNA replication stress response factor, promotes the survival of HER2+ breast cancer cells that are resistant to HER2-targeted therapy and metastasize to the brain. In preclinical models, knocking down or pharmacologically inhibiting AXL or WRNIP1 attenuated protection of stalled replication forks. Furthermore, deficiency or inhibition of AXL and WRNIP1 also prolonged metastatic latency and delayed relapse. Together, these findings suggest that targeting the replication stress response, which is a shared adaptive mechanism in therapy-resistant and metastasis-initiating cells, could reduce metachronous metastasis and enhance the response to standard-of-care therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Nuclear AXL and WRNIP1 interact and mediate replication stress response, promote therapy resistance, and support metastatic progression, indicating that targeting the AXL/WRNIP1 axis is a potentially viable therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.

Activatable cell penetrating peptides linked to nanoparticles as dual probes for in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging of proteases.

High-resolution imaging of molecules intrinsically involved in malignancy and metastasis would be of great value for clinical detection and staging of tumors. We now report in vivo visualization of matrix metalloproteinase activities by MRI and fluorescence of dendrimeric nanoparticles coated with activatable cell penetrating peptides (ACPPs), labeled with Cy5, gadolinium, or both. Uptake of such nanoparticles in tumors is 4- to 15-fold higher than for unconjugated ACPPs. With fluorescent molecules, we are able to detect residual tumor and metastases as small as 200 microm, which can be resected under fluorescence guidance and analyzed histopathologically with fluorescence microscopy. We show that uptake via this mechanism is comparable to that of other near infrared protease sensors, with the added advantage that the approach is translatable to MRI. Once activated, the Gd-labeled nanoparticles deposit high levels (30-50 microM) of Gd in tumor parenchyma with even higher amounts deposited in regions of infiltrative tumor, resulting in useful T(1) contrast lasting several days after injection. These results should improve MRI-guided clinical staging, presurgical planning, and intraoperative fluorescence-guided surgery. The approach may be generalizable to deliver radiation-sensitizing and chemotherapeutic agents.

Surgery with molecular fluorescence imaging using activatable cell-penetrating peptides decreases residual cancer and improves survival.

The completeness of tumor removal during surgery is dependent on the surgeon's ability to differentiate tumor from normal tissue using subjective criteria that are not easily quantifiable. A way to objectively assess tumor margins during surgery in patients would be of great value. We have developed a method to visualize tumors during surgery using activatable cell-penetrating peptides (ACPPs), in which the fluorescently labeled, polycationic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is coupled via a cleavable linker to a neutralizing peptide. Upon exposure to proteases characteristic of tumor tissue, the linker is cleaved, dissociating the inhibitory peptide and allowing the CPP to bind to and enter tumor cells. In mice, xenografts stably transfected with green fluorescent protein show colocalization with the Cy5-labeled ACPPs. In the same mouse models, Cy5-labeled free ACPPs and ACPPs conjugated to dendrimers (ACPPDs) delineate the margin between tumor and adjacent tissue, resulting in improved precision of tumor resection. Surgery guided by ACPPD resulted in fewer residual cancer cells left in the animal after surgery as measured by Alu PCR. A single injection of ACPPD dually labeled with Cy5 and gadolinium chelates enabled preoperative whole-body tumor detection by MRI, intraoperative guidance by real-time fluorescence, intraoperative histological analysis of margin status by fluorescence, and postoperative MRI tumor quantification. Animals whose tumors were resected with ACPPD guidance had better long-term tumor-free survival and overall survival than animals whose tumors were resected with traditional bright-field illumination only.

Simultaneous selection of nanobodies for accessible epitopes on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.

In the rapidly advancing field of synthetic biology, there exists a critical need for technology to discover targeting moieties for therapeutic biologics. Here we present INSPIRE-seq, an approach that utilizes a nanobody library and next-generation sequencing to identify nanobodies selected for complex environments. INSPIRE-seq enables the parallel enrichment of immune cell-binding nanobodies that penetrate the tumor microenvironment. Clone enrichment and specificity vary across immune cell subtypes in the tumor, lymph node, and spleen. INSPIRE-seq identifies a dendritic cell binding clone that binds PHB2. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a connection with cDC1s, and immunofluorescence confirms nanobody-PHB2 colocalization along cell membranes. Structural modeling and docking studies assist binding predictions and will guide nanobody selection. In this work, we demonstrate that INSPIRE-seq offers an unbiased approach to examine complex microenvironments and assist in the development of nanobodies, which could serve as active drugs, modified to become drugs, or used as targeting moieties.

Local Control Following Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Liver Oligometastases: Lessons from a Quarter Century.

The utilization of stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of liver metastasis has been widely studied and has demonstrated favorable local control outcomes. However, several predictive factors play a crucial role in the efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy, such as the number and size (volume) of metastatic liver lesions, the primary tumor site (histology), molecular biomarkers (e.g., KRAS and TP53 mutation), the use of systemic therapy prior to SBRT, the radiation dose, and the use of advanced technology and organ motion management during SBRT. These prognostic factors need to be considered when clinical trials are designed to evaluate the efficacy of SBRT for liver metastases.

Ablative Radiation Therapy in Oligometastatic Pancreatic Cancer to Delay Polyprogression, Limit Chemotherapy, and Improve Outcomes.

PURPOSE: The oligometastatic state is observed in patients across many malignancies, with increased recognition regarding improved outcomes after local therapies. However, there is limited data specifically regarding pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We hypothesized that an oligometastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (OPanc) phenotype would benefit from stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) to all active metastatic sites. Here, we report our institutional experience of SABR-treated OPanc to evaluate the feasibility of the approach. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective review of patients with synchronous or metachronous OPanc (1 to 5 metastases) who received SABR to all active metastatic sites was performed. We identified a comparable group of patients with similar metastatic burden, range of CA19-9 levels, and no progression for at least 5 months who did not receive SABR. We compared overall survival as the primary outcome, and polyprogression-free survival and time off chemotherapy as the secondary exploratory assessments. A third group presenting with stage IV pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and more than 5 distant lesions (polymetastatic) was identified to help define expected outcomes after polyprogression. RESULTS: Our study included 20 patients with OPanc receiving SABR and 21 who did not. SABR was delivered to 38 metastatic tumors. Out of the 20 SABR-treated OPanc patients, 17 (85%) had 6 or more months of time off chemotherapy, compared with 7 patients (33.3%) among the chemotherapy-treated group. Median polyprogression-free survival was 40 and 14 months (hazard ratio = 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.54; P = .0009), and overall survival was 42 and 18 months (hazard ratio = 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.53; P = .0003), for SABR- and chemotherapy-treated cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Management of OPanc with SABR as local regional therapy could improve outcomes in a selected population and warrants prospective evaluation.

Parallel in vivo and in vitro selection using phage display identifies protease-dependent tumor-targeting peptides.

We recently developed activatable cell-penetrating peptides (ACPPs) that target contrast agents to in vivo sites of matrix metalloproteinase activity, such as tumors. Here we use parallel in vivo and in vitro selection with phage display to identify novel tumor-homing ACPPs with no bias for primary sequence or target protease. Specifically, phage displaying a library of ACPPs were either injected into tumor-bearing mice, followed by isolation of cleaved phage from dissected tumor, or isolated based on selective cleavage by extracts of tumor versus normal tissue. Selected sequences were synthesized as fluorescently labeled peptides, and tumor-specific cleavage was confirmed by digestion with tissue extracts. The most efficiently cleaved peptide contained the substrate sequence RLQLKL and labeled tumors and metastases from several cancer models with up to 5-fold contrast. This uniquely identified ACPP was not cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases or various coagulation factors but was efficiently cleaved by plasmin and elastases, both of which have been shown to be aberrantly overexpressed in tumors. The identification of an ACPP that targets tumor expressed proteases without rational design highlights the value of unbiased selection schemes for the development of potential therapeutic agents.

Trends and Factors Associated With Receipt of Upfront Surgery for Stage II to III Rectal Adenocarcinoma in the United States, 2006 to 2016.

INTRODUCTION: The German rectal study published in 2004 established neoadjuvant chemoradiation as a standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer and current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines endorse several preoperative regimens. Upfront surgery, however, is considered substandard care. In the era of evolving treatment paradigms for locally advanced rectal cancer, we sought to assess trends and predictors of receipt of upfront surgery for stage II to III rectal cancer. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients diagnosed with clinical stage II to III rectal adenocarcinoma between 2006 and 2016. Multivariable logistic regression defined adjusted odds ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals of receipt of upfront definitive surgery. The timing of upfront surgery relative to day of diagnosis and rate of receipt of adjuvant therapy were also estimated. RESULTS: Among 51,562 patients, 6411 (12.4%) were treated with upfront surgery, which decreased from 16.7% in 2006 to 7.1% in 2016 (P<0.001). The majority of patients (5737 [89.5%]) had definitive surgery after initial diagnostic biopsy. Variables associated with receipt of upfront surgery included female sex, older age, higher comorbidity score, and treatment at a community cancer center (P<0.001). Among those receiving upfront surgery, 2904 (45.3%) received adjuvant radiation therapy, 3218 (50.2%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 2559 (39.9%) received no further treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of patients with clinical stage II to III rectal cancer treated with upfront surgery has steadily declined since 2006, however, certain subgroups appear to remain at greater risk. Further research is needed to better elucidate patient and systems-level factors contributing to these disparities in care.

Patterns of Dose Escalation Among Patients With Esophageal Cancer Undergoing Definitive Radiation Therapy: 2006-2016.

PURPOSE: Although single-institution series suggest potential benefit to dose escalation in definitive radiation therapy for esophageal cancer, randomized trials including intergroup-0123 and the recently presented A Randomized Trial of Dose Escalation in definitive Chemoradiotherapy for patients with Oesophageal cancer (ARTDECO) trial showed no improvement in outcomes with higher radiation therapy dose. As such, there may be significant variation in radiation dose for definitive treatment of esophageal cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients who received a diagnosis of nonmetastatic T2+ esophageal cancer between 2006 and 2016 who did not receive definitive surgery and were treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy doses between 41.4 and 74 Gy. Multivariable logistic regression defined adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of receipt of >50.4 Gy, including year of diagnosis (2006-2013 vs 2014-2016) ∗ histology (squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] vs adenocarcinoma) and year of diagnosis (2006-2013 vs 2014-2016) ∗ disease site (cervical esophagus vs noncervical esophagus) interaction terms, to assess whether the effect of diagnosis year on dose varied by histology and disease site, respectively. RESULTS: Among 14,517 patients, the most common dose was 50.4 Gy, used for 6955 (47.9%) patients. Dose escalation above 50.4 Gy was observed in 4440 (30.6%) patients and declined by year, from 42.2% in 2006 to 23.5% in 2016. Patients with SCC versus adenocarcinoma had higher odds of dose escalation (39.3% vs 23.8%; AOR 1.46; P < .001), as did those with cervical esophageal primaries versus other primary sites (54.9% vs 27.4%; AOR 2.51; P < .001). The effect of later diagnosis year was greater for adenocarcinoma than for SCC (pint = 0.001, AOR 0.54, P < .001 vs AOR 0.71, P < .001) and significant for noncervical esophagus but not cervical esophagus (pint <0.001, AOR 0.56, P < .001 vs AOR 0.95, P = .616). CONCLUSIONS: Dose escalation in definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer declined over time, particularly for adenocarcinoma histology and noncervical primary site. Given the recent results of ARTDECO, our findings can serve as a benchmark from which to measure future shifts in practice patterns.

Long-Term Results of a Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial and Subsequent Institutional Experience of Single-Fraction Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy for Liver Metastases.

PURPOSE: We report long-term outcomes from our phase 1 dose-escalation study to determine the maximum tolerated dose of single-fraction liver SABR pooled with our subsequent single institutional experience with patients treated postprotocol at the highest dose level (40 Gy) established from the phase 1 study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with liver metastases from solid tumors located outside of the central liver zone were treated with single-fraction SABR on a phase 1 dose escalation trial. At least 700 cc of normal liver had to receive <9.1 Gy. Seven patients with 10 liver metastases received the initial prescription dose of 35 Gy, and dose was then escalated to 40 Gy for 7 more patients with 7 liver metastases. An additional 19 postprotocol patients with 22 liver metastases were treated to 40 Gy in a single fraction. Patients were followed for toxicity and underwent serial imaging to assess local control. RESULTS: Median imaging follow-up for the combined cohort (n = 33, 39 lesions) was 25.9 months; 38.9 months for protocol patients and 20.2 months for postprotocol patients. Median lesion size was 2.0 cm (range, 0.5-5.0 cm). There were no dose-limiting toxicities observed for protocol patients, and only 3 grade 2 toxicities were observed in the entire cohort, with no grade ≥3 toxicities attributable to treatment. Four-year actuarial local control of irradiated lesions in the entire cohort was 96.6%, 100% in the protocol group and 92.9% in the subsequent patients. Two-year overall survival for all treated patients was 82.0%. CONCLUSIONS: For selected patients with liver metastases, single-fraction SABR at doses of 35 and 40 Gy was safe and well-tolerated, and shows excellent local control with long-term follow-up; results in subsequent patients treated with single-fraction SABR doses of 40 Gy confirmed our earlier results.

Disparities in Characteristics, Access to Care, and Oncologic Outcomes in Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer at a Safety-Net Hospital.

PURPOSE: Young-onset colorectal cancer is an emerging cause of significant morbidity and mortality globally. Despite this, limited data exist regarding clinical characteristics and outcomes, particularly in safety-net populations where access to care is limited. We aimed to study disparities in clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with young-onset colorectal cancer in the safety-net setting. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients < 50 years old diagnosed and/or treated for colorectal cancer between 2001 and 2017 at a safety-net hospital. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were constructed to compare overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) by race and ethnicity, stratifying for relevant clinical and pathologic factors. RESULTS: A total of 395 young-onset patients diagnosed at a safety-net hospital were identified and 270 were included in the analysis (49.6% Hispanic, 25.9% non-Hispanic Black, 20.0% non-Hispanic White, and 4.4% other). Non-Hispanic White race was independently associated with worse OS (hazzard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.97), as were lack of insurance, higher clinical stage, and mismatch repair proficiency. There was no significant difference seen in PFS or RFS between racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSION: Non-Hispanic White race or ethnicity was found to be independently associated with worse OS in a safety-net population of patients with young-onset colorectal cancer. Other independent predictors of worse OS include higher stage, lack of insurance, and mismatch repair proficiency.

Fast 18F labeling of a near-infrared fluorophore enables positron emission tomography and optical imaging of sentinel lymph nodes.

We combine a novel boronate trap for F(-) with a near-infrared fluorophore into a single molecule. Attachment to targeting ligands enables localization by positron emission tomography (PET) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF). Our first application of this generic tag is to label Lymphoseek (tilmanocept), an agent designed for receptor-specific sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping. The new conjugate incorporates (18)F(-) in a single, aqueous step, targets mouse SLN rapidly (1 h) with reduced distal lymph node accumulation, permits PET or scintigraphic imaging of SLN, and enables NIRF-guided excision and histological verification even after (18)F decay. This embodiment is superior to current SLN mapping agents such as nontargeted [(99m)Tc]sulfur colloids and Isosulfan Blue, as well as the phase III targeted ligand [(99m)Tc]SPECT Lymphoseek counterpart, species that are visible by SPECT or visible absorbance separately. Facile incorporation of (18)F into a NIRF probe should promote many synergistic PET and NIRF combinations.

Targeting TAM to Tame Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death within the next few years. Current therapeutic strategies have limited effectiveness and therefore there is an urgency to develop novel effective therapies. The receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) is directly implicated in the pathogenesis of the metastatic, chemoresistant, and immunosuppressive phenotype in pancreatic cancer. TAM inhibitors are promising investigational therapies for pancreatic cancer due to their potential to target multiple aspects of pancreatic cancer biology. Specifically, recent mechanistic investigations and therapeutic combinations in the preclinical setting suggest that TAM inhibition with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy should be evaluated clinically.

Patterns of Care for Stage II-III Rectosigmoid Cancers in the United States, 2004-2015.

OBJECTIVES: Although current guidelines continue to recommend trimodality therapy for stage II to III rectal cancers, a lower incidence of local recurrence has been observed in patients with upper rectal tumors, including those in the rectosigmoid. In practice, patients with upper rectal tumors may not be receiving all 3 modalities of therapy. Patterns of care for patients with rectosigmoid cancers have not previously been described. METHODS: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify patients diagnosed with stage II to III rectosigmoid cancer who underwent definitive surgery between 2004 and 2015. Multivariable logistic regression defined adjusted odds ratio and associated 95% confidence intervals of receipt of any pelvic radiotherapy and preoperative and postoperative pelvic radiotherapy. Multivariable logistic regression also assessed odds of treatment with any chemotherapy and multiagent chemotherapy. RESULTS: Among 8410 patients, 3566 (42.4%) received any pelvic radiotherapy, of which 2516 (70.6%) were treated with preoperative radiotherapy. Factors associated with receipt of radiotherapy included male sex, white race, younger age, positive clinical nodes and positive margins (P<0.001). Among patients with clinically positive nodes, 1980 (48.6%) received any radiotherapy and among those with pathologically positive nodes, 1532 (37.9%) received radiotherapy. A total of 5708 patients (67.9%) received any chemotherapy including 3020 (52.9%) with multiagent chemotherapy. A total of 2579 (30.7%) of the cohort was treated with surgery alone and among patients who were T3N0, this proportion rose to 42.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of patients with stage II to III rectosigmoid cancers are treated with radiation therapy and approximately one third do not receive chemotherapy. Ongoing and future studies may help to better tailor treatment for rectosigmoid tumors to optimize the therapeutic ratio. Our work may serve as a benchmark on which to compare future practice patterns.

Racial Disparities in Time to Treatment Initiation and Outcomes for Early Stage Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Although cure rates for early stage anal squamous cell cancer (ASCC) are overall high, there may be racial disparities in receipt of treatment and outcome precluding favorable outcomes across all patient demographics. Therefore, the authors aimed to assess the time to treatment initiation and overall survival (OS) in Black and White patients receiving definitive chemoradiation for early stage ASCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors identified patients diagnosed with early stage (stage I-II) ASCC and treated with chemoradiation diagnosed between 2004 and 2016 in the National Cancer Database. Clinical and treatment variables were compared by race using the χ test, and OS assessed through Cox regression with 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching. RESULTS: Among 9331 patients, 90.6% were White. Black patients had longer median time to treatment initiation as compared with White patients (47 vs. 36 d, P<0.001), and on multivariable analysis, the Black race was associated with higher odds of >6 weeks of time to treatment initiation (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-2.08; P<0.001). Furthermore, Black patients had worse OS (5-year survival 71% vs. 77%; P<0.001), which persisted after propensity score matching (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Black patients had a longer time to treatment initiation and worse OS as compared with White patients with early stage ASCC treated with chemoradiation. Further research is needed to better elucidate the etiologies of these disparities.

Distinct Clinical Characteristics in Young-Onset Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to study the effect of socioeconomic differences and molecular characteristics on survival in patients with young-onset pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (YOPNET) and typical-onset PNET (TOPNET). METHODS: We identified the patients with YOPNET (<50 years) and TOPNET (≥50 years) who underwent definitive surgery diagnosed between 2004 and 2016 using the National Cancer Database. We evaluated overall survival (OS) using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods before and after propensity score matching. A publicly available genomic dataset was used to compare mutation frequencies among the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 6259 patients with PNET were included, of which 27% were YOPNET. Patients with YOPNET were more likely to be Black, Hispanic, female, and have private insurance versus patients with TOPNET (all p < 0.001). Patients with YOPNET had a lower comorbidity score, but higher stage and tumor size (all p < 0.001). YOPNET was associated with a greater improved OS than TOPNET before and after propensity score matching (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, this survival difference persisted for YOPNET as an independent prognostic factor (unmatched p = 0.008; matched p = 0.01). For genomic analysis, patients with YOPNET had a lower rate of multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1 (MEN-1) mutation than patients with TOPNET (26% vs. 56%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: YOPNET represents a disease with distinct clinical features. Patients with YOPNET who underwent definitive surgery had better OS than patients with TOPNET despite having higher stage and tumor size. YOPNET also had lower rate of MEN-1 mutation.

Trends in Primary Surgical Resection and Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer, 2000-2016.

BACKGROUND: When, whether, and in whom primary tumor resection (PTR) for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is indicated remains unknown. With advances in multiagent systemic chemotherapy, PTR may be undertaken less frequently. The aim of this study was to obtain estimates of changes in the utilization of PTR and chemotherapy for metastatic CRC. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with metastatic CRC between 2000 and 2016 were identified from Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. Multivariable logistic regression defined odds of undergoing PTR. The analysis was also stratified by primary site (colon vs. rectum), age (younger than 50 vs. 50 y and older), and whether patients also underwent resection of metastatic sites (yes vs. no). The secondary endpoint of interest was the receipt of any chemotherapy, also assessed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 99,835 patients with metastatic CRC, 55,527 (55.7%) underwent PTR. The odds of undergoing PTR decreased with a later year of diagnosis, with patients diagnosed in 2016 being 61.1% less likely to undergo surgery than those diagnosed in 2000 (adjusted odds ratio=0.39, 95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.42, P<0.0001; absolute percentage: 62.3% to 43.8%). Similar trends by year for PTR were observed among each of the subgroups, although patients with colon primary, young adults (age younger than 50 y), and patients also undergoing metastasectomy were more likely to undergo PTR (P<0.001 for all). In contrast, the odds of receiving chemotherapy increased dramatically with a later year of diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio=2.21, 95% confidence interval: 2.04-2.40, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: From 2000 to 2016, there was a sharp decline in the rate of PTR for patients with metastatic CRC, while the use of chemotherapy increased over the same period. Prospective studies are needed to define the optimal local treatment for patients with metastatic CRC.