The restricted SAR protocol: A method to assess MRI coil prototypes in an unconditionally safe manner.

PURPOSE: Testing an RF coil prototype on subjects involves laborious verifications to ensure its safety. In particular, it requires preliminary electromagnetic simulations and their validations on phantoms to accurately predict the specific absorption rate (SAR). For coil design validation with a simpler safety procedure, the restricted SAR (rS) mode is proposed, enabling representative first experiments in vivo. The goal of the developed approach is to accelerate the transition of a custom coil system from prototype to clinical use. METHODS: The restricted specific absorption rate (SAR) (rS) mode imposes a radical limitation on the transmitted RF power based on a worst-case scenario of local RF power absorption. The limitations used are independent of the SAR spatial distribution, making this approach unconditionally safe. The developed rS protocol contains the sequences required for coil evaluation and satisfies the imposed rS conditions. It provides a quantitative characterization of the coil transmission and reception profiles and a qualitative evaluation of the anatomical images. Protocol validation was performed on commercial and pre-industrial prototype coils on a small cohort of healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The proposed rS protocol enables coil evaluation within an acquisition time compatible with common clinical protocol duration. The total time of all evaluation steps does not exceed 17 min. At the same time, the global SAR remains 100 times less than the International Electrotechnical Commission safety limit for played sequences. CONCLUSION: The rS protocol allows characterizing and comparing coil prototypes on volunteers without extensive electromagnetic calculations and phantom validations in an unconditionally safe way.

Efficiently building receive arrays with electromagnetic simulations and additive manufacturing: A two-layer, 32-channel prototype for 7T brain MRI.

PURPOSE: We propose a comprehensive workflow to design and build fully customized dense receive arrays for MRI, providing prediction of SNR and g-factor. Combined with additive manufacturing, this method allows an efficient implementation for any arbitrary loop configuration. To demonstrate the methodology, an innovative two-layer, 32-channel receive array is proposed. METHODS: The design workflow is based on numerical simulations using a commercial 3D electromagnetic software associated with circuit model co-simulations to provide the most accurate results in an efficient time. A model to compute the noise covariance matrix from circuit model scattering parameters is proposed. A 32-channel receive array at 7 T is simulated and fabricated with a two-layer design made of non-geometrically decoupled loops. Decoupling between loops is achieved using home-built direct high-impedance preamplifiers. The loops are 3D-printed with a new additive manufacturing technique to speed up integration while preserving the detailed geometry as simulated. The SNR and parallel-imaging performances of the proposed design are compared with a commercial coil, and in vivo images are acquired. RESULTS: The comparison of SNR and g-factors showed a good agreement between simulations and measurements. Experimental values are comparable with the ones measured on the commercial coil. Preliminary in vivo images also ensured the absence of any unexpected artifacts. CONCLUSION: A new design and performance analysis workflow is proposed and tested with a non-conventional 32-channel prototype at 7 T. Additive manufacturing of dense arrays of loops for brain imaging at ultrahigh field is validated for clinical use.

The possible influence of third-order shim coils on gradient-magnet interactions: an inter-field and inter-site study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible influence of third-order shim coils on the behavior of the gradient field and in gradient-magnet interactions at 7 T and above. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gradient impulse response function measurements were performed at 5 sites spanning field strengths from 7 to 11.7 T, all of them sharing the same exact whole-body gradient coil design. Mechanical fixation and boundary conditions of the gradient coil were altered in several ways at one site to study the impact of mechanical coupling with the magnet on the field perturbations. Vibrations, power deposition in the He bath, and field dynamics were characterized at 11.7 T with the third-order shim coils connected and disconnected inside the Faraday cage. RESULTS: For the same whole-body gradient coil design, all measurements differed greatly based on the third-order shim coil configuration (connected or not). Vibrations and gradient transfer function peaks could be affected by a factor of 2 or more, depending on the resonances. Disconnecting the third-order shim coils at 11.7 T also suppressed almost completely power deposition peaks at some frequencies. DISCUSSION: Third-order shim coil configurations can have major impact in gradient-magnet interactions with consequences on potential hardware damage, magnet heating, and image quality going beyond EPI acquisitions.

Shim coils tailored for correcting B0 inhomogeneity in the human brain (SCOTCH): Design methodology and 48-channel prototype assessment in 7-Tesla MRI.

Increased static field inhomogeneities are a burden for human brain MRI at Ultra-High-Field. In particular they cause enhanced Echo-Planar image distortions and signal losses due to magnetic susceptibility gradients at air-tissue interfaces in the subject's head. In the past decade, Multi-Coil Arrays (MCA) have been proposed to shim the field in the brain better than the 2nd or 3rd order Spherical Harmonic (SH) coils usually offered by MRI manufacturers. Here we present a novel MCA, named SCOTCH, optimized for whole brain shimming. Based on a cylindrical structure, it features several layers of small coils whose shape, size and location are found from a principal component analysis of ideal stream functions computed from an internal 100-brain fieldmap database. From an Open-Access external database of 126 brains, our SCOTCH implementation is shown to be equivalent to a partial 7th-order SH system with unlimited power, outperforming all known existing MCA prototypes. This result is further confirmed by a low-cost  30-cm diameter SCOTCH prototype built with 48 coils on 3 layers, and tested on 7 volunteers at 7T with a parallel-transmit RF coil made to be inserted in SCOTCH. Echo-Planar images of the subject brains before and after SCOTCH shimming show large signal recoveries, especially in the prefrontal cortex.

Physical limits to human brain B0 shimming with spherical harmonics, engineering implications thereof.

OBJECTIVE: As the MRI main magnetic field rises for improved signal-to-noise ratio, susceptibility-induced B0-inhomogeneity increases proportionally, aggravating related artifacts. Considering only susceptibility disparities between air and biological tissue, we explore the topological conditions for which perfect shimming could be performed in a Region of Interest (ROI) such as the human brain or part thereof. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After theoretical considerations for perfect shimming, spherical harmonic (SH) shimming simulations of very high degree are performed, based on a 100-subject database of 1.7-mm-resolved brain fieldmaps acquired at 3T . In addition to the whole brain, shimmed ROIs include slabs targeting the prefrontal cortex, both or single temporal lobes, or spheres in the frontal brain above the nasal sinus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We show "perfect" SH shimming is possible only if the ROI can be contained in a sphere that does not enclose sources of magnetic field inhomogeneity, which are gathered at the air-tissue interface. We establish a [Formula: see text]Hz inhomogeneity hard shim limit at 7T for whole brain SH shimming, that can only be attained at shimming degree higher than 90. On the other hand, under limited power and SH degree resources, 3D region-specific shimming is shown to greatly improve homogeneity in critical zones such as the prefrontal cortex and around ear canals.

Subject-specific segregation of functional territories based on deep phenotyping.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has opened the possibility to investigate how brain activity is modulated by behavior. Most studies so far are bound to one single task, in which functional responses to a handful of contrasts are analyzed and reported as a group average brain map. Contrariwise, recent data-collection efforts have started to target a systematic spatial representation of multiple mental functions. In this paper, we leverage the Individual Brain Charting (IBC) dataset-a high-resolution task-fMRI dataset acquired in a fixed environment-in order to study the feasibility of individual mapping. First, we verify that the IBC brain maps reproduce those obtained from previous, large-scale datasets using the same tasks. Second, we confirm that the elementary spatial components, inferred across all tasks, are consistently mapped within and, to a lesser extent, across participants. Third, we demonstrate the relevance of the topographic information of the individual contrast maps, showing that contrasts from one task can be predicted by contrasts from other tasks. At last, we showcase the benefit of contrast accumulation for the fine functional characterization of brain regions within a prespecified network. To this end, we analyze the cognitive profile of functional territories pertaining to the language network and prove that these profiles generalize across participants.

Pypreclin: An automatic pipeline for macaque functional MRI preprocessing.

Non-human primate functional MRI (fMRI) is a growing field in neuroscience. However, there is no standardized method for monkey fMRI data analysis, specifically for data preprocessing. The preprocessing of monkey fMRI data is challenged by several technical and experimental specificities of the monkey research such as artifacts related to body movements or to intracranial leads. Here we propose to address these challenges by developing a new versatile pipeline for macaque fMRI preprocessing. We developed a Python module, Pypreclin, to process raw images using state of the art algorithms embedded in a fully automatic pipeline. To evaluate its robustness, we applied Pypreclin to fMRI data acquired at 3T in both awake and anesthetized macaques, with or without iron oxide contrast agent, using single loop or multichannel phased-array coils, combined or not with intracranial implanted electrodes. We performed both resting-state and auditory evoked fMRI and compared the results of Pypreclin to a previously employed preprocessing pipeline. Pypreclin successfully achieved the registration of the fMRI data to the macaque brain template in all the experimental conditions. Moreover, Pypreclin enables more accurate locations of auditory evoked activations in relation to the gray matter at corrected level in the awake fMRI condition. Finally, using the Primate neuroimaging Data-Exchange open access platform, we could further validate Pypreclin for monkey fMRI images that were acquired at ultra-high fields, from other institutions and using different protocols. Pypreclin is a validated preprocessing tool that adapts to diverse experimental and technical situations of monkey fMRI. Pypreclin code is available on open source data sharing platform.

SmartPulse, a machine learning approach for calibration-free dynamic RF shimming: Preliminary study in a clinical environment.

PURPOSE: A calibration-free pulse design method is introduced to alleviate B1+ artifacts in clinical routine with parallel transmission at high field, dealing with significant inter-subject variability, found for instance in the abdomen. THEORY AND METHODS: From a dual-transmit 3T scanner, a database of B1+ and off-resonance abdominal maps from 50 subjects was first divided into 3 clusters based on mutual affinity between their respective tailored kT -points pulses. For each cluster, a kT -points pulse was computed, minimizing normalized root-mean-square flip angle deviations simultaneously for all subjects comprised in it. Using 30 additional subjects' field distributions, a machine learning classifier was trained on this 80-labeled-subject database to recognize the best pulse from the 3 ones available, relying only on patient features accessible from the preliminary localizer sequence present in all protocols. This so-called SmartPulse process was experimentally tested on an additional 53-subject set and compared with other pulse types: vendor's hard calibration-free dual excitation, tailored static radiofrequency shimming, universal and tailored kT -points pulses. RESULTS: SmartPulse outperformed both calibration-free approaches. Tailored static radiofrequency shimming yielded similar flip angle homogeneity for most patients but broke down for some while SmartPulse remained robust. Although flip angle homogeneity was systematically better with tailored kT -points, the difference was barely noticeable on in vivo images. CONCLUSION: The proposed method paves the way toward an efficient trade-off between tailored and universal pulse design approaches for large inter-subject variability. With no need for on-line field mapping or pulse design, it can fit seamlessly into a clinical protocol.

Design of universal parallel-transmit refocusing kT -point pulses and application to 3D T2 -weighted imaging at 7T.

PURPOSE: T2 -weighted sequences are particularly sensitive to the radiofrequency (RF) field inhomogeneity problem at ultra-high-field because of the errors accumulated by the imperfections of the train of refocusing pulses. As parallel transmission (pTx) has proved particularly useful to counteract RF heterogeneities, universal pulses were recently demonstrated to save precious time and computational efforts by skipping B1 calibration and online RF pulse tailoring. Here, we report a universal RF pulse design for non-selective refocusing pulses to mitigate the RF inhomogeneity problem at 7T in turbo spin-echo sequences with variable flip angles. METHOD: Average Hamiltonian theory was used to synthetize a single non-selective refocusing pulse with pTx while optimizing its scaling properties in the presence of static field offsets. The design was performed under explicit power and specific absorption rate constraints on a database of 10 subjects using a 8Tx-32Rx commercial coil at 7T. To validate the proposed design, the RF pulses were tested in simulation and applied in vivo on 5 additional test subjects. RESULTS: The root-mean-square rotation angle error (RA-NRMSE) evaluation and experimental data demonstrated great improvement with the proposed universal pulses (RA-NRMSE ∼8%) compared to the standard circularly polarized mode of excitation (RA-NRMSE ∼26%). CONCLUSION: This work further completes the spectrum of 3D universal pulses to mitigate RF field inhomogeneity throughout all 3D MRI sequences without any pTx calibration. The approach returns a single pulse that can be scaled to match the desired flip angle train, thereby increasing the modularity of the proposed plug and play approach. Magn Reson Med 80:53-65, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

B1 artifact reduction in abdominal DCE-MRI using kT -points: First clinical assessment of dynamic RF shimming at 3T.

BACKGROUND: The excitation inhomogeneity artifact occurring at 3T in the abdomen can lead to dramatic loss of signal and contrast, thereby hampering diagnosis. PURPOSE: To assess excitation homogeneity and image quality achieved by nonselective prototypical kT -points pulses, compared to tailored static RF shimming, in clinical routine on a commercial dual-transmit scanner. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective study with Institutional Review Board approval; informed consent was waived. POPULATION: Fifty consecutive patients referred for liver MRI at a single hospital. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3D breath-hold dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI at 3T. ASSESSMENT: Flip angle homogeneity was estimated via numerical simulation based on measured static and RF field maps. In all, 20 of the 50 patients underwent DCE-MRI while a pulse designer was present. The effect of RF shimming and kT -point pulses could be compared by repeating the acquisition with each transmit scheme before injection and in the late phase. Signal homogeneity, T1 contrast, enhancement quality, structure details, and global image quality were assessed on a 4-level scale (0 to 3) by two radiologists. STATISTICAL TESTS: Means were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Normalized root mean square flip angle error was significantly reduced with kT -points compared to static RF shimming (8.5% ± 1.5% [mean ± standard deviation, SD] vs. 20.4% ± 9.8%; P < 0.0001). The worst case (heavy ascites) led to 13.0% (kT -points) vs. 54.9% (RF shimming). Global image quality was significantly higher for kT -points (2.3 ± 0.5 vs. 1.9 ± 0.6; P = 0.008). One subject's examination was judged unusable with RF shimming by one reader, none with kT -points. 85% of kT -points acquisitions were graded at least 2/3, and only 55% for static RF shimming. DATA CONCLUSION: KT -points reduce excitation inhomogeneity quantitatively and qualitatively, especially in patients with ascites and prone to B1 shading. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1562-1571.

Universal pulses: A new concept for calibration-free parallel transmission.

PURPOSE: A calibration-free parallel transmission method is investigated to mitigate the radiofrequency (RF) field inhomogeneity problem in brain imaging at 7 Tesla (T). THEORY AND METHODS: Six volunteers were scanned to build a representative database of RF and static field maps at 7T. Small-tip-angle and inversion pulses were designed with joint kT -points trajectory optimization to work robustly on all six subjects. The returned "universal" pulses were then inserted in an MPRAGE sequence implemented on six additional volunteers without further field measurements and pulse optimizations. Similar acquisitions were performed in the circularly polarized mode and with subject-based optimizations for comparison. Performance of the different approaches was evaluated by means of image analysis and computation of the flip angle normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE). RESULTS: For both the excitation and inversion, the universal pulses (NRMSE∼11%) outperformed the circularly polarized (NRMSE∼28%) and RF shim modes (NRMSE∼20%) across all volunteers and returned slightly worse results than for subject-based optimized pulses (NRMSE∼7%). CONCLUSION: RF pulses can be designed to robustly mitigate the RF field inhomogeneity problem over a population class. This appears as a first step toward another plug and play parallel transmission solution where the pulse design can be done offline and without measuring subject-specific field maps. Magn Reson Med 77:635-643, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

New method to characterize and correct with sub-µs precision gradient delays in bipolar multispoke RF pulses.

PURPOSE: Small gradient delays with respect to radiofrequency (RF) events can have disastrous effects on the performance of bipolar spokes RF pulses used in parallel transmission (pTx). In this work, we propose a new method to characterize and correct this delay with sub-µs precision. METHODS: By determining experimentally the phase Δφ producing a 0 ° flip angle excitation in a α0°-α180°+Δφ bipolar two-spoke pulse configuration at multiple slice locations, we demonstrate the possibility of deducing the underlying gradient delay with precision. The technique also suggests prospectively compensating for the same delay by altering the phase of the second pulse. The approach was tested with a multislice gradient echo sequence on a phantom and on one healthy volunteer at 7 Tesla. RESULTS: Application of the method returned an accuracy of approximately 50 ns on the gradient delay measurement, a performance shown in fact to be desirable for high-performance pTx 2D applications. Phase corrections of up to 180 ° on the second spoke RF pulse in the bipolar configuration allowed us to obtain similar performance as for unipolar designs, yet with significantly shorter excitations. CONCLUSIONS: A simple and accurate gradient-delay calibration method was proposed that offers the possibility of using bipolar multispoke pulses in multislice protocols. Magn Reson Med 78:2194-2202, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

In vivo demonstration of whole-brain multislice multispoke parallel transmit radiofrequency pulse design in the small and large flip angle regimes at 7 Tesla.

PURPOSE: A multispoke specific absorption rate (SAR) -aware pulse design approach for homogeneous multiple-slice small and large flip angle (FA) excitations with parallel transmission is proposed. The approach aims at optimizing in a slice-specific manner the spokes locations and radiofrequency pulses. METHODS: The problem is posed as a set of slice-specific magnitude-least-squares problems, linked together by hardware and SAR constraints, and solved jointly using an active-set algorithm. Average Hamiltonian theory is exploited in the large FA case to greatly reduce the computational burden. The approach is validated numerically by means of simulations and experimentally on two volunteers at 7 Tesla through application of a high-resolution T2*-weighted brain imaging protocol. RESULTS: The optimization of up to 1300 variables under 745 explicit constraints could be performed in less than 1 and 4 min for the small and large FA cases, respectively. The joint design proves valuable for SAR demanding protocols. Compared with the conventional circularly polarized mode, the designed pulses increased the signal by more than 40% in 70% of the voxels. CONCLUSION: The B1+ inhomogeneity problem was mitigated efficiently in a multislice near whole-brain coverage protocol in the small and large FA regimes using a rapid slice-specific pulse design algorithm where the pulses were optimized jointly. Magn Reson Med 78:1009-1019, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Word meaning in the ventral visual path: a perceptual to conceptual gradient of semantic coding.

The meaning of words referring to concrete items is thought of as a multidimensional representation that includes both perceptual (e.g., average size, prototypical color) and conceptual (e.g., taxonomic class) dimensions. Are these different dimensions coded in different brain regions? In healthy human subjects, we tested the presence of a mapping between the implied real object size (a perceptual dimension) and the taxonomic categories at different levels of specificity (conceptual dimensions) of a series of words, and the patterns of brain activity recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging in six areas along the ventral occipito-temporal cortical path. Combining multivariate pattern classification and representational similarity analysis, we found that the real object size implied by a word appears to be primarily encoded in early visual regions, while the taxonomic category and sub-categorical cluster in more anterior temporal regions. This anteroposterior gradient of information content indicates that different areas along the ventral stream encode complementary dimensions of the semantic space.

Parallel-transmission-enabled three-dimensional T2 -weighted imaging of the human brain at 7 Tesla.

PURPOSE: A promise of ultra high field MRI is to produce images of the human brain with higher spatial resolution due to an increased signal to noise ratio. Yet, the shorter radiofrequency wavelength induces an inhomogeneous distribution of the transmit magnetic field and thus challenges the applicability of MRI sequences which rely on the spin excitation homogeneity. In this work, the ability of parallel-transmission to obtain high-quality T2 -weighted images of the human brain at 7 Tesla, using an original pulse design method is evaluated. METHODS: Excitation and refocusing square pulses of a SPACE sequence were replaced with short nonselective transmit-SENSE pulses individually tailored with the gradient ascent pulse engineering algorithm, adopting a kT -point trajectory to simultaneously mitigate B1 (+) and ΔB0 nonuniformities. RESULTS: In vivo experiments showed that exploiting parallel-transmission at 7T with the proposed methodology produces high quality T2 -weighted whole brain images with uniform signal and contrast. Subsequent white and gray matter segmentation confirmed the expected improvements in image quality. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates that the adopted formalism based on optimal control, combined with the kT -point method, successfully enables three-dimensional T2 -weighted brain imaging at 7T devoid of artifacts resulting from B1 (+) inhomogeneity.

FID navigator-based MR thermometry method to monitor small temperature changes in the brain of ventilated animals.

An MR thermometry method is proposed for measuring in vivo small temperature changes engendered by external RF heat sources. The method relies on reproducible and stable respiration and therefore currently applies to ventilated animals whose breathing is carefully controlled. It first consists in characterizing the stability of the main magnetic field as well as the variations induced by breathing during a first monitoring stage. Second, RF heating is applied while the phase and thus temperature evolutions are continuously measured, the corrections due to breathing and field drift being made thanks to the data accumulated during the first period. The RF heat source is finally stopped and the temperature rise likewise is continuously monitored during a third and last stage to observe the animal cooling down and to validate the assumptions made for correcting for the main field variation and the physiological noise. Experiments were performed with a clinical 7 T scanner on an anesthetized baboon and with a dedicated RF heating setup. Analysis of the data reveals a precision around 0.1°C, which allows us to reliably measure sub-degree temperature rises in the muscle and in the brain of the animal.

Skeletal muscle quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of adult Pompe patients.

Adult late-onset Pompe disease is most often a slowly progressive limb-girdle and spine extensor muscle dystrophy, due to defective lysosomal acid maltase. With the exception of the few patients who present with a dramatically accelerated clinical course, standard diagnostic imaging fail to detect and evaluate disease progression between two successive visits. In muscle dystrophy of very rapid evolution, like the Duchenne disease, quantitative NMR imaging has successfully demonstrated its capacity to objectivate both disease activity and degenerative changes progression over short follow-up periods. The purpose of this retrospective monocentric open-label study was to investigate whether quantitative NMR imaging can monitor disease progression in adult Pompe patients despite its very slow nature. Quantitative imaging of Pompe patients succeeded in demonstrating that muscle fatty infiltration increased on average by 0.9%/year, with the hamstring and adductor muscles showing the fastest degradation. Muscle water T2 mapping revealed that 32% of all muscles had abnormally high T2 in at least one of two successive examinations. When muscle water T2 was abnormal, fatty degenerative changes were further increased by 0.61%/year. Enzyme replacement therapy resulted in 0.68%/year slowdown of the muscle fatty infiltration, in both muscles with normal and high T2s.

Fast water concentration mapping to normalize (1)H MR spectroscopic imaging.

OBJECT: To propose a fast and robust acquisition and post-processing pipeline that is time-compatible with clinical explorations to obtain a proton density (ρ) map used as a reference for metabolic map normalization. This allows inter-subject and inter-group comparisons of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) data and longitudinal follow-up for single subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multi-echo T 2 (*) mapping sequence, the XEP sequence for B 1 (+) -mapping and Driven Equilibrium Single Pulse Observation of T 1-an optimized variable flip angle method for T 1 mapping used for both B 1 (-) -mapping and M 0 calculation-were used to determine correction factors leading to quantitative water proton density maps at 3T. Normalized metabolite maps were obtained on a phantom and nine healthy volunteers. To show the potential use of this technique at the individual level, we also explored one patient with low-grade glioma. RESULTS: Accurate ρ maps were obtained both on phantom and volunteers. After signal normalization with the generated ρ maps, metabolic concentrations determined by the present method differed from theory by <7 % in the phantom and were in agreement with data from the literature for the healthy controls. Using these normalized metabolic values, it was possible to demonstrate in the patient with brain glioma, metabolic abnormalities in normalized N-acetyl aspartate, choline and creatine levels; illustrating the potential for direct use of this technique in clinical studies. CONCLUSION: The proposed combination of sequences provides a robust ρ map that can be used to normalize metabolic maps in clinical MRSI studies.

Quantification of iron in the non-human primate brain with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

Pathological iron deposits in the brain, especially within basal ganglia, are linked to severe neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. As iron induces local changes in magnetic susceptibility, its presence can be visualized with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The usual approach, based on iron induced changes in magnetic relaxation (T2/T2'), is often prone, however, to confounding artifacts and lacks specificity. Here, we propose a new method to quantify and map iron deposits using water diffusion MRI. This method is based on the differential sensitivity of two image acquisition schemes to the local magnetic field gradients induced by iron deposits and their cross-term with gradient pulses used for diffusion encoding. Iron concentration could be imaged and estimated with high accuracy in the brain cortex, the thalamus, the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus of macaques, showing iron distributions in agreement with literature. Additionally, iron maps could clearly show a dramatic increase in iron content upon injection of an UltraSmall Particle Iron Oxide (USPIO) contrast agent, notably in the cortex and the thalamus, reflecting regional differences in blood volume. The method will benefit clinical investigations on the effect of iron deposits in the brain or other organs, as iron deposits are increasingly seen as a biomarker for a wide range of diseases, notably, neurodegenerative diseases in the pre-symptomatic stage. It also has the potential for quantifying variations in blood volume induced by brain activation in fMRI studies using USPIOs.

Radiofrequency pulse design in parallel transmission under strict temperature constraints.

PURPOSE: To gain radiofrequency (RF) pulse performance by directly addressing the temperature constraints, as opposed to the specific absorption rate (SAR) constraints, in parallel transmission at ultra-high field. METHODS: The magnitude least-squares RF pulse design problem under hard SAR constraints was solved repeatedly by using the virtual observation points and an active-set algorithm. The SAR constraints were updated at each iteration based on the result of a thermal simulation. The numerical study was performed for an SAR-demanding and simplified time of flight sequence using B1 and ΔB0 maps obtained in vivo on a human brain at 7T. RESULTS: The proposed adjustment of the SAR constraints combined with an active-set algorithm provided higher flexibility in RF pulse design within a reasonable time. The modifications of those constraints acted directly upon the thermal response as desired. CONCLUSION: Although further confidence in the thermal models is needed, this study shows that RF pulse design under strict temperature constraints is within reach, allowing better RF pulse performance and faster acquisitions at ultra-high fields at the cost of higher sequence complexity.