Provision of choline chloride to the bovine preimplantation embryo alters postnatal body size and DNA methylation.

Choline is a vital micronutrient that can be utilized in the formation of betaine and multiple phospholipids. In this study, we aimed to confirm, and expand on previous findings, how choline impacts embryos from the first 7 days of development to affect postnatal phenotype. Bos indicus embryos were cultured in a choline-free medium (termed vehicle) or medium supplemented with 1.8 mM choline Blastocyst-stage embryos were transferred into crossbred recipients. Once born, calves were evaluated at birth, 94 d, 178 d and at weaning (average age = 239 d). Following weaning, all calves were enrolled into a feed efficiency trial before being separated by sex, with males being slaughtered at approximately 580 d of age and females followed until their first pregnancy check. Results confirm that exposure of 1.8 mM choline chloride during the first 7 d of development alters postnatal characteristics of the resultant calves. Calves of both sexes from choline-treated embryos were consistently heavier through weaning and males had heavier testes at 3 mo of age. There were sex-dependent alterations in DNA methylation in whole blood caused by choline treatment. After weaning, feed efficiency was affected by an interaction with sex, with choline calves being more efficient for females and less efficient for males. Calves from choline-treated embryos were heavier, or tended to be heavier, than calves from vehicle embryos at all observations after weaning. Carcass weight was heavier for choline calves and the cross-sectional area of the Longissumus thoracis muscle was increased by choline. Few females became pregnant during the experiment although numerically more choline females were pregnant than vehicle females. Results confirm that exposure of the preimplantation embryo to 1.8 mM choline can alter phenotypes of the resultant calves through the first 19 months after birth.

Are hypohydrated older adults at increased risk of exhaustion?

BACKGROUND: Dehydration appears to affect muscle strength and weakness, although its influence on exhaustion remains unclear. The present study aimed to quantify the association between hydration status and exhaustion among older adults. METHODS: A cluster sampling approach was used, representing Portuguese older adults (≥65 years) according to age, sex, education level and region within the Nutrition UP65 cross-sectional study. A 24-h urine sample was collected to estimate free water reserve (FWR), which was categorised into tertiles according to sex. Subjects with incomplete 24-h urine and renal disease were excluded. From a sample size of 1500 subjects, 1143 were eligible. Exhaustion was self-reported according to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. A logistic regression model was conducted to evaluate the association between FWR and exhaustion. Odds ratios and the respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated by sex and age. RESULTS: Free water reserve median (interquartile range) was 0.52 (0.68) L in women and 0.36 (0.77) L in men. Hypohydration affected 11.6% of women and 25.1% of men, whereas exhaustion was reported by 39.3% of women and 25.1% of men. After adjusting for confounders, women ≥80 years classified in the highest tertile of FWR showed a decreased risk of exhaustion (third tertile: odds ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval = 0.15-0.96) compared to women in the lowest FWR tertile. No such significant association was observed in women with <80 years and in men. CONCLUSIONS: These results show an association between worse hydration status and exhaustion in older women, highlighting the need to implement further studies clarifying this association.

Aflatoxin compromises development of the preimplantation bovine embryo through mechanisms independent of reactive oxygen production.

Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen often found in animal feedstuffs. Although it reportedly impairs development of the preimplantation pig embryo, it is not known whether it adversely affects development of the preimplantation bovine embryo. We conducted 3 experiments to investigate this possibility and determine whether deleterious effects of aflatoxin were caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Experiments were conducted with embryos produced in vitro and cultured after fertilization with various concentrations of aflatoxin. For experiment 1, embryos were treated with 0 (control), 40, 400, or 4,000 µg/L of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Treatment at all concentrations of AFB1 tended to reduce cleavage rate, with the 2 highest concentrations having significant effects. As compared with the control, 40 µg/L AFB1 reduced the percentage of oocytes becoming blastocysts and the percentage of cleaved embryos becoming blastocysts (19.7 vs. 8.1% and 30.3 vs. 14.3%, respectively). Complete inhibition of blastocyst formation occurred at concentrations of 400 and 4,000 µg/L of AFB1. Experiments 2 and 3 involved a 2 × 2 factorial design with effects of AFB1 (0 and 40 µg/L), the antioxidant Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid, a water-soluble analog of vitamin E; 0 and 5 µM), and their interaction on production of ROS in putative zygotes (experiment 2) and development to the blastocyst stage (experiment 3). Production of ROS was increased by AFB1, and this effect was reversed by Trolox. However, Trolox did not prevent the reduction in development to the blastocyst stage caused by AFB1. Thus, the anti-developmental effects of AFB1 are not caused solely by increased ROS production. Rather, other underlying mechanisms exist for the adverse effects of aflatoxin on embryonic development. Overall, results indicate the potential for feeding aflatoxin-contaminated feed to cause embryonic loss in cattle.

Differences in handgrip strength protocols to identify sarcopenia and frailty - a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Hand grip strength (HGS) is used for the diagnosis of sarcopenia and frailty. Several factors have been shown to influence HGS values during measurement. Therefore, variations in the protocols used to assess HGS, as part of the diagnosis of sarcopenia and frailty, may lead to the identification of different individuals with low HGS, introducing bias. The aim of this systematic review is to gather all the relevant studies that measured HGS to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty and to identify the differences between the protocols used. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out following the recommendations of The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched, until August 16, 2016. The evidence regarding HGS measurement protocols used to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty was summarised and the most recent protocols regarding the procedure were compared. RESULTS: From the described search 4393 articles were identified. Seventy-two studies were included in this systematic review, in which 37 referred to sarcopenia articles, 33 to frailty and two evaluated both conditions. Most studies presented limited information regarding the protocols used. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the studies included did not describe a complete procedure of HGS measurement. The high heterogeneity between the protocols used, in sarcopenia and frailty studies, create an enormous difficulty in drawing comparative conclusions among them.

Comparative analysis of undernutrition screening and diagnostic tools as predictors of hospitalisation costs.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition is associated with higher hospitalisation costs. The present study aims (i) to explore whether undernutrition status at hospital admission, as evaluated by different screening and diagnostic tools, can predict patient's hospitalisation costs and (ii) to provide an updated economic analysis of undernutrition burden. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in a university hospital. Participants' (n = 637) nutritional risk was evaluated within 72 h of admission using the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'). Undernutrition status was determined by Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) recommended clinical characteristics and by the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). The hospitalisation cost was calculated for each inpatient using the diagnosis-related group system. Multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of hospitalisation costs via percentage deviation from the mean cost, after adjustment for patients' characteristics and comorbidities. RESULTS: Undernutrition risk according to NRS-2002 and high undernutrition risk according to 'MUST' increased patient's costs, respectively, by 21.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 9.0-33.2%] and 28.8% (95% CI = 13.7-39.9%). Severe undernutrition by AND-ASPEN recommended clinical characteristics and by PG-SGA was also associated with higher hospitalisation costs, respectively 19.4% (95% CI = 7.3-31.5%) and 27.5% (95% CI = 14.0-41.1%). The cost of a nutritionally-at-risk or undernourished patient is between €416 (95% CI = €156-675) and €617 (95% CI = €293-855) higher than the average of the respective diagnosis-related group. CONCLUSIONS: Undernutrition is a predictor of hospitalisation costs, increasing costs by between 19% and 29%. Undernutrition screening tools have an ability for predicting hospitalisation costs similar to that of diagnostic tools. An updated analysis of undernutrition associated costs was provided, highlighting the economic burden of undernutrition.

The effect of posture on body circumferences in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Standards for anthropometrical assessment define that measurements must be carried out with the subject in the standing position, although this is not always possible. The effect of body position on girth measurement has not been evaluated, even though this issue is clinically relevant because it may bias nutritional assessment results. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of body position and symmetry on girth measurement. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 older adults aged ≥65 years from care homes and tertiary hospitals. Right and left arm, waist, hip mid-thigh and calf girths were obtained with the subject standing or in the supine position. Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) score and reference data percentiles (NHANES IV) misclassification according to girths assessed in the supine position was evaluated. RESULTS: A high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.97) and quartiles agreement (k > 0.89) were found between girth measurements conducted on participants in the standing and supine positions. According to MNA-SF, 23.5% of the participants were undernourished and 51% were at risk of undernutrition. A high agreement between MNA-SF score using calf circumference measured on standing or supine position was found (k = 0.96). A relevant agreement for NHANES IV girth percentiles by sex and age was also found (ICC > 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Agreement between girth measurements on standing and supine positions among older adults is high and differences do not have any clinically relevant impact on MNA-SF classification and reference data percentiles.

Undernutrition risk and nutritional screening implementation in hospitals: Barriers and time trends (2019-2020).

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Undernutrition screening is the starting point for high-quality nutrition care. In Portugal, the systematic nutritional risk assessment became mandatory for every inpatient in hospitals of the National Health System in 2019. The aims of this study were to describe the country's nutritional risk prevalence of hospitalized patients, and the experience of implementing a systematic undernutrition screening method, including time trends, barriers, and facilitators. METHODS: This research was carried out in Portuguese Public Hospitals (n = 49) and included both the analysis of data from health information systems between January 2019 and December 2020 and from an online survey. The performance indicators are described for 38 hospitals that use the SClinico electronic health records software provided by the Ministry of Health. The Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) was applied to adult patients and the STRONGkids to paediatric patients. In order to assess barriers and facilitators the online survey was applied to all public hospitals (n = 49), including Hospital Centres and Local Health Units. RESULTS: In 2020, 25.5% of the screened patients were nutritionally at risk. There was a significant increase in the proportion of patients screened from the pre- (10.6 ± 1.9%) to the post-adaptation period of the electronic health record (23.3 ± 4.8%, July-December 2019, and 25.4 ± 2.2%, January-June 2020) (p < 0.001). Data from 41 Hospital Centres and Local Health Units (84%) were obtained from the online survey. The major barriers identified were the lack of human resources (89.7%) and equipment (41.0%), as well as insufficient knowledge about the role of undernutrition screening (35.9%). The most-reported facilitators were the integration of undernutrition screening to electronic health records (22.2%) and good multidisciplinary articulation (36.1%). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of nutritional risk justifies the mandatory nutritional screening, which leads to the improvement of the quality of hospital care. However, local and national efforts are warranted to adapt nutritional screening policies to local conditions and to increase and improve its implementation.

Temporal and spatial toxicogenetic damage in estuarine catfish Cathorops spixii from a marine protected area with evidence of anthropogenic influences.

Taking action to contribute to the preservation of the natural coastal environment, which maintains a diversity of life, is important in today's world. In estuarine ecosystems that are included in marine protected areas (MPA), it is important to conduct biomonitoring over time to monitor the effects of xenobiotics on bioindicator species such as the catfish Cathorops spixii. This study aims to evaluate the toxicogenetic signals in C. spixii from a MPA (Cananéia-Iguape region, Brazilian coast). These genotoxic signals are demonstrated by the presence of micronuclei (MN) and abnormalities in erythrocytes (AE). This study also takes into account the environmental differences signaled by the water's properties (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, dissolved nutrients, and particulate material) over time (2009, 2014, 2017, and 2018). The results show that in the northern region of the estuary, and mainly in 2009, the water properties reveal the influence of the river in the form of the lowest levels of salinity and pH and the highest levels of nutrients. The most significant levels of suspended particulate material and chlorophyll-a are found in the southern region of the estuary, mainly in 2017 and 2018. In general, the C. spixii from the northern region had better well-being than catfish from the more preserved (southern) region. The data on MN and AE show evidence of toxicogenetic damage occurring over time and clastogenic/aneugenic effects mainly in fish sampled in 2018. The presence of a new AE, first recorded in C. spixii sampled in 2018, and named here as double bubbled, is another indicator of toxicogenetic effects. Finally, although the southern region of the estuary has better abiotic properties and conditions for primary production, the obtained toxicogenetic data for C. spixii reinforces the need for - and encourages the implementation of - monitoring actions in this marine protected area using bioindicator species of contamination.

Nutritional and Functional Indicators and Their Association With Mortality Among Older Adults With Alzheimer's Disease.

This study investigated how different nutritional and functional status indicators are associated with mortality in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A prospective cohort study was conducted among 79 community-dwelling older adults with AD. Follow-up was 60 months. Undernutrition status was evaluated by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), body mass index, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), calf circumference, and phase angle. Functional status was assessed by handgrip strength, and usual gait speed. Twenty-two participants died (27.8%). Results show that undernutrition (hazard ratio [HR] 5.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.21-14.61), weight loss (HR 3.82, 95% CI 1.37-10.63), underweight (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.18-8.82), low MAMC (HR 4.54, 95% CI 1.65-12.48), calf circumference ≤ 31 (HR 4.27, 95% CI 1.63-11.16), low HGS (HR 3.11, 95% CI 1.18-8.17), and low gait speed (HR 4.73, 95% CI 1.68-13.27) were all associated with mortality. In conclusion, a poor nutritional and functional status was associated with a higher risk of mortality, regardless of sex, age, marital status, education, and cognitive function.

Adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Functional Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Older Population.

OBJECTIVES: In older adults, diet and physical activity are among the most important behaviours that influence health. The Mediterranean Dietary Pattern has been related to longevity and can benefit physical function in older adults. The present study aims to quantify the association of adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern with physical functioning through by handgrip strength, as well as, with sedentary behaviour based on sitting time, in a sample of older adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,491 older adults ≥ 65 years old. The adherence or non-adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern was assessed using the previously validated and translated 14 item questionnaire, the PREDIMED (Prevención com Dieta Mediterránea). Handgrip strength was measured with a Jamar Dynamometer. Sitting time per day was used as an indicator of sedentary behaviour. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to quantify the association of adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern with handgrip strength and sitting time. RESULTS: Compared to participants who adhered to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern, those who did not adhere to this diet have a significantly higher adjusted odds ratio for low handgrip strength [adjusted odds ratio: 1.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.05], as well as for longer sitting time [adjusted odds ratio: 1.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.96]. CONCLUSION: In older adults, the non-adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern was associated with both lower values of handgrip strength and longer sitting time.

Riboflavin supplementation and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: High levels of total plasma homocysteine are potentially harmful in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To investigated the effects of oral riboflavin supplementation on plasma total homocysteine, ferritin, uric acid and C-reactive protein concentration in elderly people with a low riboflavin status. We performed a four-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of riboflavin supplementation in seven Portuguese day social centers. DESIGN: Eighty-eight individuals (66.7% female), aged between 60 and 94 years, volunteered to participate in the study following interview. Forty-two subjects, with an erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRAC) >or= 1.2, were included in the intervention trial. All subjects gave informed consent. Study subjects were administered 10 mg riboflavin (n=21) or placebo (n=21) each day for 28 days. RESULTS: Riboflavin supplementation significantly decreased plasma tHcy (P=0.005) and EGRAC (P=0.014), but not plasma ferritin, uric acid or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS: In this elderly group, we found that 10 mg/day oral riboflavin supplementation lowered plasma homocysteine concentrations in subjects with low riboflavin status.

An evaluation of three nutritional screening tools in a Portuguese oncology centre.

BACKGROUND: Because the choice of the most appropriate nutritional screening tool in cancer patients remains an important issue, the aim of the present study was to compare the screening value of three undernutrition screening tools in cancer patients. METHODS: In a probabilistic sample of 50% in-patients from an oncology hospital, the screening values of Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) were calculated using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) as the reference method in identifying nutritionally-at-risk patients. Their ability to predict a high length-of-hospital stay (LOS), defined as > or =7 days, was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients were assessed. MUST identified the highest proportion of nutritionally-at-risk patients (43.8%), followed by 28.5% using NRS-2002 and 17.7% using MST. They all identified head and neck cancer patients as the most at risk of nutritional problems. The odds of having a longer LOS were higher for MUST estimates [odds ratio (OR) = 3.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.50-7.00] than for NRS-2002 (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.05-5.80). CONCLUSION: MUST had the highest agreement with NRS-2002 in hospitalized cancer patients and better identified patients at-risk for a longer LOS.

Undernutrition risk at hospital admission and length of stay among pulmonology inpatients.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of evidence regarding the association between the undernutrition risk at hospital admission with adverse clinical outcomes amongst pulmonology inpatients. The aim of this study was to quantify the association between undernutrition risk at hospital admission and time to discharge alive. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study including patients consecutively admitted to a pulmonology unit was conducted. Undernutrition risk at hospital admission was identified using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. Survival analyses (Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression) were carried out. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 683 patients. Patients who presented high undernutrition risk on hospital admission had a longer length of hospital stay (approximately 50% were discharged to home after 14 days of hospitalization). In the multivariable Cox regression, high undernutrition risk was shown to be independently associated with a lower probability of discharge alive over time (adjusted hazard ratio=0.70; 95% confidence interval: 0.55-0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonology inpatients with high undernutrition risk have a longer length of hospital stay and had a lower probability of being discharged to home. In particular, lung cancer patients had a lower probability of being discharged to home, which corroborates a worse prognosis for these patients.

Vitamin D status and functional parameters: A cross-sectional study in an older population.

The present study aims to clarify the association of vitamin D status with functionality, measured through gait speed and hand grip strength, in a sample of older adults, considering sex-specific characteristics and the potential confounding effect of lifestyle factors, disease, skin phenotype, season of blood collection and vitamin D supplementation. The Nutrition UP 65 cross-sectional study was conducted in a population-based sample of 1,425 older adults ≥ 65 years old. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were quantified through electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Multinomial logistic regressions were carried out using quartiles of gait speed and of hand grip strength as dependent variables. Participants at risk of vitamin D inadequacy (30.0-49.9 nmol/L) and deficiency (< 30.0 nmol/L) presented higher adjusted odds ratio of the lowest values of gait speed and hand grip strength than those with adequate vitamin D levels (≥ 50.0 nmol/L). These associations were strongest among men at risk of vitamin D deficiency [adjusted odds ratio for the lowest quartile of gait speed = 3.24; 95% CI: 1.56-6.73 and for the lowest quartile of hand grip strength = 3.28; 95% CI: 1.47-7.31] than in women at risk of vitamin D deficiency [adjusted odds ratio for the lowest quartile of gait speed = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.37-5.41 and for the lowest quartile of hand grip strength = 1.56; 95% CI: 0.81-3.00]. In conclusion, in older adults, particularly in men, the risk of vitamin D deficiency was directly associated with the lowest values of gait speed and of hand grip strength. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to overcome the possibility of reverse causation and residual confounding. Present results emphasise the need for strategies to promote the reduction of the high prevalence of low vitamin D status among the Portuguese older adult population.

Weakness: The most frequent criterion among pre-frail and frail older Portuguese.

AIM: In Portugal, the burden of pre-frailty and frailty in community-dwelling older adults is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to estimate the frequency of frailty in a Portuguese sample with ≥ 65years and to evaluate its associated factors. We also intend to identify which criterion has more impact on the diagnosis of frailty. METHODS: 1457 older adults with ≥ 65years from the Nutrition UP 65 study were evaluated in a cross-sectional analysis. Frailty was identified according to Fried et al. by the presence of three or more of the following factors: unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, slowness, weakness and low physical activity. Pre-frailty was defined as the presence of one or two of these criteria. The association between individuals' characteristics and frailty status was analysed through logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The frequency of pre-frailty and frailty is 54.3% and 21.5%, respectively. In older adults classified as pre-frail or frail, 76.7% presented weakness and 48.6% exhaustion. In multivariate analyses, frailty was associated with age >75, lower education level, being single, divorced or widower, being professionally inactive, poor self-perception of health status, not drinking alcohol, being obese and undernourished or at undernutrition risk. CONCLUSION: This condition is very prevalent in Portuguese older adults, one fifth are frail whereas half are pre-frail. Weakness identified by low handgrip strength is the most prevalent criterion in pre-frail and frail Portuguese older adults.

Handgrip strength as a hospital admission nutritional risk screening method.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if handgrip strength (HGS) could be used as a single screening procedure in identifying patients who are classified as being undernourished or nutritionally-at-risk at hospital admission. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. In the second day of hospital admission, HGS was evaluated and results were compared with Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002). SETTING: Two public hospitals in Porto, Portugal, a university and a district one. SUBJECTS: A probabilistic sample of 50% in-patients from each hospital of 314 patients (age range of 18-96) was studied. Patients were considered eligible if they were >or=18 years old and able to give informed consent. Hand pain, upper limb deformities, incapacity to perform muscle strength measurements and pregnancy were considered further exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Patients identified as undernourished by NRS-2002 (37.9%) were older, shorter and lighter, with a lower functional capacity, a longer length of stay and a lower HGS (P<0.001). When comparing patients with lower HGS (first quartile) with those with the highest HGS (fourth quartile), this parameter revealed good sensitivity (86.7%) and specificity (70.2%) and a k=0.56. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with higher HGS had an independent decreased risk of being at nutritional risk (P for trend <0.001) odds ratio=0.19 (95% confidence interval=0.08-0.48). Our entire sample of hospitalized patients was -1.96 Z-score below the HGS cutoff of distribution data for healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: HGS identifies a high proportion of nutritionally-at-risk patients and can be a reliable first screening tool for nutritional risk in hospitals.

Insufficient voluntary intake of nutrients and energy in hospitalized patients.

AIM: The aim of our study was to evaluate the inadequacy of voluntary energy and nutrient intake on the first day of hospital admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two terciary care hospitals, with a probabilistic sample of 50% of in-patients. Dietary intake was evaluated by a 24-hour dietary recall, and undernutrition was screened through the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 tool. The overall frequency of inadequate energy and nutrient intake was estimated using Dietary Reference Intakes. RESULTS: Energy and nutrient intakes from 258 patients showed very low values for both men and women. No significant differences were found for energy and nutrient intakes across age groups (< 65 years and > or = 65 years). When the proportion of study subjects with inadequate nutrient intakes was analysed, a high degree of inadequacy was found. The degree of inadequacy was higher for fibre, niacin, folate, vitamin B12, magnesium and zinc. No significant differences were found for energy and nutrients studied and for intakes below 1/3 of dietary recommendations from nutritionally-at-risk (n = 89) and well nourished (n = 169) patients. CONCLUSION: Voluntary nutrient and energy intakes in the first 24 hour of hospital admission are highly inadequate. No differences were found between undernourished and well-nourished patients or patients < 65 years and > or = 65 years.

Financial impact of sarcopenia on hospitalization costs.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aims to increase knowledge regarding the association of sarcopenia with hospitalization costs among a wide-ranging sample of adult hospitalized patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A prospective study was conducted among hospitalized adult patients. Sarcopenia was identified according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, as low muscle mass, assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and low muscle function evaluated by handgrip strength. Hospitalization cost was calculated for each patient based on discharge diagnosis-related group codes and determined on the basis of a relative weight value. Costs were defined as the percentage of deviation from the cost of a patient with a relative weight equal to one. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to identify the factors independently associated with hospitalization costs. RESULTS: A total of 656 hospitalized patients aged ⩾18 years (24.2% sarcopenic) composed the study sample. Sarcopenia increased hospitalization costs by [euro ]1240 (95% confidence interval (CI): [euro ]596-1887) for patients aged <65 years and [euro ]721 (95% CI: [euro ]13-1429) for patients aged ⩾65 years. Sarcopenic overweight was related to an increase in hospitalization costs of [euro ]884 (95% CI: [euro ]295-1476). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is independently related to hospitalization costs. This condition is estimated to increase hospitalization costs by 58.5% for patients aged <65 years and 34% for patients aged ⩾65 years.

Sarcopenia and length of hospital stay.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to quantify the association of sarcopenia with length of hospital stay (LOS) and to identify factors associated with sarcopenia among hospitalized patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 655 patients composed the study sample. A longitudinal study was conducted in a University Hospital. Sarcopenia was defined, according to European Consensus criteria, as low muscle mass (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and low muscle function (handgrip strength). Logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier and Cox adjusted proportional hazards methods were used. LOS was determined from the date of hospital admission and discharge home (event of interest). RESULTS: Participants were aged 18 to 90 years (24.3% sarcopenic). Factors associated with sarcopenia were male gender, age ⩾65 years, moderate or severe dependence, undernutrition and being admitted to a medical ward. Sarcopenic patients presented a lower probability of being discharged home (hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.71, 0.58-0.86). However, after stratifying for age groups, this effect was visible only in patients aged <65 years (HR, 95% CI= 0.66, 0.51-0.86). Moreover, sarcopenic overweight or obese patients presented a higher probability of being discharged home (HR, 95% CI=0.78, 0.61-0.99) than nonoverweight sarcopenic patients (HR, 95% CI=0.63, 0.48-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Being male, age ⩾65 years, presenting dependence, being undernourished and admitted to a medical ward were factors associated with sarcopenia among hospitalized adult patients. Sarcopenia is independently associated with longer LOS, although this association is stronger for patients aged <65 years. Moreover, sarcopenic overweight was associated with a higher probability of discharge home than nonoverweight sarcopenia.