Recent advances in the total synthesis of galantamine, a natural medicine for Alzheimer's disease.

Covering: 2006 to 2023(-)-Galantamine is a natural product with distinctive structural features and potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholine esterase (AChE). It is clinically approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The clinical significance and scarcity of this natural product have prompted extensive and ongoing efforts towards the chemical synthesis of this challenging tetracyclic structure. The objective of this review is to summarize and discuss recent progress in the total synthesis of galantamine from 2006 to 2023. The contents are organized according to the synthetic strategies for the construction of the quaternary center. Key features of each synthesis have been highlighted, followed by a summary and outlook at the end.

Decentralized ORP Measurements for Gut Redox Status Monitoring: Toward Personalized Gut Microbiota Balance.

Gut microbiome targeting has emerged as a new generation of personalized medicine and a potential wellness and disease driver. Specifically, the gut redox balance plays a key role in shaping the gut microbiota and its link with the host, immune system, and disease evolution. In this sense, precise and personalized nutrition has proven synergy and capability to modulate the gut microbiome environment through the formulation of dietary interventions, such as vitamin support. Accordingly, there are urgent demands for simple and effective analytical platforms for understanding the relationship between the tailored vitamin administration and the gut microbiota balance by rapid noninvasive on-the-spot oxidation/reduction potential monitoring for frequent and close surveillance of the gut redox status and targeting by personalized nutrition interventions. Herein, we present a disposable potentiometric sensor chip and a homemade multiwell potentiometric array to address the interplay of vitamin levels with the oxidation/reduction potential in human feces and saliva. The potentiometric ORP sensing platforms have been successfully validated and scaled up for the setup of a multiapplication prototype for cross-talk-free simple screening of many specimens. The interpersonal variability of the gut microbiota environment illustrates the potential of feces and saliva samples for noninvasive, frequent, and decentralized monitoring of the gut redox status to support timely human microbiota surveillance and guide precise dietary intervention toward restoring and promoting personalized gut redox balance.

Mechanical Bond Induced Enhancement and Purification of Pyrene Emission in the Solid State.

To address key concerns on solid-state pyrene-based luminescent materials, we propose a novel and efficient mechanical bond strategy. This strategy results in a transformation from ACQ to AIE effect and a remarkable enhancement of pyrene emission in the solid state. Moreover, an unusual purification of emission is also achieved. Through computational calculation and experimental characterisation, finally determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, we prove that the excellent emissions result from mechanical bond induced refinement of molecular arrangements, including reduced π-π stacking, well-ordered packing and enhanced structural stability. This work demonstrates the potential of mechanical bond in the field of organic luminescent molecules, providing a new avenue for developing high-performance organic luminescent materials.

NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Prostate Cancer, Version 3.2024.

The NCCN Guidelines for Prostate Cancer include recommendations for staging and risk assessment after a prostate cancer diagnosis and for the care of patients with localized, regional, recurrent, and metastatic disease. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the panel's discussions for the 2024 update to the guidelines with regard to initial risk stratification, initial management of very-low-risk disease, and the treatment of nonmetastatic recurrence.

Engineering cascade biocatalysis in whole cells for syringic acid bioproduction.

BACKGROUND: Syringic acid (SA) is a high-value natural compound with diverse biological activities and wide applications, commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and herbs. SA is primarily produced through chemical synthesis, nonetheless, these chemical methods have many drawbacks, such as considerable equipment requirements, harsh reaction conditions, expensive catalysts, and numerous by-products. Therefore, in this study, a novel biotransformation route for SA production was designed and developed by using engineered whole cells. RESULTS: An O-methyltransferase from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans (DesAOMT), which preferentially catalyzes a methyl transfer reaction on the meta-hydroxyl group of catechol analogues, was identified. The whole cells expressing DesAOMT can transform gallic acid (GA) into SA when S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) is used as a methyl donor. We constructed a multi-enzyme cascade reaction in Escherichia coli, containing an endogenous shikimate kinase (AroL) and a chorismate lyase (UbiC), along with a p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase mutant (PobA**) from Pseudomonas fluorescens, and DesAOMT; SA was biosynthesized from shikimic acid (SHA) by using whole cells catalysis. The metabolic system of chassis cells also affected the efficiency of SA biosynthesis, blocking the chorismate metabolism pathway improved SA production. When the supply of the cofactor NADPH was optimized, the titer of SA reached 133 µM (26.2 mg/L). CONCLUSION: Overall, we designed a multi-enzyme cascade in E. coli for SA biosynthesis by using resting or growing whole cells. This work identified an O-methyltransferase (DesAOMT), which can catalyze the methylation of GA to produce SA. The multi-enzyme cascade containing four enzymes expressed in an engineered E. coli for synthesizing of SA from SHA. The metabolic system of the strain and biotransformation conditions influenced catalytic efficiency. This study provides a new green route for SA biosynthesis.

Feasibility of a novel unassisted single-channel transcolonic endoscopic appendectomy for the treatment of appendiceal lesions (with video).

BACKGROUND: Transcolonic endoscopic appendectomy (TEA) is rapidly evolving and has been reported as a minimally invasive alternative to appendectomy. We aimed to characterize the feasibility and safety of a novel unassisted single-channel TEA. METHOD: We retrospectively investigated 23 patients with appendicitis or appendiceal lesions who underwent TEA from February 2016 to December 2022. We collected clinicopathological characteristics, procedure­related parameters, and follow­up data and analyzed the impact of previous abdominal surgery and traction technique. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.0 years. Of the 23 patients with appendiceal lesions, fourteen patients underwent TEA and nine underwent traction-assisted TEA (T-TEA). Eight patients (34.8%) had previous abdominal surgery. The En bloc resection rate was 95.7%. The mean procedure duration was 91.1 ± 45.5 min, and the mean wound closure time was 29.4 ± 18.6 min. The wounds after endoscopic appendectomy were closed with clips (21.7%) or a combination of clip closure and endoloop reinforcement (78.3%), and the median number of clips was 7 (range, 3-15). Three patients (13.0%) experienced major adverse events, including two delayed perforations (laparoscopic surgery) and one infection (salvage endoscopic suture). During a median follow-up of 23 months, no residual or recurrent lesions were observed, and no recurrence of abdominal pain occurred. There were no significant differences between TEA and T-TEA groups and between patients with and without abdominal surgery groups in each factor. CONCLUSION: Unassisted single-channel TEA for patients with appendiceal lesions has favorable short- and long-term outcomes. TEA can safely and effectively treat appendiceal disease in appropriately selected cases.

Impact of neuromuscular block on myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) incidence in the early postoperative stage of older patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is a common and serious complication in older patients. This study investigates the impact of neuromuscular block on the MINS incidence and other cardiovascular complications in the early postoperative stage of older patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection. METHODS: 70 older patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection were separated into the deep neuromuscular block group and moderate neuromuscular block group for 35 cases in each group (n = 1:1). The deep neuromuscular block group maintained train of four (TOF) = 0, post-tetanic count (PTC) 1-2, and the moderate neuromuscular block group maintained TOF = 1-2 during the operation. Sugammadex sodium was used at 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg for muscle relaxation antagonism at the end of surgery. The MINS incidence was the primary outcome and compared with Fisher's exact test. About the secondary outcomes, the postoperative pain was analyzed with Man-Whitney U test, the postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and the incidence of cardiovascular complications were analyzed with Chi-square test, intraoperative mean artery pressure (MAP) and cardiac output (CO) ratio to baseline, length of stay and dosage of anesthetics were compared by two independent samples t-test. RESULTS: MINS was not observed in both groups. The highest incidence of postoperative cardiovascular complications was lower limbs deep vein thrombosis (14.3% in deep neuromuscular block group and 8.6% in moderate neuromuscular group). The numeric rating scale (NRS) score in the deep neuromuscular block group was lower than the moderate neuromuscular block group 72 h after surgery (0(1,2) vs 0(1,2), P = 0.018). The operation time in the deep neuromuscular block group was longer (356.7(107.6) vs 294.8 (80.0), min, P = 0.008), the dosage of propofol and remifentanil was less (3.4 (0.7) vs 3.8 (1.0), mg·kg-1·h-1, P = 0.043; 0.2 (0.06) vs 0.3 (0.07), µg·kg-1·min-1, P < 0.001), and the length of hospital stay was shorter than the moderate neuromuscular block group (18.4 (4.9) vs 22.0 (8.3), day, P = 0.028). The differences of other outcomes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining different degrees of the neuromuscular block under TOF guidance did not change the MINS incidence within 7 days after surgery in older patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The present study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (10/02/2021, ChiCTR2100043323).

Submersible voltammetric sensing probe for rapid and extended remote monitoring of opioids in community water systems.

The intensifying global opioid crisis, majorly attributed to fentanyl (FT) and its analogs, has necessitated the development of rapid and ultrasensitive remote/on-site FT sensing modalities. However, current approaches for tracking FT exposure through wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) are unadaptable, time-consuming, and require trained professionals. Toward developing an extended in situ wastewater opioid monitoring system, we have developed a screen-printed electrochemical FT sensor and integrated it with a customized submersible remote sensing probe. The sensor composition and design have been optimized to address the challenges for extended in situ FT monitoring. Specifically, ZIF-8 metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived mesoporous carbon (MPC) nanoparticles (NPs) are incorporated in the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) transducer to improve FT accumulation and its electrocatalytic oxidation. A rapid (10 s) and sensitive square wave voltammetric (SWV) FT detection down to 9.9 µgL-1 is thus achieved in aqueous buffer solution. A protective mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) has been optimized as the anti-fouling sensor coating to mitigate electrode passivation by FT oxidation products and enable long-term, intermittent FT monitoring. The unique MMM, comprising an insulating polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix and carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT-COOH) as semiconductive fillers, yielded highly stable FT sensor operation (> 95% normalized response) up to 10 h in domestic wastewater, and up to 4 h in untreated river water. This sensing platform enables wireless data acquisition on a smartphone via Bluetooth. Such effective remote operation of submersible opioid sensing probes could enable stricter surveillance of community water systems toward timely alerts, countermeasures, and legal enforcement.

Efficacy and safety of enteral supplementation with high-dose vitamin D in critically ill patients with vitamin D deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients. This study investigated the safety and effectiveness of enteral high-dose vitamin D supplementation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients in Asia. METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, randomized-controlled study. Eligible participants with vitamin D deficiency were randomly assigned to the control or vitamin D supplementation group. In the vitamin D supplementation group, the patients received 569,600 IU vitamin D. The primary outcome was the serum 25(OH)D level on day 7. RESULTS: 41 and 20 patients were included in the vitamin D supplementation and control groups, respectively. On day 7, the serum 25(OH)D level was significantly higher in the vitamin D supplementation group compared to the control group (28.5 [IQR: 20.2-52.6] ng/mL and 13.9 [IQR: 11.6-18.8] ng/mL, p < 0.001). Only 41.5% of the patients achieved serum 25(OH)D levels higher than 30 ng/mL in the supplementation group. This increased level was sustained in the supplementation group on both day 14 and day 28. There were no significant adverse effects noted in the supplementation group. Patients who reached a serum 25(OH)D level of >30 ng/mL on day 7 had a significantly lower 30-day mortality rate than did those who did not (5.9% vs 37.5%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, less than half of the patients reached adequate vitamin D levels after the enteral administration of high-dose vitamin D. A reduction in 30-day mortality was noted in the patients who achieved adequate vitamin D levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICALTRIALS. GOV ID: NCT04292873, Registered, March 1, 2020.

Memory-Augmented 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation Network for Intelligent Mining Shovels.

The semantic segmentation of the 3D operating environment represents the key to intelligent mining shovels' autonomous digging and loading operation. However, the complexity of the operating environment of intelligent mining shovels presents challenges, including the variety of scene targets and the uneven number of samples. This results in low accuracy of 3D semantic segmentation and reduces the autonomous operation accuracy of the intelligent mine shovels. To solve these issues, this paper proposes a 3D point cloud semantic segmentation network based on memory enhancement and lightweight attention mechanisms. This model addresses the challenges of an uneven number of sampled scene targets, insufficient extraction of key features to reduce the semantic segmentation accuracy, and an insufficient lightweight level of the model to reduce deployment capability. Firstly, we investigate the memory enhancement learning mechanism, establishing a memory module for key semantic features of the targets. Furthermore, we address the issue of forgetting non-dominant target point cloud features caused by the unbalanced number of samples and enhance the semantic segmentation accuracy. Subsequently, the channel attention mechanism is studied. An attention module based on the statistical characteristics of the channel is established. The adequacy of the expression of the key features is improved by adjusting the weights of the features. This is done in order to improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation further. Finally, the lightweight mechanism is studied by adopting the deep separable convolution instead of conventional convolution to reduce the number of model parameters. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation in the 3D scene and reduce the model's complexity. Semantic segmentation accuracy is improved by 7.15% on average compared with the experimental control methods, which contributes to the improvement of autonomous operation accuracy and safety of intelligent mining shovels.

Surface Charge Effects for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Pt(111) Using a Modified Grand-Canonical Potential Kinetics Method.

Surface charges of catalysts have important influences on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Herein, we develop a modified version of the grand-canonical potential kinetics (GCP-K) method based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the effect of surface charges on reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. Using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the Pt(111) surface as an example, we show how to track the change of surface charge in a reaction and how to analyze its influence on the kinetics. Grand-canonical calculations demonstrate that the optimum hydrogen adsorption energy on Pt under the standard hydrogen electrode condition (SHE) is around -0.2 eV, rather than 0 eV established under the canonical ensemble, due to the high density of surface negative charges. By separating the surface charges that can freely exchange with the external electron reservoir, we obtain a Tafel barrier that is in good agreement with the experimental result. During the Tafel reaction, the net electron inflow into the catalyst leads to a stabilization of canonical energy and a destabilization of the charge-dependent grand-canonical component. This study provides a practical method for obtaining accurate grand-canonical reaction energetics and analyzing the surface charge induced changes.

Cucurbit[8]uril-Mediated Supramolecular Heterodimerisation and Photoinduced [2+2] Heterocycloaddition to Generate Unexpected [2]Rotaxanes.

In contrast to the self-assembly of homosupramolecules, the self-assembly of heterosupramolecules is more challenging and significant in various fields. Herein, we design and investigate a cucurbit[8]uril-mediated heterodimerisation based on an arene-fluoroarene strategy. Furthermore, the heteroternary complex is found to be able to undergo a photoinduced [2+2] heterocycloaddition, resulting in the formation of an unexpected [2]rotaxane. This work demonstrates a novel supramolecular heterodimerisation system that not only contributes to the development of photoisomerisation systems, but also enriches synthetic methods for mechanically interlocked molecules.

The aesthetic experience of general beauty and ugly-cute memes: the role of emotion.

Generally, beauty has been regarded as an outward expression of elegance and harmony, providing visual pleasure and evoking a sense of aesthetic enjoyment. However, in recent years, a phenomenon called "ugly-cute" has emerged, challenging the conventional standards of beauty by embracing a form of "ugliness" to enhance its appeal. The reasons and mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain largely unexplored so far. This study aims to investigate the role of emotions, such as pleasure, humor, and surprise, in the relationship between ugly-cute characteristics and attractiveness. The findings reveal that general beauty directly generates attractiveness by eliciting pleasurable emotions, whereas ugly-cute memes achieve attractiveness by inducing pleasurable emotions through the mediation of humor. Furthermore, while both "ugly" and "ugly-cute" memes evoke a sense of surprise, that elicited by ugly-cute memes is accompanied by a humorous response, thereby enhancing their attractiveness, whereas the "ugly" memes fail to evoke humor and lack attractiveness. Finally, we discuss the potential implications and practical value of the current research.

A city-level dataset of heavy metal emissions into the atmosphere across China from 2015-2020.

The absence of nationwide distribution data regarding heavy metal emissions into the atmosphere poses a significant constraint in environmental research and public health assessment. In response to the critical data deficiency, we have established a dataset covering Cr, Cd, As, and Pb emissions into the atmosphere (HMEAs, unit: ton) across 367 municipalities in China. Initially, we collected HMEAs data and covariates such as industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, meteorological variables, among other ten indicators. Following this, nine machine learning models, including Linear Regression (LR), Ridge, Bayesian Ridge (Bayesian), K-Neighbors Regressor (KNN), MLP Regressor (MLP), Random Forest Regressor (RF), LGBM Regressor (LGBM), Lasso, and ElasticNet, were assessed using coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) on the testing dataset. RF and LGBM models were chosen, due to their favorable predictive performance (R2: 0.58-0.84, lower RMSE/MAE), confirming their robustness in modelling. This dataset serves as a valuable resource for informing environmental policies, monitoring air quality, conducting environmental assessments, and facilitating academic research.

Fusarium mycotoxins: The major food contaminants.

Mycotoxins, which are secondary metabolites produced by toxicogenic fungi, are natural food toxins that cause acute and chronic adverse reactions in humans and animals. The genus Fusarium is one of three major genera of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone are the major Fusarium mycotoxins that occur worldwide. Fusarium mycotoxins have the potential to infiltrate the human food chain via contamination during crop production and food processing, eventually threatening human health. The occurrence and development of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination will change with climate change, especially with variations in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide concentration. To address these challenges, researchers have built a series of effective models to forecast the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and provide guidance for crop production. Fusarium mycotoxins frequently exist in food products at extremely low levels, thus necessitating the development of highly sensitive and reliable detection techniques. Numerous successful detection methods have been developed to meet the requirements of various situations, and an increasing number of methods are moving toward high-throughput features. Although Fusarium mycotoxins cannot be completely eliminated, numerous agronomic, chemical, physical, and biological methods can lower Fusarium mycotoxin contamination to safe levels during the preharvest and postharvest stages. These theoretical innovations and technological advances have the potential to facilitate the development of comprehensive strategies for effectively managing Fusarium mycotoxin contamination in the future.

Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Contrast-enhanced Mammography and MRI to Distinguish Microinvasive Carcinoma from Ductal Carcinoma In situ.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The prognosis of ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCISM) is more similar to that of small invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) than to pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It is particularly important to accurately distinguish between DCISM and DCIS. The present study aims to compare the clinical and imaging characteristics of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between DCISM and pure DCIS, and to identify predictive factors of microinvasive carcinoma, which may contribute to a comprehensive understanding of DCISM in clinical diagnosis and support surveillance strategies, such as surgery, radiation, and other treatment decisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven female patients diagnosed with DCIS were included in the study from May 2019 to August 2023. Patients were further divided into two groups based on pathological diagnosis: DCIS and DCISM. Clinical and imaging characteristics of these two groups were analyzed statistically. The independent clinical risk factors were selected using multivariate logistic regression and used to establish the logistic model [Logit(P)]. The diagnostic performance of independent predictors was assessed and compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and DeLong's test. RESULTS: In CEM, the maximum cross-sectional area (CSAmax), the percentage signal difference between the enhancing lesion and background in the craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projection (%RSCC, and %RSMLO) were found to be significantly higher for DCISM compared to DCIS (p = 0.001; p < 0.001; p = 0.008). Additionally, there were noticeable statistical differences in the patterns of enhancement morphological distribution (EMD) and internal enhancement pattern (IEP) between DCIS and DCISM (p = 0.047; p = 0.008). In MRI, only CSAmax (p = 0.012) and IEP (p = 0.020) showed significant statistical differences. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that CSAmax (in CEM or MR) and %RSCC were independent predictors of DCISM (all p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of CSAmax (CEM), %RSCC (CEM), Logit(P) (CEM), and CSAmax (MR) were 0.764, 0.795, 0.842, and 0.739, respectively. There were no significant differences in DeLong's test for these values (all p > 0.10). DCISM was significantly associated with high nuclear grade, comedo type, high axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis, and high Ki-67 positivity compared to DCIS (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The tumor size (CSAmax), enhancement index (%RS), and internal enhancement pattern (IEP) were highly indicative of DCISM. DCISM tends to express more aggressive pathological features, such as high nuclear grade, comedo-type necrosis, ALN metastasis, and Ki-67 overexpression. As with MRI, CEM has the capability to help predict when DCISM is accompanying DCIS.

Optimal biochar selection for cadmium pollution remediation in Chinese agricultural soils via optimized machine learning.

Biochar is effective in mitigating heavy metal pollution, and cadmium (Cd) is the primary pollutant in agricultural fields. However, traditional trial-and-error methods for determining the optimal biochar remediation efficiency are time-consuming and inefficient because of the varied soil, biochar, and Cd pollution conditions. This study employed the machine learning method to predict the Cd immobilization efficiency of biochar in soil. The predictive accuracy of the random forest (RF) model was superior to that of the other common linear and nonlinear models. Furthermore, to improve the reliability and accuracy of the RF model, it was optimized by employing a root-mean-squared-error-based trial-and-error approach. With the aid of the optimized model, the empirical categories for soil Cd immobilization efficiency were biochar properties (60.96 %) > experimental conditions (19.6 %) ≈ soil properties (19.44 %). Finally, this study identified the optimal biochar properties for enhancing agricultural soil Cd remediation in different regions of China, which was beneficial for decision-making regarding nationwide agricultural soil remediation using biochar. The immobilization effect of alkaline biochar was pronounced in acidic soils with relatively high organic matter. This study provides insights into the immobilization mechanism and an approach for biochar selection for Cd immobilization in agricultural soil.

Synergistic Charge Storage Enhancement in Supercapacitors via Ti3C2Tx MXene and CoMoO4 Nanoparticles.

MXene has emerged as a highly promising two-dimensional (2D) layered material with inherent advantages as an electrode material, such as a high electrical conductivity and spacious layer distances conducive to efficient ion transport. Despite these merits, the practical implementation faces challenges due to MXene's low theoretical capacitance and issues related to restacking. In order to overcome these limitations, we undertook a strategic approach by integrating Ti3C2Tx MXene with cobalt molybdate (CoMoO4) nanoparticles. The CoMoO4 nanoparticles bring to the table rich redox activity, high theoretical capacitance, and exceptional catalytic properties. Employing a facile hydrothermal method, we synthesized CoMoO4/Ti3C2Tx heterostructures, leveraging urea as a size-controlling agent for the CoMoO4 precursors. This innovative heterostructure design utilizes Ti3C2Tx MXene as a spacer, effectively mitigating excessive agglomeration, while CoMoO4 contributes its enhanced redox reaction capabilities. The resulting CoMoO4/Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid material exhibited 698 F g-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1, surpassing that of the individual pristine Ti3C2Tx MXene (1.7 F g-1) and CoMoO4 materials (501 F g-1). This integration presents a promising avenue for optimizing MXene-based electrode materials, addressing challenges and unlocking their full potential in various applications.

Comparative analysis of PLATZ transcription factors in six poplar species and analysis of the role of PtrPLATZ14 in leaf development.

Plant AT-rich sequence and zinc-binding (PLATZ) proteins are a class of plant-specific transcription factor that play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress response. However, the evolutionary relationship of the PLATZ gene family across the Populus genus and the biological functions of the PLATZ protein require further investigation. In this study, we identified 133 PLATZ genes from six Populus species belonging to four Populus sections. Synteny analysis of the PLATZ gene family indicated that whole genome duplication events contributed to the expansion of the PLATZ family. Among the nine paralogous pairs, the protein structure of PtrPLATZ14/18 pair exhibited significant differences with others. Through gene expression patterns and co-expression networks, we discovered divergent expression patterns and sub-networks, and found that the members of pair PtrPLATZ14/18 might play different roles in the regulation of macromolecule biosynthesis and modification. Furthermore, we found that PtrPLATZ14 regulates poplar leaf development by affecting cell size control genes PtrGRF/GIF and PtrTCP. In conclusion, our study provides a theoretical foundation for exploring the evolution relationships and functions of the PLATZ gene family within Populus species and provides insights into the function and potential mechanism of PtrPLATZ14 in leaf morphology that were diverse across the Populus genus.