Calcium Dynamics of the Ventrolateral Preoptic GABAergic Neurons during Spontaneous Sleep-Waking and in Response to Homeostatic Sleep Demands.

The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) contains GABAergic sleep-active neurons. However, the extent to which these neurons are involved in expressing spontaneous sleep and homeostatic sleep regulatory demands is not fully understood. We used calcium (Ca2+) imaging to characterize the activity dynamics of VLPO neurons, especially those expressing the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) across spontaneous sleep-waking and in response to homeostatic sleep demands. The VLPOs of wild-type and VGAT-Cre mice were transfected with GCaMP6, and the Ca2+ fluorescence of unidentified (UNID) and VGAT cells was recorded during spontaneous sleep-waking and 3 h of sleep deprivation (SD) followed by 1 h of recovery sleep. Although both VGAT and UNID neurons exhibited heterogeneous Ca2+ fluorescence across sleep-waking, the majority of VLPO neurons displayed increased activity during nonREM/REM (VGAT, 120/303; UNID, 39/106) and REM sleep (VGAT, 32/303; UNID, 19/106). Compared to the baseline waking, VLPO sleep-active neurons (n = 91) exhibited higher activity with increasing SD that remained elevated during the recovery period. These neurons also exhibited increased Ca2+ fluorescence during nonREM sleep, marked by increased slow-wave activity and REM sleep during recovery after SD. These findings support the notion that VLPO sleep-active neurons, including GABAergic neurons, are components of neuronal circuitry that mediate spontaneous sleep and homeostatic responses to sustained wakefulness.

Approaching headaches and facial pains in eye care practice.

Headaches and facial pains are among the most frequent ailments seen in outpatient or emergency settings. Given the fact that some of the primary headaches and facial pains mimic the characteristic patterns seen in ocular diseases and related conditions, it is fairly common for these situations to be sent to an ophthalmology or optometry clinic and misdiagnosed as ocular headaches. This may result in a delay in starting an appropriate therapy, therefore extending the patient's illness. This review article aims to help the practitioners in understanding common causes of headaches and facial pains, approaching such cases in eye OPD and differentiating them for similar ocular conditions to impart an appropriate treatment or referral.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazopyridine-linked thiazolidinone as potential anticancer agents.

In this study, two series of imidazopyridine-linked thiazolidinone rings (5a-h and 6a-h) constituting 16 new compounds were synthesized and tested for their antiproliferative activity against a panel of three human cancer cell lines, that is, MCF-7 (human breast cancer), A549 (human lung cancer), and DU145 (human prostate cancer). Three compounds, 5h, 6f, and 6h, exhibited remarkable results against all three cell lines, but compound 6h was found to be the most active one against the breast cancer cell line. Among all the synthesized compounds, 6h displayed the highest antioxidant results. Furthermore, the potent compounds 5h, 6f, and 6h showed no signs of toxicity at doses ranging from 50 to 500 mg/kg of animal body weight. The biochemical parameters (SGOT and SGPT) of compound 6h nearly matched the control in hepatotoxicity studies. The molecular docking and MM-GBSADG binding studies are in agreement with the in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activity results. The most promising compound 6h was found to have the highest docking score and binding energy, and its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters are in the acceptable range. Thus, it can be concluded that 6h, an imidazopyridine derivative endowed with a thiazolidinone ring system, has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent.

Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations.

BACKGROUND: Irinotecan (IRN) (CPT-11) is a camptothecin derivative with low oral bioavailability due to active efflux by intestinal P-glycoprotein (p-gp) receptors. Hence, no oral formulation is marketed for IRN till date and its oral ingestion continues to remain a challenge. AIM OF STUDY: The study aims to develop a nanoformulation i.e. Chitosan (CS)-coated-IRN-loaded-poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) (CS-IRN-PLGA-NPs)in order to enhance oral bioavailability of IRN. RESULTS: Developed formulation revealed particle size, 166.9 ± 13.63 nm, zeta potential, 14.67 ± 1.08 mV and drug content (42.69 ± 1.97 µg/mg), with spherical shape and smooth surface. Cytotoxicity studies, performed against human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7), confirmed the superiority of IRN-CS-PLGA-NPs over free IRN solution (IRN-S). Cellular transport conducted on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) exhibited a higher permeability of 1.33 folds for IRN through CS-IRN-PLGA-NPs as compared to IRN-S (p < 0.01) whereas the permeability for IRN was found to be higher at a rate of 4.32 folds, across rat ileum. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated marked improvement of 3.53 fold and 8.03 fold in Wistar rat's plasma as well as brain higher oral bioavailability through IRN-CS-PLGA-NPs when compared with IRN-S. A simple, rapid UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS method for the determination of IRN (CPT-11) and SN-38 in both plasma and brain (over a range: 1.00-25000.00 ng/ml) was also developed and successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study. DISCUSSION: CS-IRN-PLGA-NPs approach may be effectively utilised, to replace pre-existing intravenous therapy thus providing 'patient care at home.

Neuronal activity in the preoptic hypothalamus during sleep deprivation and recovery sleep.

The preoptic hypothalamus is implicated in sleep regulation. Neurons in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) have been identified as potential sleep regulatory elements. However, the extent to which MnPO and VLPO neurons are activated in response to changing homeostatic sleep regulatory demands is unresolved. To address this question, we continuously recorded the extracellular activity of neurons in the rat MnPO, VLPO and dorsal lateral preoptic area (LPO) during baseline sleep and waking, during 2 h of sleep deprivation (SD) and during 2 h of recovery sleep (RS). Sleep-active neurons in the MnPO (n = 11) and VLPO (n = 13) were activated in response to SD, such that waking discharge rates increased by 95.8 ± 29.5% and 59.4 ± 17.3%, respectively, above waking baseline values. During RS, non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep discharge rates of MnPO neurons initially increased to 65.6 ± 15.2% above baseline values, then declined to baseline levels in association with decreases in EEG delta power. Increase in non-REM sleep discharge rates in VLPO neurons during RS averaged 40.5 ± 7.6% above baseline. REM-active neurons (n = 16) in the LPO also exhibited increased waking discharge during SD and an increase in non-REM discharge during RS. Infusion of A2A adenosine receptor antagonist into the VLPO attenuated SD-induced increases in neuronal discharge. Populations of LPO wake/REM-active and state-indifferent neurons and dorsal LPO sleep-active neurons were unresponsive to SD. These findings support the hypothesis that sleep-active neurons in the MnPO and VLPO, and REM-active neurons in the LPO, are components of neuronal circuits that mediate homeostatic responses to sustained wakefulness.

Burdening Perspectives and Treatment Modalities of Monkeypox: A Central Dogma.

The monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus, is responsible for causing the zoonotic illness known as Monkeypox. The virus was initially identified during an outbreak at a Danish Zoo in 1958 and has since been found to infect various mammal species worldwide. While African squirrels and other rodents are believed to be the primary hosts, determining the natural host has proven challenging. While MPXV can be studied using different animal models in laboratory settings, understanding its natural transmission routes remains complex and species-dependent. Recent developments have elevated the global health concern surrounding Monkeypox, leading to its designation as a Global Health Emergency of International Concern on 23 July 2022. Enhancing surveillance and case detection is crucial in navigating the unpredictable epidemiology of this re-emerging disease. Human infections with the monkeypox virus are becoming less frequent due to population growth and economic improvements. Monkeypox, similar to smallpox, can potentially be controlled and eradicated in the future through vaccines, appropriate treatment, and personal protective equipment.

Potential Neuroprotective Strategies using Smart Drug Delivery Systems for Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurological disorder, affecting more than 50 million individuals worldwide and causing gradual but progressive cognitive decline. The rising cost of medical treatment is mostly attributable to AD. There are now mainly a few slightly symptomatic therapeutic options accessible. Although this is not the primary reason, the failure to develop effective treatments for AD is often attributed to the disease's complicated pathophysiology and the wide range of underlying ideas. OBJECTIVE: Studies undertaken over the past decade have aimed to find novel methods of overcoming these barriers and effectively delivering drugs to the central nervous system. As a result, nanotechnology provides a promising alternative to the standard means of administering anti-amyloidosis drugs, enhancing expectations for a successful treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These therapeutic implications of using nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are discussed in this paper. METHODOLOGY: Published articles from PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.org, and the Alzheimer Association reports were carefully examined to compile information on the various strategies for combating AD. That has been studied to summarize the recent advancements and clinical studies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Statistics is the study and manipulation of data, including ways to gather, review, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. CONCLUSION: The biology of the BBB and its processes of penetration must be carefully taken into account while creating DDSs. If we have a better grasp of the disease's mechanism, we might be able to overcome the shortcomings of current treatments for AD. Different DDSs show interesting properties for delivering medication tailored to the brain. This review paper examines the recent applications of DDSs in diverse domains. By selecting the best targeting vectors and optimizing the combination of carriers, multifunctionalized DDS may be produced, and these DDS have a significant impact on AD therapy potential. To develop DDSs with the best therapeutic efficacy and manageable side effects, experts from a variety of fields may need to contribute their efforts. Currently, the therapeutic use of nanotechnology-based DDSs appears to be a promising prospect for AD therapy, and as the pathophysiology of AD is better understood, this strategy will develop over time.

Fiber Technology in Drug Delivery and Pharmaceuticals.

The field of fiber technology is a dynamic and innovative domain that offers novel solutions for controlled and targeted therapeutic interventions. This abstract provides an overview of key aspects within this field, encompassing a range of techniques, applications, commercial developments, intellectual property, and regulatory considerations. The foundational introduction establishes the significance of fiber-based drug delivery systems. Electrospinning, a pivotal technique, has been explored in this paper, along with its various methods and applications. Monoaxial, coaxial, triaxial, and side-by-side electrospinning techniques each offer distinct advantages and applications. Centrifugal spinning, solution and melt blowing spinning, and pressurized gyration further contribute to the field's diversity. The review also delves into commercial advancements, highlighting marketed products that have successfully harnessed fiber technology. The role of intellectual property is acknowledged, with patents reflecting the innovative strides in fiber-based drug delivery. The regulatory perspective, essential for ensuring safety and efficacy, is discussed in the context of global regulatory agencies' evaluations. This review encapsulates the multidimensional nature of fiber technology in drug delivery and pharmaceuticals, showcasing its potential to revolutionize medical treatments and underscores the importance of continued collaboration between researchers, industry, and regulators for its advancement.

Review on Mucormycosis: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Diagnosis.

Mucormycosis is a serious and invasive fungal infection caused by Mucorales fungi. This review article provides a concise overview of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, microbiology, and diagnosis of mucormycosis. The introduction section highlights the key microbiological properties of the pathogen and delves into the underlying mechanisms of mucormycosis pathogenesis, including the invasion and proliferation of the fungus within the host. The description of the disease section focuses on the epidemiology of mucormycosis, including its incidence, risk factors, and geographical distribution. It also explores the specific context of mucormycosis infection about COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus, highlighting the increased susceptibility observed in individuals with these conditions. A case study illustrates the clinical manifestations and challenges associated with mucormycosis, emphasizing the importance of early detection. Additionally, the review discusses the diagnosis of mucormycosis, emphasizing the significance of clinical assessment, radiological imaging, and microbiological tests for accurate and timely detection of the infection. Regarding treatment, the article covers the various therapeutic approaches, including antifungal therapy, surgical interventions, and management of underlying predisposing conditions. The limitations and challenges associated with treatment options are also addressed. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of mucormycosis, equipping healthcare professionals with valuable insights into its pathogenesis, epidemiology, microbiology, and diagnostic strategies. By enhancing knowledge and awareness of this fungal infection, this review can improve patient outcomes through early diagnosis and appropriate management.

Chronic Astrocytic TNFα Production in the Preoptic-Basal Forebrain Causes Aging-like Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Young Mice.

Sleep disruption is a frequent problem of advancing age, often accompanied by low-grade chronic central and peripheral inflammation. We examined whether chronic neuroinflammation in the preoptic and basal forebrain area (POA-BF), a critical sleep-wake regulatory structure, contributes to this disruption. We developed a targeted viral vector designed to overexpress tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), specifically in astrocytes (AAV5-GFAP-TNFα-mCherry), and injected it into the POA of young mice to induce heightened neuroinflammation within the POA-BF. Compared to the control (treated with AAV5-GFAP-mCherry), mice with astrocytic TNFα overproduction within the POA-BF exhibited signs of increased microglia activation, indicating a heightened local inflammatory milieu. These mice also exhibited aging-like changes in sleep-wake organization and physical performance, including (a) impaired sleep-wake functions characterized by disruptions in sleep and waking during light and dark phases, respectively, and a reduced ability to compensate for sleep loss; (b) dysfunctional VLPO sleep-active neurons, indicated by fewer neurons expressing c-fos after suvorexant-induced sleep; and (c) compromised physical performance as demonstrated by a decline in grip strength. These findings suggest that inflammation-induced dysfunction of sleep- and wake-regulatory mechanisms within the POA-BF may be a critical component of sleep-wake disturbances in aging.

Arsenic speciation in polychaetes (Annelida) and sediments from the intertidal mudflat of Sundarban mangrove wetland, India.

This paper documents the concentration of total arsenic and individual arsenic species in four soft-bottom benthic polychaetes (Perenereis cultifera, Ganganereis sootai, Lumbrinereis notocirrata and Dendronereis arborifera) along with host sediments from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India. An additional six sites were considered exclusively for surface sediments for this purpose. Polychaetes were collected along with the host sediments and measured for their total arsenic content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Arsenic concentrations in polychaete body tissues varied greatly, suggesting species-specific characteristics and inherent peculiarities in arsenic metabolism. Arsenic was generally present in polychaetes as arsenate (As(V) ranges from 0.16 to 0.50 mg kg(-1)) or arsenite (As(III) ranges from 0.10 to 0.41 mg kg(-1)) (30-53 % as inorganic As) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V) <1-25 %). Arsenobetaine (AB < 16 %), and PO(4)-arsenoriboside (8-48 %) were also detected as minor constituents, whilst monomethylarsonic acid (MA(V)) was not detected in any of the polychaetes. The highest total As (14.7 mg kg(-1) dry wt) was observed in the polychaete D. arborifera collected from the vicinity of a sewage outfall in which the majority of As was present as an uncharacterised compound (10.3 mg kg(-1) dry wt) eluted prior to AB. Host sediments ranged from 2.5 to 10.4 mg kg(-1) of total As. This work supports the importance of speciation analysis of As, because of the ubiquitous occurrence of this metalloid in the environment, and its variable toxicity depending on chemical form. It is also the first work to report the composition of As species in polychaetes from the Indian Sundarban wetlands.

Overcoming the Limitations of Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Pancreatic Cancer using Nanotechnology.

There is a significant unmet demand for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Many patients do not make it to past five years after diagnosis. The effectiveness of treatment varies greatly from patient to patient, and many people are too weak to endure chemotherapy or surgery. Unfortunately, by the time patients receive the diagnosis, the tumour typically spreads, rendering these chemotherapies ineffective. Effective anticancer drugs can be better formulated with the help of nanotechnology, which can help them overcome issues with their physicochemical features, such as their poor water solubility or their short half-life in the bloodstream after administration. Many of the reported nanotechnologies offer multifunctional qualities including image guidance and controlled release, in addition to site-specific targeting to the site of action. In this review, we will examine the current status of the most promising nanotechnologies for treating pancreatic cancer, including those still in the research and development phase as well as those that have recently been given the green signal for use in clinical practice.

Advances in Pharmacokinetic Modelling and Computational Approaches for Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Systems.

Generally, therapeutic drugs have issues like poor solubility, rapid removal from the bloodstream, lack of targeting, and an inability to translocate across cell membranes. Some of these barriers can be overcome by using nano drug delivery systems (DDS), which results in more efficient drug delivery to the site of action. Due to their potential application as drug delivery systems, nanoparticles are the main topic of discussion in this article. Experimental and computational investigations have substantially aided in the understanding of how nanocarriers work and how they interact with medications, biomembranes and other biological components. This review explores how computational modelling can aid in the rational design of DDS that has been optimized and improved upon. The most commonly used simulation methods for studying DDS and some of the most important biophysical elements of DDS are also discussed. Then, we conclude by investigating the computational properties of various types of nanocarriers, such as dendrimers and dendrons, polymer-, peptide-, nucleic acid-, lipid-, carbon-based DDS, and gold nanoparticles.

Advancements and Utilizations of Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery.

The drug development process requires a thorough understanding of the scaffold and its three-dimensional structure. Scaffolding is a technique for tissue engineering and the formation of contemporary functioning tissues. Tissue engineering is sometimes referred to as regenerative medicine. They also ensure that drugs are delivered with precision. Information regarding scaffolding techniques, scaffolding kinds, and other relevant facts, such as 3D nanostructuring, are discussed in depth in this literature. They are specific and demonstrate localized action for a specific reason. Scaffold's acquisition nature and flexibility make it a new drug delivery technology with good availability and structural parameter management.

Nanomedicines: Impactful Approaches for Targeting Pulmonary Diseases.

In both developing and developed nations, pulmonary diseases are the major cause of mortality and disability. There has been a worldwide increase in the incidence of both acute and chronic respiratory illnesses, which poses a serious problem for the healthcare system. Lung cancer seems to be just one form of a parenchymal lung disorder, but there are many others, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, occupational lung diseases (asbestosis, pneumoconiosis), etc. Notably, chronic respiratory disorders cannot be cured, and acute abnormalities are notoriously difficult to treat. As a result, it is possible that therapeutic objectives could be achieved using nanotechnology in the form of either improved pharmacological efficacy or reduced toxicity. In addition, the incorporation of various nanostructures permits the enhancement of medication bioavailability, transport, and administration. Medicines and diagnostics based on nanotechnology have progressed significantly toward clinical application for the treatment of lung cancers. In recent years, scientists have shifted their focus towards exploring the potential of nanostructures in the treatment of other relevant respiratory illnesses. Micelles and polymeric nanoparticles are the two most studied nanostructures in a wide range of diseases. This study concludes with a summary of recent and pertinent research in drug delivery systems for the treatment of various pulmonary disorders, as well as trends, limitations, significance, and treatment and diagnostics employing nanotechnology, as well as future studies in this domain.

Immunotherapies landscape and associated inhibitors for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common form of cancer worldwide. There is a large number of situations that may be examined in the developing world. The risk of contracting HPV (Human Papillomavirus) due to poor sanitation and sexual activity is mostly to blame for the disease's alarming rate of expansion. Immunotherapy is widely regarded as one of the most effective medicines available. The immunotherapy used to treat cervical cancer cells relies on inhibitors that block the immune checkpoint. The poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymer inhibited cervical cancer cells by activating both the programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (CTLA-1) checkpoints, a strategy that has been shown to have impressive effects. Yet, immunotherapy directed towards tumors that have already been invaded by lymphocytes leaves a positive imprint on the healing process. Immunotherapy is used in conjunction with other treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation, to provide faster and more effective outcomes. In this combination therapy, several medications such as Pembrolizumab, Durvalumab, Atezolizumab, and so on are employed in clinical trials. Recent developments and future predictions suggest that vaccinations will soon be developed with the dual goal of reducing the patient's susceptibility to illness while simultaneously strengthening their immune system. Many clinical and preclinical studies are now investigating the effectiveness of immunotherapy in slowing the progression of cervical cancer. The field of immunotherapy is expected to witness more progress toward improving outcomes. Immunotherapies landscape and associated inhibitors for the treatment of Cervical Cancer.

Recent Developments in Nanomaterial Drug Delivery and Upgrading Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Given the current challenges in recognizing and managing CVDs, the initial and long-term outcomes of patients vary substantially despite recent breakthroughs in the treatment of CVDs. Due to a deficiency of cutting-edge diagnostics and individually targeted treatments, innovative and out-of-the-box strategies are required to close this chasm. Nanotechnology allows the development of nanomaterials with the potential to enhance health and treat disease. Particularly, nanotechnologies have recently come to be seen as having a future for the management of chronic illnesses including cancers and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). Nanoparticle drug carriers, which have the potential to increase the pharmaco-efficiency and safety of conventional treatments, are an area of great interest. The use of nanomaterials as drug carriers in CVDs has been proposed in a number of different ways, but there are now ongoing debates on which nanomaterials and nanoformulation should be used. Accordingly, the focus in the current study is on the application of nanoparticles to cardiovascular diseases and the administration of medications using nanomedicine.

Unveiling Diabetes: Categories, Genetics, Diagnostics, Treatments, and Future Horizons.

Diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic affecting millions of individuals worldwide. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the categorization, disease identity, genetic architecture, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes. The categorization of diabetes is discussed, with a focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as the lesser-known types, type 3 and type 4 diabetes. The geographical variation, age, gender, and ethnic differences in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are explored. The impact of disease identity on disease management and the role of autoimmunity in diabetes are examined. The genetic architecture of diabetes, including the interplay between genotype and phenotype, is discussed to enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The importance of insulin injection sites and the insulin signalling pathway in diabetes management are highlighted. The diagnostic techniques for diabetes are reviewed, along with advancements for improved differentiation between types. Treatment and management approaches, including medications used in diabetes management are presented. Finally, future perspectives are discussed, emphasizing the need for further research and interventions to address the global burden of diabetes. This review serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers, providing insights to develop targeted strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of this complex disease.

Current Prospects in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathophysiology, Genetics, and Treatments.

BACKGROUND: An autoimmune inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), predominantly affects the synovium joint lining, augmenting disability, early mortality, and socioeconomic difficulty. Therefore, current updates on pharmacological therapies are crucial for developing drugs to treat the disease at each stage. OBJECTIVE: This review attempts to compile a thorough analysis of current developments in our knowledge of RA pathogenesis and disease-modifying drugs, with the aim of providing insights for next-generation RA therapeutics. RESULTS: According to the literature, the most successful drugs for treatment techniques described so far in this include (cs) DMARDs (sub-class of DMARDs), tsDMARDS (targeted synthetic DMARDS), and bDMARDs (biological DMARDs). However, current pharmacologic therapy (consisting of biological, conventional, and creative views of small molecule anti-rheumatic drugs that treat the disease or DMARD) remains the cornerstone of rheumatoid arthritis treatment with which significant progress toward disease remission has been accomplished. CONCLUSION: The pathobiology of RA involves cytokine messengers such as B and T-cells, and an intricate interplay of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for activating and developing effector cells, in turn, accountable for local disease and systemic symptoms. Despite the fact that the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known, new treatments have been created as a result of better approaches towards the biology of the disease. As they target molecules directly implicated in the genesis of rheumatoid arthritis, these drugs may be more effective, targeted, and less harmful in the short and long term than standard therapies.

Nanoformulation-based Drug Delivery System for Viral Diseases.

Viral diseases are one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. The emergence of pandemics because of the COVID virus creates a dire need for an efficient mechanism to combat the disease. Viruses differ from other pathogenic infections; they render the host immune system vulnerable. One of the major challenges for developing antivirals is the resistance developed by the overuse of drugs, which is inevitable as most viral diseases require a large number of doses. Viral infection detection, prevention, and treatment have significantly benefitted from developing several innovative technologies in recent years. Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most promising technologies because of its capacity to deal with viral infections efficiently and eradicate the lagging of conventional antiviral drugs. This review briefly presents an overview of the application of nanotechnology for viral therapy.