Visceral adiposity index is a better predictor to discriminate metabolic syndrome than other classical adiposity indices among young adults.

BACKGROUND: Visceral adiposity index (VAI) has been identified as a cardiometabolic risk marker in children and adolescents which reflects abdominal fat distribution. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the predictive capacity of VAI, a body shape index (ABSI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and triglycerides and glucose index (TyG index) compared with classical anthropometric measurements to discriminate metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: This retrospective study included 1372 individuals. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were used to screen the prevalence of MetS components and to calculate VAI, ABSI, TyG index, and AIP. RESULTS: The discriminatory capacity among the variables was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). VAI was the variable with the highest AUC with 0.932 CI 95% (0.917-0.948), followed by AIP with 0.914 CI 95% (0.897-0.931), and TyG index with 0.889 CI 95% (0.871-0.908). CONCLUSION: VAI is a promising tool to identify MetS in the late adolescence setting. Among the novel adiposity indexes VAI, AIP, TyG index are able to determine MetS presence, while ABSI is not capable.

The Fat-to-Lean Mass Ratio Is Associated with Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Mexican Adolescents.

Objective: To evaluate whether the Fat-to-Lean Mass (FyM) ratio is associated to hyperinsulinemia in healthy adolescents.Methods: Apparently healthy adolescents aged 10 to 15 years that according to sex, age, and percentiles of body fat percent, were included and allocated into the groups with elevated (body fat percent ≥85 percentile) and normal total body fat (body fat percent <85 percentile). The FyM ratio was calculated as total lean mass (kg)/total body fat (kg) and hyperinsulinemia was defined by fasting insulin levels ≥20 µUI/mL.Results: A total of 1,299 adolescents, 665 (51.9%) girls and 634 (48.1%) boys, were enrolled and allocated into the groups with high (n = 439) and normal (n = 860) body fat. The FyM index remained significantly associated with hyperinsulinemia (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 1.54-28.10) after logistic regression analysis adjusted by sex, age, body-weight, body mass index, and waist circumference.Conclusion: The FyM index is highly associated to the presence of hyperinsulinemia in adolescents, emerging as a useful tool from anthropometric measurements for identify insulin abnormalities.

ß-Carotene Oxygenase 1 Activity Modulates Circulating Cholesterol Concentrations in Mice and Humans.

BACKGROUND: Plasma cholesterol is one of the strongest risk factors associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and myocardial infarction. Human studies suggest that elevated plasma ß-carotene is associated with reductions in circulating cholesterol and the risk of myocardial infarction. The molecular mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of dietary ß-carotene and the activity of ß-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1), which is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of ß-carotene to vitamin A, on circulating cholesterol concentration. METHODS: In our preclinical study, we compared the effects of a 10-d intervention with a diet containing 50 mg/kg of ß-carotene on plasma cholesterol in 5-wk-old male and female C57 Black 6 wild-type and congenic BCO1-deficient mice. In our clinical study, we aimed to determine whether 5 common small nucleotide polymorphisms located in the BCO1 locus affected serum cholesterol concentrations in a population of young Mexican adults from the Universities of San Luis Potosí and Illinois: A Multidisciplinary Investigation on Genetics, Obesity, and Social-Environment (UP AMIGOS) cohort. RESULTS: Upon ß-carotene feeding, Bco1-/- mice accumulated >20-fold greater plasma ß-carotene and had ∼30 mg/dL increased circulating total cholesterol (P < 0.01) and non-HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01) than wild-type congenic mice. Our results in the UP AMIGOS cohort show that the rs6564851 allele of BCO1, which has been linked to BCO1 enzymatic activity, was associated with a reduction in 10 mg/dL total cholesterol concentrations (P = 0.009) when adjusted for vitamin A and carotenoid intakes. Non-HDL-cholesterol concentration was also reduced by 10 mg/dL when the data were adjusted for vitamin A and total carotenoid intakes (P = 0.002), or vitamin A and ß-carotene intakes (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results in mice and young adults show that BCO1 activity impacts circulating cholesterol concentration, linking vitamin A formation with the risk of developing ASCVD.

The triglyceride and glucose index is a useful biomarker to recognize glucose disorders in apparently healthy children and adolescents.

It has been suggested that the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index is an early indicator for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the TyG index is useful in the screening of glucose disorders (GD) in apparently healthy children and adolescents. Eligible participants were apparently healthy children and adolescents. Individuals with new diagnosis of GD were allocated into the study groups with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and T2D. Participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were the control group. In total, 1872 children and adolescents were enrolled and allocated into the study groups. Diagnosis of NGT, IFG, IGT, and T2D was established in 1541 (82.3%), 256 (13.7%), 66 (3.5%), and 9 (0.4%) children, respectively. In girls, the best cutoff points of the TyG index for identifying IFG, IGT, and T2D were 4.51 (sensitivity 59.8%, specificity 59.8%), 4.55 (sensitivity 63.0%, specificity 64.3%), and 4.63 (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 74.6%), respectively; and in boys were 4.52 (sensitivity 62.8%, specificity 64.2%), 4.54 (sensitivity 71.8%, specificity 65.1%), and 4.82 (sensitivity 91.0%, specificity 990.6%), respectively.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the TyG index may be a useful tool for screening GD in healthy children and adolescents.What is Known:• Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide among young adults and adolescents.• Elevated fasting glucose and triglyceride concentrations have been recognized as independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes.What is New:• The TyG index exhibited highest sensitivity and specificity to detect impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes.• The TyG index may be a useful tool for the screening of glucose disorders in apparently healthy children and adolescents.

Neck Circumference and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pediatric Population.

Background and objectives: To identify the relationship between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Materials and Methods: Children and adolescents 6-18 years old (n = 548) from five counties of San Luis Potosí, México were included. Data was collected for biological markers (glucose and lipid profile) and anthropometric and clinical measurements-weight, height, NC, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using Quetelet formula (kg/m2). Descriptive analysis, correlation tests, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed. Results: NC was highly correlated with BMI and WC in both genders (p <0.0001). The most frequent risk factor was high BMI (38.7%). Sensitivity and specificity analysis of NC and high BMI showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.887. Conclusions: According to our findings, NC is a simple, low-cost, and non-invasive measurement, which has a high association with high BMI and increased WC.

Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with impaired fasting glucose in normal-weight children.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that elevated triglyceride levels may precede the appearance of glucose metabolic disturbances in adults; nonetheless, this hypothesis has not been tested in children. Hence, we evaluated whether hypertriglyceridemia is associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in normal-weight children. METHODS: Normal-weight healthy children aged 7-15 years were enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional population study and allocated into groups with and without hypertriglyceridemia. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined by serum triglyceride levels ≥100 and ≥130 mg/dL for children aged 7-9 and 10-15 years, respectively, and IFG by fasting plasma glucose levels ≥100 and <126 mg/dL. RESULTS: A total of 1453 children with average age of 11.3 ± 2.4 years were enrolled in the study and allocated into the groups with (n = 172) and without (n = 1281) hypertriglyceridemia. In the overall population, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and IFG was 11.8% and 11.2%, respectively. The logistic regression analysis adjusted by age, gender, BMI, waist circumference, and insulin levels showed that hypertriglyceridemia is associated with IFG in children aged 10-15 years (odds ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.77, p = 0.04) but not in those aged 7-9 years (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 0.39-5.58, p = 0.55). CONCLUSION: Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with IFG in normal-weight children aged 10-15 years, but not in those aged 7-9 years.

Validation of the SCOFF questionnaire for screening of eating disorders among Mexican university students.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the criterion validity and diagnostic utility of the SCOFF, a brief eating disorder (ED) screening instrument, in a Mexican sample. METHODS: The study was conducted in two phases in 2012. Phase I involved the administration of self-report measures [the SCOFF and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, (EDI-2)] to 1057 students aged 17-56 years (M age = 21.0, SD = 3.4; 67 % female) from three colleges at the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico. In Phase II, a random subsample of these students (n = 104) participated in the eating disorder examination, a structured interview that yields ED diagnoses. Analyses were conducted to evaluate the SCOFF's criterion validity by examining (a) correlations between scores on the SCOFF and the EDI-2 and (b) the SCOFF's ability to differentiate diagnosed ED cases and non-cases. RESULTS: EDI-2 subscales showed high correlations with the SCOFF scores proving initial evidence of criterion validity. A score of two points on the SCOFF optimized the sensitivity (78 %) and specificity (84 %). With this cutoff, the SCOFF correctly classified over half the cases (PPV = 58 %) and screened out the majority of non-cases (NPV = 93 %) providing further evidence of criterion validity. Analyses were repeated separately for men and women, yielding gender-specific information on the SCOFF's performance. CONCLUSIONS: Taken as a whole, results indicated that the SCOFF can be a useful tool for identifying Mexican university students who are at risk of eating disorders.

Socio-Urban Spatial Patterns Associated with Dyslipidemia among Schoolchildren in the City of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

The places where a child lives and attends to school are both major environmental and social determinants of its present and future health status. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and some of their risk factors among child and adolescent populations are obesity and dyslipidemia, so finding the patterns of distribution of these risk factors by gender, type of school, area, and margination level is important to do health intervention focusing in their necessities to prevent diseases at younger ages. Because of that, a cross-sectional study was performed among elementary and junior high school students from public and private schools in six of the seven areas of the metropolitan zone of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Biochemical dyslipidemia indicators (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein) and anthropometric data (weight and height) were obtained. Seventeen public schools and five private schools with a total of 383 students were included. More than half of the studied population (53.0%) had elevated triglyceride levels. A total of 330 students (86.2%) had normal levels of total cholesterol with a mean value of 141.7 mg/dl, and 202 schoolchildren (52.8%) had lower than acceptable levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with a mean value of 43.9 mg/dl. There were differences in the levels of high-density protein between the areas and the type of school where they had been studied. Finally, a total of 150 students (39.4%) had at least one altered lipid value and 103 participants (26.9%) had two altered values. Several students, despite their young age, showed a high prevalence of risk factors, so it is important to design programs according to their necessities.

Relationship between elevated triglyceride levels with the increase of HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß in healthy children and adolescents with normal weight.

UNLABELLED: To test the hypothesis that mildly elevated triglyceride levels are associated with the increase of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and ß-cell function (HOMA-ß) indices in healthy children and adolescents with normal weight, we conducted a cross-sectional population study. Based on fasting triglyceride levels, participants were allocated into groups with and without triglyceride levels ≥1.2 mmol/L. Normal weight was defined by body mass index between the 15th and 85th percentiles, for age and gender. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion were estimated using HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß indices. A total of 1660 children and adolescents were enrolled, of them 327 (19.7%) with mildly elevated triglycerides. The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that mildly elevated triglyceride levels in children were associated with HOMA-IR (ß = 0.214, p < 0.001), HOMA-ß (ß = 0.139, p = 0.001), systolic (ß = 0.094, p = 0.01), and diastolic blood pressure (ß = 0.102, p = 0.007), whereas in adolescents, HOMA-IR (ß = 0.267, p < 0.001) and HOMA-ß (ß = 0.154, p < 0.001), but not systolic (ß = 0.029, p = 0.38) and diastolic blood pressure (ß = 0.015, p = 0.642), showed association with mildly elevated triglycerides. CONCLUSION: Mildly elevated triglyceride levels are associated with increased HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß indices in healthy children and adolescents with normal weight.

Metabolic and nutritional profile differences among Mexican, Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic White children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare somatometric variables, lipid profile, diet, and physical activity between Mexican children living in México (MEX), and Mexican-American (MXA) and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) children from the United States (US) to examine the possible influence of ethnicity and residency on these factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six to twelve years old children data from a study from central México and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was compared. Data were categorized to examine the effect of residency (MEX vs. MXA and NHW) and ethnicity (MEX vs. MXA and NHW) on the variables of interest. RESULTS: Living in the US was associated with higher cholesterol levels in younger boys and older girls (p < 0.05), and high saturated fat intake in all groups (p < 0.0001). Living in México increased the likelihood of abnormal HDL (p < 0.001), systolic (p < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001). Caucasian young girls were more likely to have high cholesterol intake (p < 0.02) than their Mexican counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that residency is linked to impaired lipid profile and blood pressure in children, whereas ethnicity seems to have an impact on dietary choices.

Genetic risk score for insulin resistance based on gene variants associated to amino acid metabolism in young adults.

Circulating concentration of arginine, alanine, aspartate, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, taurine and valine are increased in subjects with insulin resistance, which could in part be attributed to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes associated with amino acid metabolism. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for insulin resistance in young adults based on SNPs present in genes related to amino acid metabolism. We performed a cross-sectional study that included 452 subjects over 18 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed including measurement of serum amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Eighteen SNPs were genotyped by allelic discrimination. Of these, ten were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only four were used to construct the GRS through multiple linear regression modeling. The GRS was calculated using the number of risk alleles of the SNPs in HGD, PRODH, DLD and SLC7A9 genes. Subjects with high GRS (≥ 0.836) had higher levels of glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower levels of arginine than subjects with low GRS (p < 0.05). The application of a GRS based on variants within genes associated to amino acid metabolism may be useful for the early identification of subjects at increased risk of insulin resistance.

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in childhood obesity: association with gene expression of RAGE and cardiometabolic markers.

Introduction: Introduction: advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Full-length RAGE is associated with intracellular signal transduction, and soluble-RAGE (sRAGE) lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, acting as a competitive inhibitor of AGEs-RAGE binding. sRAGE levels in healthy children are associated with cell surface expression of RAGE. However, the expression of RAGE has not been explored in childhood obesity. Objective: the study aim was to evaluate the sRAGE levels and the gene expression of RAGE in children and its association with cardiometabolic markers. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with 6-11-year children, 20 with overweight and 20 with obesity. Anthropometric measurements included waist circumference (cm) (WC), neck circumference (NC), weight (kg), fat mass (%), trunk fat (kg), muscular mass (kg), height (cm), and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2). Blood samples following an overnight fast were collected to measure glucose (mg/dl) and lipid profile with colorimetric methods. sRAGE was determined in serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) was performed to analyze RAGE transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll®-Hypaque. Results: we found higher RAGE (p = 0.0315) and lower sRAGE (p = 0.0305) levels in the obesity group. sRAGE level showed a negative correlation with RAGE (r = -0.35) and BMI (r = -0.24), and positive with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.29). Regression analysis suggests that HDL-C and RAGE levels are predictors of sRAGE levels. Conclusions: expression of RAGE is associated with lower sRAGE levels in childhood obesity. Moreover, obese children show higher cardiometabolic risk markers, and a positively associated with sRAGE.

Introducción: Introducción: los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) interactúan con el receptor de AGE (RAGE). El RAGE de longitud completa está asociado con la transducción de señales intracelulares y el RAGE soluble (sRAGE) carece de los dominios transmembrana y citoplásmico, actuando como un inhibidor competitivo de la unión de AGE-RAGE. Los niveles de sRAGE en niños sanos están asociados con la expresión de RAGE en la superficie celular. Sin embargo, la expresión de RAGE no se ha explorado en la obesidad infantil. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y la expresión génica de RAGE en niños y su asociación con marcadores cardiometabólicos. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal con niños de seis a once años, 20 con sobrepeso y 20 con obesidad. Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura (cm) (CC), la circunferencia del cuello (NC), el peso (kg), la masa grasa (%), la grasa del tronco (kg), la masa muscular (kg), la altura (cm) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (kg/m2). Se tomaron muestras de sangre después de una noche de ayuno para medir glucosa (mg/dl) y el perfil de lípidos con métodos colorimétricos. Los sRAGE se determinaron en suero utilizando un ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se realizó una transcripción inversa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR) para analizar los transcritos de RAGE en células mononucleares de sangre periférica aisladas por Ficoll®-Hypaque. Resultados: encontramos niveles más altos de RAGE (p = 0,0315) y más bajos de sRAGE (p = 0,0305) en el grupo de obesidad. El nivel de sRAGE mostró una correlación negativa con RAGE (r = -0,35) e IMC (r = -0,24), y positiva con el colesterol HDL (r = 0,29). El análisis de regresión sugiere que los niveles de HDL-C y RAGE predicen los niveles de sRAGE. Conclusiones: la expresión de RAGE se asocia con niveles más bajos de sRAGE en la obesidad infantil. Además, los niños obesos muestran marcadores de riesgo cardiometabólico más elevados y una asociación positiva con sRAGE.

Evaluation of the psychometric performance of the SCOFF questionnaire in a Mexican young adult sample.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychometric performance of the SCOFF, a brief screening instrument for eating disorders (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mexican university applicants (n= 3594, 55.7% female, M age= 18.1 years) completed self-report measures and a health screen. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses revealed one factor for females. However a bifactor model fits better for males and females. Reliability was lower for females (KR20 = .49) than males (KR20 = .59). More females (24.2%) presented risk for ED (SCOFF > 2) than males (11.2%). Nomological validity indicated that risk for ED in young women was associated with demographic (e.g., parental education), psychological (e.g., depression, weight management efficacy), physical (e.g., BMI), and social (e.g., family conflict) indicators in conceptually coherent ways. Fewer variables were significant for males. CONCLUSION: Although the SCOFF may be a useful ED screen in Mexico, further research must examine its criterion validity, sensitivity, and specificity.

Implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention to prevent risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases in Mexican families of suburban communities.

Non-communicable diseases (NCD), are not transmitted from person to person, are long-lasting and usually of slow evolution. Worldwide cause 71% deaths, in Mexico during 2016 were the cause of 80% of registered deaths; population in socioeconomic disadvantage is more vulnerable. It is urgent to develop strategies that can prevent NCD, thus, the objective of this study was to design, implement and evaluate an educational intervention strategy (EI), to prevent and control risk factors for the development NCD in families of two vulnerable communities. The research design was mixed, the stages were developed based on a risk communication (RC) model and was performed in three stages: 1) EI Design, 2) Implementation and 3) Evaluation of the intervention. In the contextualization, risk factors were found in the participants who were integrated in the design of the educational strategy. The EI implemented was effective in increasing knowledge about NCD and practice of healthy habits, such as increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, the guidance of EI at the family level has the advantage of creating a support network for these changes. However, pending issues remain, such as the design of effective strategies to reduce the consumption of sugars and sugary drinks.

[Distribution of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance for the evaluation of insulin sensitivity on late adolescence in Mexicans]. / Distribución del índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) y el modelo homeostático para la evaluación de la resistencia a la insulina en la adolescencia tardía en mexicanos.

Introduction: Introduction: when peripheral tissues don't respond well to insulin action, it is defined as insulin resistance (IR). Many methods and indices are available for the estimation of IR, among them the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) involves fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Nevertheless, the TyG index has a methodological advantage over the HOMA-IR because it requires only measurements provided by routine laboratory tests. Aim: distribution asessment of the HOMA-IR and TyG indexes in the sample. Also, to determine the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR, using TyG cutoff point as IR-positive diagnostic test. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional analytical study with 1686 participants aged 18 to 21 years from the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Anthropometric assessment involves variables of weight and height. Fasting glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations were quantified. In addition, a questionnaire was carried out to know the hereditary family history and the presence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Student's t-test was used to assess the differences in mean statistics between males and females. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to examine the potential of HOMA-IR to identify IR. Results: 56 % of the study adolescents were females and 44 % were males; mean BMI was 22.62 ± 3.21 kg/m2. In the total sample mean serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were 89.48 ± 9.84 mg/dL, 6.26 ± 5.04 µU/mL, and 95.64 ± 55.78 mg/dL, respectively. A prevalence of 28.2 % of IR was determined, evaluated with the cut-off points for the TyG index. Subsequently, Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) were performed to evaluate the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR. The most outstanding cut-off value was 1.08 for the HOMA-IR index, reaching a sensitivity of 66 % and a specificity of 53 %. The prevalence of HOMA-IR greater than or equal to 1.18 was 47 % in the total population, 19.3 % in males and 28.5 % in females Conclusions: HOMA-IR and TyG can be useful diagnostic parameters for the assessment of IR in late adolescence. To provide a health guide for IR, we propose that a HOMA-IR target value ≤ 1.08 should be considered.

Introducción: Introducción: cuando los tejidos periféricos tienen una incapacidad para responder a la acción de la insulina se denomina resistencia a la insulina (RI). Existen diferentes métodos para la identificación de la RI; uno de estos es el índice HOMA-IR, que utiliza los parámetros de laboratorio, glucosa e insulina en ayunas. El índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) presenta la ventaja de solo necesitar análisis de laboratorio de rutina. Objetivo: evaluación de la distribución de los índices HOMA-IR y TyG en la población, así como determinar la capacidad predictiva del índice HOMA-IR utilizando el TyG como prueba diagnóstica para la RI. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico transversal con 1686 participantes de 18 a 21 años del estado de San Luis Potosí. Se tomaron variables antropométricas de peso y talla y se cuantificó la concentración de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos en ayuno. Además, se realizó un cuestionario para conocer los antecedentes heredofamiliares y la presencia de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Para la comparación entre mujeres y hombres se realizó una prueba de la t de Student y se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para determinar los valores de corte del HOMA-IR. Resultados: el 56 % de la población fueron mujeres y el 44 % hombres; la media del IMC fue de 22,62 ± 3,21 kg/m2. En la población total de estudio, la media de la concentración sérica de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos fue de 89,48 ± 9,84 mg/dL, 6,26 ± 5,04 µU/mL y 95,64 ± 55,78 mg/dL, respectivamente. Se determinó una prevalencia del 28,2 % de la RI evaluada con los puntos de corte para el índice TyG. Posteriormente se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para evaluar la capacidad predictiva del HOMA-IR. El valor de corte más destacado fue de 1,08 para el índice HOMA-IR, alcanzando una sensibilidad del 66 % y una especificidad del 53 %. La prevalencia del HOMA-IR mayor o igual a 1,18 fue del 47 % en la población total, del 19,3 % en los hombres y del 28,5 % en las mujeres. Conclusiones: los índices HOMA-IR y TyG pueden ser parámetros de utilidad diagnóstica para la valoración de la RI en la adolescencia tardía. Con el objetivo de brindar una guía de salud para la RI, proponemos que se debe considerar como objetivo un valor de HOMA-IR ≤ 1,08.

Association between caries, obesity and insulin resistance in Mexican adolescents.

AIM: To determine the association among dental caries, obesity and insulin resistance in Mexican adolescents. METHODS: Body mass index, obesity (OB) blood pressure, insulin level, insulin resistance (IR), triglycerides level, serum HDL-cholesterol (cHDL), DMFT index and salivary flow were measured. RESULTS: Anthropometric measures showed a significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). Insulin level was 8.98 for healthy subjects, whereas for OB-IR group was 25.35, there was a statistical significant difference (p < 0.05). Triglycerides level was 88.50 for healthy subjects and 169.40 mg/dL for OB-IR; cHDL was 52.88 for healthy and 41.82 mg/dL for OB-IR group, both showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Salivary flow was 4.30 for healthy and for OB-IR group was 5.48 ml/min showed a significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). DMFT index was 3.02 for healthy and for OB-IR adolescents was 4.78, showed a significant statistical diference (p < 0.05). The caries component of DMFT index was 1.84 for healthy and was 3.52 for OB-IR adolescents, showed a significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). According to the multivariate analysis, DMFT (OR = 3.10; IC 95% = 0.20-1.02, p = 0.042) and decay (OR = 3.30; IC 95% = 0.19-1.0, p = 0.011) were associated with subjects with OB-IR. CONCLUSION: OB-IR Mexican adolescents showed a positive association with DMFT.

[Skin tags and Acanthosis nigricans: association with insulin resistance and overweight in Mexican children]. / Acrocordones y Acantosis nigricans: correlación con resistencia a la insulina y sobrepeso en niños mexicanos. Piel y resistencia a la insulina en niños.

BACKGROUND: Childhood overweight and obesity are a notorious health problem around the world that may lead to an increase in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Acanthosis nigricans (AC) and skin tags (ST) are skin markers that can help to obtain an early diagnose of these metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether such skinmarkers (ST and AN), correlate with insulin resistance based on the assessment of the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and also with overweight and obesity. METHODS: Weight, height and body mass index were obtained and accordingly to CDC based on percentiles, and classification was made as follows: underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obesity. Beside insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were assessed. RESULTS: We included 186 patients age range 6-14 yr, 89 female, 97 male, 10 with underweight, 148 healthy weight, 18 overweight, 10 obese; 18 children presented ST and 29 AN. We found a relationship between the presence of ST and AN with higher BMI and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of skin tags and Acanthosis nigricans correlates with the presence of insulin resistance in children even in healthy weight patients and higher BMI.

Polymorphisms of the genes ABCG2, SLC22A12 and XDH and their relation with hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia in Mexican young adults.

Background: Hyperuricemia is a pathological condition associated with risk factors of cardiovascular disease. In this study, three genetic polymorphisms were genotyped as predisposing factors of hyperuricemia. Methods: A total of 860 Mexicans between 18 and 25 years of age were genotyped for the ABCG2 (rs2231142), SLC22A12 (rs476037), and XDH (rs1042039) polymorphisms, as predisposing factors of hyperuricemia. Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometry, while genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by real-time PCR. An analysis of the risk of hyperuricemia in relation to the variables studied was carried out using a logistic regression. Results: Male sex, being overweight or obese, having hypercholesterolemia or having hypertriglyceridemia were factors associated with hyperuricemia ( p ≤ 0.05). The ABCG2 polymorphism was associated with hyperuricemia (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.41-4.17, p = 0.001) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.54-15.48, p = 0.003), employing a dominant model, but only in male participants. Conclusions: The ABCG2 (rs2231142) polymorphism increases the risk of hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia in young Mexican males.