RESUMEN
Plant domestication often alters plant traits, including chemical and physical defenses against herbivores. In squash, domestication leads to reduced levels of cucurbitacins and leaf trichomes, influencing interactions with insects. However, the impact of domestication on inducible defenses in squash remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the chemical and physical defensive traits of wild and domesticated squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma), and compared their responses to belowground and aboveground infestation by the root-feeding larvae and the leaf-chewing adults of the banded cucumber beetle Diabrotica balteata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Wild populations contained cucurbitacins in roots and cotyledons but not in leaves, whereas domesticated varieties lacked cucurbitacins in all tissues. Belowground infestation by D. balteata larvae did not increase cucurbitacin levels in the roots but triggered the expression of cucurbitacin biosynthetic genes, irrespective of domestication status, although the response varied among different varieties. Conversely, whereas wild squash had more leaf trichomes than domesticated varieties, the induction of leaf trichomes in response to herbivory was greater in domesticated plants. Leaf herbivory varied among varieties but there was a trend of higher leaf damage on wild squash than domesticated varieties. Overall, squash plants responded to both belowground and aboveground herbivory by activating chemical defense-associated gene expression in roots and upregulating their physical defense in leaves, respectively. While domestication suppressed both chemical and physical defenses, our findings suggest that it may enhance inducible defense mechanisms by increasing trichome induction in response to herbivory.
RESUMEN
El síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut (LG) es una encefalopatía epileptiforme de la infancia caracterizado por convulsiones frecuentes e intratables, retraso mental y electroencefalograma característico. Supone entre el 5-10% de los desórdenes convulsivos de la infancia y es más frecuente en varones. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 7 años y 11 meses de edad con xerostomía por ingesta de medicamentos, y secundariamente aumento de caries, piezas desgastadas por el bruxismo y cicatrices en lengua y mucosa labial como secuela del trauma durante la crisis.
The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LG) is an epileptic encephalopathy of childhood characterized by frequent intractable seizures, mental retardation and characteristic electroencephalogram. It accounts for 5-10% of convulsive disorders of childhood and is more common in male children. We report the case of 7 years 11 months old child with xerostomia by drug intake, increased secondary caries, bruxism and worn dental parts, scars of the tongue and labial mucosa in the aftermath of trauma during the crisis.
RESUMEN
Entre os insetos que atacam a soja, o percevejo marrom Euschistus heros (Fabricius) é considerado uma das principais pragas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a ocorrência de parasitismo em adultos do percevejo marrom E. hero, no período de cultivo da soja e de entressafra, e identificar seus sítios de diapausa no período de entressafra, na região da Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Foram coletados adultos do percevejo em lavouras de soja, durante as safras 2004/05 e 2005/06, sendo as coletas realizadas semanalmente. No período de entressafra da soja de 2005 e 2006, foram realizadas inspeções em diferentes ambientes vegetais visando a constatar possíveis sítios de diapausa do percevejo, bem como avaliar a ocorrência de parasitismo nesses ambientes. Em cada coleta, foram individualizados 40 adultos em caixas gerbox contendo Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (Oleraceae), sendo os insetos observados durante um período de 40 dias. Os parasitoides foram armazenados em álcool 70 por cento e encaminhados para identificação. O índice natural de parasitismo de adultos de E. heros amostrados no período de safra e de entressafra de soja variou de 0,0 a 5,0 por cento, considerando-se as diferentes coletas realizadas, sendo Hexacladia smithii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) a única espécie de parasitoide ocorrente. No período de entressafra, foi verificada maior incidência do percevejo E. heros em folhas secas de mangueira (Mangifera indica L.) caídas no chão, evidenciando que esse ambiente é um importante sítio de diapausa para essa praga na região.
Among the insects that attack soybeans, brown stink bug Euschistus heros (Fabricius) is considered a major pest. The aim of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of parasitism in adults of brown stink bugs E. heros during soybean crop season and to identify diapause sites during the period of soybean absence in the great region of Dourados, MS. Adults of brown stick bugs were collected weekly in soybean crops during the 2004/05 and 2005/06 growing seasons. In the off-season soybean in 2005 and 2006 inspections were conducted in different environments to find possible sites of bugs' diapause , and to evaluate the occurrence of parasitism in these environments. For each sampling date, 40 adults were put inside one gerbox, fed with Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (Oleraceae), and observed for a period of 40 days. Parasitoids were kept in alcohol 70 percent and send to identification. The natural incidence of parasitism of adults collected in the period with and without soybean crops varied from 0.0 percent and 5.0 percent, and considering different samples, Hexacladia smithii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was the only one parasitoid found. During the period of soybean absence was observe the highest incidence of E. heros on dry fallen leaves of Mangifera indica L., showing that this environment is an important diapause sites for this pest in this region.
RESUMEN
A cigarrinha-do-milho, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott, 1923) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), é considerada uma das pragas mais importantes da cultura por causar danos devido à sucção de seiva e pela transmissão de patógenos às plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a flutuação populacional de D. maidis em duas localidades do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Cartões adesivos amarelos de dupla face (7 x 12cm) foram instalados, a cada quinze dias, em suportes de madeira a 0,50 e 1,50m acima do nível do solo, em áreas cultivadas com milho em Dourados e Ponta Porã, MS, permanecendo no campo por sete dias. O mesmo tipo de armadilha foi também instalado em uma área de gramado do município de Dourados, onde não se cultivava milho nas proximidades. Foram constatados dois picos populacionais da cigarrinha nas áreas de monitoramento, sendo um observado no período seco da entressafra de milho (julho a setembro) e outro no verão (dezembro a janeiro). As armadilhas adesivas instaladas na altura de 0,50m capturaram significativamente um maior número de cigarrinhas do que a 1,5m, considerando-se todas as amostragens realizadas nos dois anos.
The leafhopper of corn, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott, 1923) (Hemiptera: Cicadelidae), is considered one of the main corn pest due to its damage of sap suction and disease transmission to plants. This work had the aim to get information about population fluctuation of D. maidis in the Southern region of Mato Grosso do Sul State. Yellow stick cards of double side (7 by 12cm) were installed fortnightly on a wood frame of 0.5m and 1.5 above soil surface within areas cultivated with corn in Dourados and Ponta Porã, MS and stayed in the area for seven days. The same kind of traps was also installed in a grass-plot of Dourados, MS without corn crop nearby. Two peaks of leafhopper were observed being one during the dry period (the period without corn in the field - between July and September) and the other during summer (between December and January). Stick traps installed at 0.5m above soil surface did capture significantly more leafhopper than the ones installed at 1.5m if we consider all sampling carried out during the two years of study.