2-Step-Scores with optional nephropathology for the prediction of adverse outcomes for brain-dead donor kidneys in Eurotransplant.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: The decision for acceptance or discard of the increasingly rare and marginal brain-dead donor kidneys in Eurotransplant (ET) countries has to be made without solid evidence. Thus, we developed and validated flexible clinicopathological scores called 2-Step Scores for the prognosis of delayed graft function (DGF) and one-year death-censored transplant loss (1y-tl) reflecting the current practice of six ET countries including Croatia and Belgium. METHODS: The training set was n=620 for DGF and n=711 for 1y-tl, with validation sets n=158 and n=162. In step 1, stepwise logistic regression models including only clinical predictors were used to estimate the risks. In step 2, risk estimates were updated for statistically relevant intermediate risk percentiles with nephropathology. RESULTS: Step 1 revealed an increased risk of DGF with increased cold ischaemia time, donor and recipient BMI, dialysis vintage, number of HLA-DR mismatches or recipient CMV IgG positivity. On the training and validation set, c-statistics were 0.672 and 0.704, respectively. At a range between 18% and 36%, accuracy of DGF-prognostication improved with nephropathology including number of glomeruli and Banff cv (updated overall c statistics of 0.696 and 0.701, respectively).Risk of 1y-tl increased in recipients with cold ischaemia time, sum of HLA-A. -B, -DR mismatches and donor age. On training and validation sets, c-statistics were 0.700 and 0.769, respectively. Accuracy of 1y-tl prediction improved (c-statistics = 0.706 and 0.765) with Banff ct. Overall, calibration was good on the training, but moderate on the validation set; discrimination was at least as good as established scores when applied to the validation set. CONCLUSION: Our flexible 2-Step Scores with optional inclusion of time-consuming and often unavailable nephropathology should yield good results for clinical practice in ET, and may be superior to established scores. Our scores are adaptable to donation after cardiac death and perfusion pump use.

A paired-kidney allocation study found superior survival with HLA-DR compatible kidney transplants in the Eurotransplant Senior Program.

The Eurotransplant Senior Program (ESP) has expedited the chance for elderly patients with kidney failure to receive a timely transplant. This current study evaluated survival parameters of kidneys donated after brain death with or without matching for HLA-DR antigens. This cohort study evaluated the period within ESP with paired allocation of 675 kidneys from donors 65 years and older to transplant candidates 65 years and older, the first kidney to 341 patients within the Eurotransplant Senior DR-compatible Program and 334 contralateral kidneys without (ESP) HLA-DR antigen matching. We used Kaplan-Meier estimates and competing risk analysis to assess all cause mortality and kidney graft failure, respectively. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression were used for comparisons. Within ESP, matching for HLA-DR antigens was associated with a significantly lower five-year risk of mortality (hazard ratio 0.71; 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.95) and significantly lower cause-specific hazards for kidney graft failure and return to dialysis at one year (0.55; 0.35-0.87) and five years (0.73; 0.53-0.99) post-transplant. Allocation based on HLA-DR matching resulted in longer cold ischemia (mean difference 1.00 hours; 95% confidence interval: 0.32-1.68) and kidney offers with a significantly shorter median dialysis vintage of 2.4 versus 4.1 yrs. in ESP without matching. Thus, our allocation based on HLA-DR matching improved five-year patient and kidney allograft survival. Hence, our paired allocation study suggests a superior outcome of HLA-DR matching in the context of old-for-old kidney transplantation.

Should kidney allografts from old donors be allocated only to old recipients?

In several deceased donor kidney allocation systems, organs from elderly donors are allocated primarily to elderly recipients. The Eurotransplant Senior Program (ESP) was implemented in 1999, and since then, especially in Europe, the use of organs from elderly donors has steadily increased. The proportion of ≥60-year-old donors reported to the Collaborative Transplant Study (CTS) by European centers has doubled, from 21% in 2000-2001 to 42% in 2016-2017. Therefore, in the era of organ shortage it is a matter of debate whether kidney organs from elderly donors should only be allocated to elderly recipients or whether <65-year-old recipients can also benefit from these generally as "marginal" categorized organs. To discuss this issue, a European Consensus Meeting was organized by the CTS on April 12, 2018, in Heidelberg, in which 36 experts participated. Based on available evidence, it was unanimously concluded that kidney organs from 65- to 74-year-old donors can also be allocated to 55- to 64-year-old recipients, especially if these organs are from donors with no history of hypertension, no increased creatinine, no cerebrovascular death, and no other reasons for defining a marginal donor, such as diabetes or cancer.

Repeated kidney re-transplantation-the Eurotransplant experience: a retrospective multicenter outcome analysis.

In Eurotransplant kidney allocation system (ETKAS), candidates can be considered unlimitedly for repeated re-transplantation. Data on outcome and benefit are indeterminate. We performed a retrospective 15-year patient and graft outcome data analysis from 1464 recipients of a third or fourth or higher sequential deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) from 42 transplant centers. Repeated re-DDRT recipients were younger (mean 43.0 vs. 50.2 years) compared to first DDRT recipients. They received grafts with more favorable HLA matches (89.0% vs. 84.5%) but thereby no statistically significant improvement of patient and graft outcome was found as comparatively demonstrated in 1st DDRT. In the multivariate modeling accounting for confounding factors, mortality and graft loss after 3rd and ≥4th DDRT (P < 0.001 each) and death with functioning graft (DwFG) after 3rd DDRT (P = 0.001) were higher as compared to 1st DDRT. The incidence of primary nonfunction (PNF) was also significantly higher in re-DDRT (12.7%) than in 1st DDRT (7.1%; P < 0.001). Facing organ shortage, increasing waiting time, and considerable mortality on dialysis, we question the current policy of repeated re-DDRT. The data from this survey propose better HLA matching in first DDRT and second DDRT and careful selection of candidates, especially for ≥4th DDRT.

Five-year outcomes in kidney transplant patients randomized to everolimus with cyclosporine withdrawal or low-exposure cyclosporine versus standard therapy.

HERAKLES was a 1-year randomized, multicenter trial. Patients were randomized at 3 months after kidney transplantation to remain on cyclosporine-based therapy, switch to everolimus without a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), or switch to everolimus with low-exposure cyclosporine. Overall, 417 of 497 (83.9%) patients from the core study entered a 4-year extension study. The randomized regimen was continued to year 5 in 75.9%, 41.9% and 24.6% of patients in the standard-CNI, CNI-free and low-CNI groups, respectively. Adjusted estimated GFR at year 5 was significantly higher in the CNI-free group versus standard CNI (difference 7.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 , P < .001) or low CNI (difference 7.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 , P < .001). For patients who continued randomized therapy for 5 years, differences were 14.4 mL/min/1.73 m2  and 10.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 , respectively. Biopsy-proven acute rejection occurred during the 4-year extension study in 7.6%, 8.6%, and 9.0% of patients in the standard-CNI, CNI-free and low-CNI groups, respectively (P = .927). In conclusion, conversion to a CNI-free everolimus regimen 3 months after kidney transplantation improved long-term graft function, particularly in patients who continued the CNI-free regimen. Low CNI with everolimus did not improve renal function. Efficacy was comparable between groups but frequent immunosuppression changes should be taken into account.

Histological findings to five years after early conversion of kidney transplant patients from cyclosporine to everolimus: an analysis from the randomized ZEUS study.

BACKGROUND: Conversion from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy to everolimus within 6 months after kidney transplantation improves long-term graft function but can increase the risk of mild biopsy-proven acute cellular rejection (BPAR). We performed a post-hoc analysis of histological data from a randomized trial in order to further analyze histologic information obtained from indication and protocol biopsies up to 5 years after transplantation. METHODS: Biopsy samples obtained up to 5 years post-transplant were analyzed from the randomized ZEUS study, in which kidney transplant patients were randomized at month 4.5 to switch to everolimus (n = 154) or remain on cyclosporine (CsA)-based immunosuppression (n = 146). All patients received mycophenolate and steroids. RESULTS: At least one investigator-initiated biopsy was undertaken in 53 patients in each group between randomization and year 5, with a mean (SD) of 2.6 (1.7) and 2.2 (1.4) biopsies per patient in the everolimus and CsA groups, respectively. In the everolimus and CsA groups, investigator-initiated biopsies showed (i) BPAR in 12.3 and 7.5% (p = 0.182) of patients, respectively, with episodes graded mild in 22/24 and 18/20 cases (ii) CsA toxicity lesions in 4.5 and 10.3% of patients (p = 0.076) (iii) antibody-mediated rejection in 0.6 and 2.7% of patients (p = 0.204), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of histological findings in the ZEUS study to 5 years after kidney transplantation shows no increase in antibody-mediated rejection under everolimus-based therapy with a lower rate of CNI-related toxicity compared to a conventional CsA-based regimen, and confirms the preponderance of mild BPAR seen in the main study after the early switch to CsA-free everolimus therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00154310 . Date of registration: September 12, 2005.

Onset and progression of diabetes in kidney transplant patients receiving everolimus or cyclosporine therapy: an analysis of two randomized, multicenter trials.

BACKGROUND: Conversion from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy to a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor following kidney transplantation may help to preserve graft function. Data are sparse, however, concerning the impact of conversion on posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) or the progression of pre-existing diabetes. METHODS: PTDM and other diabetes-related parameters were assessed post hoc in two large open-label multicenter trials. Kidney transplant recipients were randomized (i) at month 4.5 to switch to everolimus or remain on a standard cyclosporine (CsA)-based regimen (ZEUS, n = 300), or (ii) at month 3 to switch to everolimus, remain on standard CNI therapy or convert to everolimus with reduced-exposure CsA (HERAKLES, n = 497). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the incidence of PTDM between treatment groups (log rank p = 0.97 [ZEUS], p = 0.90 [HERAKLES]). The mean change in random blood glucose from randomization to month 12 was also similar between treatment groups in both trials for patients with or without PTDM, and with or without pre-existing diabetes. The change in eGFR from randomization to month 12 showed a benefit for everolimus versus comparator groups in all subpopulations, but only reached significance in larger subgroups (no PTDM or no pre-existing diabetes). CONCLUSIONS: Within the restrictions of this post hoc analysis, including non-standardized diagnostic criteria and limited glycemia laboratory parameters, these data do not indicate any difference in the incidence or severity of PTDM with early conversion from a CsA-based regimen to everolimus, or in the progression of pre-existing diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov , NCT00154310 (registered September 2005) and NCT00514514 (registered August 2007); EudraCT ( 2006-007021-32 and 2004-004346-40 ).

Everolimus with cyclosporine withdrawal or low-exposure cyclosporine in kidney transplantation from Month 3: a multicentre, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND.: Randomized trials have shown that early adoption of everolimus-based immunosuppressive regimens without a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) improves long-term kidney graft function, but the optimal strategy for CNI minimization remains uncertain. METHODS.: In a prospective, randomized, multicentre, 12-month trial, 499 de novo kidney transplant patients were randomized at Month 3 to (i) remain on standard CNI (cyclosporine) therapy with mycophenolic acid, (ii) convert to everolimus with mycophenolic acid or (iii) start everolimus with reduced CNI and no mycophenolic acid (clinical trials registry: ClinicalTrials.gov-NCT00514514). RESULTS.: The primary endpoint, change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (Nankivell) from randomization to Month 12, was significantly greater in the CNI-free arm versus standard CNI therapy: mean difference 5.6 mL/min/1.73 m 2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8-8.3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , P < 0.001]. The improvement in eGFR in the CNI-free arm was also higher than in the low-CNI group (mean difference 5.5 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , 95% CI 2.8-8.2 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , P < 0.001), while results were similar in the low-CNI and standard CNI arms. The post-randomization incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection was 11.7%, 8.1% and 7.9% in the CNI-free, low-CNI and standard CNI groups, respectively (CNI-free versus standard CNI, P = 0.27; low-CNI versus standard CNI, P = 1.00). Adverse events led to study drug discontinuation in 28.7%, 15.5% and 15.2% of CNI-free, low-CNI and standard CNI patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS.: Everolimus initiation with CNI withdrawal at Month 3 after kidney transplantation achieves a significant improvement in renal function at 12 months, with a similar rate of acute rejection.

Unacceptable human leucocyte antigens for organ offers in the era of organ shortage: influence on waiting time before kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The assignment of human leucocyte antigens (HLAs) against which antibodies are detected as unacceptable antigens (UAGs) avoids allocation of HLA- incompatible allografts. There is uncertainty as to what extent UAGs decrease the probability of receiving a kidney offer. METHODS: Kidney transplantations in 3264 patients on the waiting lists of six German transplant centres were evaluated for a period of at least 2 years. The proportion of excluded offers due to UAGs was calculated as virtual panel-reactive antibodies (vPRAs). RESULTS: In the common Eurotransplant Kidney Allocation Scheme, the transplant probability was unaffected by vPRAs in exploratory univariate analyses. In the multivariable model, a 1% increase in vPRA values was outweighed by an additional waiting time of 2.5 weeks. The model was confirmed using an external validation cohort of 1521 patients from seven centres. If only patients with standard risk were considered (e.g. no simultaneous transplantation of other organs), only 1.3 weeks additional waiting time was needed. In the Eurotransplant Senior Program, patients with vPRA values >50% had a strongly reduced transplant probability in the unadjusted analyses. In the multivariable model, a 1% increase in vPRA values was outweighed by an additional waiting time of 5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the assignment of UAGs decreases the transplant probability in both main Eurotransplant allocation programs because of insufficient compensatory mechanisms. At present, for immunized patients, a prolonged waiting time has to be weighed against the increased immunologic risk due to donor-specific antibodies not assigned as UAGs.

Rescue allocation and recipient oriented extended allocation in kidney transplantation-influence of the EUROTRANSPLANT allocation system on recipient selection and graft survival for initially nonaccepted organs.

Nonaccepted kidneys grafts enter the rescue allocation (RA) process to avoid discards. In December 2013, recipient oriented extended allocation (REAL) was introduced to improve transparency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of REAL on recipients' selection and graft function compared to the formerly existing RA as well as to identify factors that influence graft outcome. Therefore, a multicenter study of 10 transplant centers in the same region in Germany was performed. All transplantations after RA or REAL from December 1, 2012, until December 31, 2014, with a follow-up time until December 31, 2015 were analyzed. 113 of 941 kidney transplantations were performed after RA or REAL (12%). With REAL, the number of refusals before transplantation had increased (12 ± 7.1 vs. 8.6 ± 8.6, P = 0.036), and cold ischemia time has decreased (13.6 ± 3.6 vs. 17.2 ± 4.8 h, P = 0.019). Recipients after REAL needed significantly more allocation points compared to RA to receive a kidney. One-year graft survival was comparable. If kidneys from the same donor were transplanted to two recipients at one center, the greater the difference in recipient age, the greater the difference in serum creatinine after 12 months (-0.019 mg/dl per year, P = 0.011) was, that is older recipients showed lower creatinine. REAL influences selection of the recipients compared to the former RA era for successful organ receipt. Graft function is comparable and seems to be influenced by recipient age.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 predicts progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common autosomal dominant condition associated with renal cysts and development of renal failure. With the availability of potential therapies, one major obstacle remains the lack of readily available parameters that identify patients at risk for disease progression and/or determine the efficacy of therapeutic interventions within short observation periods. Increased total kidney volume (TKV) correlates with disease progression, but it remains unknown how accurate this parameter can predict disease progression at early stages. METHODS: To identify additional parameters that help to stratify ADPKD patients, we measured secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4) serum concentrations at baseline and over the course of 18 months in 429 ADPKD patients. RESULTS: Serum creatinine and sFRP4 as well as TKV increased over time, and were significantly different from baseline values within 1 year. CONCLUSION: Elevated sFRP4 levels at baseline predicted a more rapid decline of renal function at 2, 3 and 5 years suggesting that sFRP4 serum levels may provide additional information to identify ADPKD patients at risk for rapid disease progression.

High-urgency kidney transplantation in the Eurotransplant Kidney Allocation System: success or waste of organs? The Eurotransplant 15-year all-centre survey.

BACKGROUND: In the Eurotransplant Kidney Allocation System (ETKAS), transplant candidates can be considered for high-urgency (HU) status in case of life-threatening inability to undergo renal replacement therapy. Data on the outcomes of HU transplantation are sparse and the benefit is controversial. METHODS: We systematically analysed data from 898 ET HU kidney transplant recipients from 61 transplant centres between 1996 and 2010 and investigated the 5-year patient and graft outcomes and differences between relevant subgroups. RESULTS: Kidney recipients with an HU status were younger (median 43 versus 55 years) and spent less time on the waiting list compared with non-HU recipients (34 versus 54 months). They received grafts with significantly more mismatches (mean 3.79 versus 2.42; P < 0.001) and the percentage of retransplantations was remarkably higher (37.5 versus 16.7%). Patient survival (P = 0.0053) and death with a functioning graft (DwFG; P < 0.0001) after HU transplantation were significantly worse than in non-HU recipients, whereas graft outcome was comparable (P = 0.094). Analysis according to the different HU indications revealed that recipients listed HU because of an imminent lack of access for dialysis had a significantly worse patient survival (P = 0.0053) and DwFG (P = 0.0462) compared with recipients with psychological problems and suicidality because of dialysis. In addition, retransplantation had a negative impact on patient and graft outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Facing organ shortages, increasing wait times and considerable mortality on dialysis, we question the current policy of HU allocation and propose more restrictive criteria with regard to individuals with vascular complications or repeated retransplantations in order to support patients on the non-HU waiting list with a much better long-term prognosis.

Early conversion from cyclosporine to everolimus following living-donor kidney transplantation: outcomes at 5 years posttransplant in the randomized ZEUS trial.

AIMS: To assess 5-year efficacy, renal, and safety outcomes following early conversion from cyclosporine to everolimus vs. a standard cyclosporine-based regimen in living-donor kidney transplant (LDKT) recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ZEUS study was a randomized, open-label, 1-year, multicenter study in which 300 de novo kidney transplant recipients continued to receive cyclosporine or converted to everolimus at 4.5 months post-transplant, with annual follow-up visits to 5 years post-transplant. RESULTS: Of the 80 LDKT patients who were randomized, 75 completed the 1-year core study and 60 attended the 5-year follow-up visit. At year 5, 15/31 (48.4%) everolimus patients and 20/29 (69.0%) cyclosporine patients remained on the study drug. Mean adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at year 5 in LDKT recipients was 67.2 vs. 60.8 mL/min/1.73m2 for everolimus vs. cyclosporine (mean difference 6.4 mL/min/1.73m2; p = 0.031). For patients who remained on study drug, the mean difference was 13.2 mL/min/1.73m2 (p = 0.003), but no significant difference was seen in patients who switched from study drug (mean -2.6 mL/min/1.73m2, p = 0.701). Patient and graft survival rates were similar with everolimus and cyclosporine. Biopsy-proven acute rejection occurred in 22.0% vs. 7.5% of LDKT patients randomized to everolimus vs. cyclosporine (p = 0.116). Only 1 LDKT patient discontinued everolimus due to adverse events during years 1 - 5. CONCLUSIONS: Early initiation of everolimus with calcineurin-inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal after LDKT improved graft function to 5 years post-transplant compared to standard CNI-based therapy. The renal benefit was concentrated in patients who remained on everolimus. An increase in mild acute rejection was not associated with long-term graft loss.

Renal, efficacy and safety outcomes following late conversion of kidney transplant patients from calcineurin inhibitor therapy to everolimus: the randomized APOLLO study.

AIMS: The primary objective of this trial was to demonstrate, based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), superior renal function at month 12 after conversion of maintenance kidney transplant patients from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy to everolimus, compared to continuing a standard CNI regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: APOLLO was an open-label, 12-month, prospective, multicenter study in which 93 maintenance kidney transplant patients were randomized to convert from CNI to everolimus (n = 46) or remain on standard CNI-based immunosuppression (n = 47). The primary efficacy variable was eGFR (Nankivell formula) 12 months after randomization. The study was terminated prematurely due to slow recruitment and was thus underpowered. RESULTS: Mean time post-transplant was 83.5 months with everolimus and 70.1 months with CNI. Adjusted values for eGFR (Nankivell) at month 12 were 61.6 (95% CI 58.1, 65.1) mL/ min/1.73 m² with everolimus and 58.8 (95% CI 55.2, 62.3) mL/min/1.73 m² with CNI, a difference of 2.8 (95% CI -1.0, 6.7) mL/ min/1.73 m² (p = 0.145) i.e., the primary objective was not met. Using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula, adjusted eGFR at month 12 was significantly higher with everolimus (p = 0.030). In the subpopulation who remained on the study drug (n = 52), the difference in the adjusted change from randomization was 6.6 (95% CI 1.5, 11.6) mL/min/1.73 m² (p = 0.013) in favor of everolimus. There was no biopsyproven acute rejection and no graft losses. Adverse events led to discontinuation of everolimus and CNI in 32.6% and 10.6% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Conversion from CNI to everolimus to preserve renal function can be considered several years after kidney transplantation and does not compromise immunosuppressive efficacy.

Proteinuria and sirolimus after renal transplantation: a retrospective analysis from a large German multicenter database.

The German Sirolimus Study Group has established a database among 10 transplant centers throughout Germany to study the outcomes in 726 renal transplant patients being converted to a sirolimus-containing therapy between 2000 and 2008 with a total of more than 1500 recorded patient years on therapy. In this study, we present a detailed description of the cohort, of characteristic changes over the observation period, proteinuria and graft survival, and new-onset proteinuria after conversion. Over the study period, age, graft function at the time of conversion, and the proportion of patients switched to sirolimus because of malignancy increased, whereas the proportion of patients with significant proteinuria at conversion decreased. Already modest proteinuria (151-268 mg/L) at conversion and new-onset proteinuria (>500 mg/L) after conversion were associated with inferior graft survival. Even mild proteinuria (>71 mg/L) at conversion was associated with new-onset proteinuria (>500 mg/L) post-conversion. Serum creatinine and urinary protein excretion at conversion together with age at transplantation had a significant impact on patient and graft survival. This large data set confirms and extends previous observations that proteinuria is an important indicator for graft outcome after conversion to sirolimus. We conclude that patients without any proteinuria have the greatest benefit from conversion to sirolimus.

Impact of de novo donor-specific HLA antibodies detected by Luminex solid-phase assay after transplantation in a group of 88 consecutive living-donor renal transplantations.

De novo donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA) after renal transplantation are known to be correlated with poor graft outcome and the development of acute and chronic rejection. Currently, data for the influence of de novo DSA in patient cohorts including only living-donor renal transplantations (LDRT) are limited. A consecutive cohort of 88 LDRT was tested for the occurrence of de novo DSA by utilizing the highly sensitive Luminex solid-phase assay for antibody detection. Data were analyzed for risk factors for de novo DSA development and correlated with acute rejection (AR) and graft function. Patients with de novo DSA [31 (35%)] showed a trend for inferior graft function [mean creatinine change (mg/dL/year) after the first year: 0.15 DSA (+) vs. 0.02 DSA (-) (P = 0.10)] and a higher rate of AR episodes, especially in case of de novo DSA of both class I and II [6 (55%), (P = 0.05)]. Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) appeared in five patients and was significantly correlated with de novo DSA (P = 0.05). Monitoring for de novo DSA after LDRT may help to identify patients at risk of declining renal function. Especially patients with simultaneous presence of de novo DSA class I and class II are at a high risk to suffer AR episodes.

Preemptive treatment of Cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients with letermovir: results of a Phase 2a study.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Letermovir (AIC246), is a novel anti-HCMV drug in development, acting via a novel mechanism of action. In this proof-of-concept trial with first administration of letermovir to patients, 27 transplant recipients with active CMV replication were randomly assigned to a 14-day oral treatment regimen of either letermovir 40 mg twice a day, letermovir 80 mg once a day, or local standard of care (SOC) in a multicenter, open-label trial. Efficacy, safety, and limited pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed. All groups had a statistically significant decrease in CMV-DNA copy number from baseline (40 mg BID: P = 0.031; 80 mg QD: P = 0.018; SOC: P = 0.001), and comparison of viral load reduction between treatment groups showed no statistically significant differences. Viral clearance was achieved for 6 of 12 patients (50%) in the letermovir groups versus two of seven SOC patients (28.6%). Letermovir treatment was generally well tolerated, no patient developed CMV disease during the trial. Both letermovir treatment regimens resulted in equally high trough level plasma concentrations. The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics observed in these viremic transplant recipients indicate that letermovir is a promising new anti-CMV drug.

Efficacy and safety of conversion from cyclosporine to everolimus in living-donor kidney transplant recipients: an analysis from the ZEUS study.

Conversion of living-donor kidney transplant patients from calcineurin inhibitor therapy to an mTOR inhibitor is poorly documented. In the prospective, multicentre ZEUS study, 300 kidney transplant recipients without prior rejection (Banff grade >1) and serum creatinine ≤265 µmol/l were randomized to continue cyclosporine or convert to everolimus at 4.5 months post-transplant. In a post hoc analysis of 80 living-donor recipients, adjusted estimated GFR (Nankivell) at month 12 (the primary endpoint) was 74.3 (95% CI [70.7, 77.9]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) with everolimus versus 63.8 (95% CI [60.0, 67.7]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) ) with cyclosporine, a difference of 10.5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) in favour of everolimus (P < 0.001). From randomization to month 12, adjusted estimated GFR increased by a mean of 9.8 (95% CI [6.2, 13.4]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) with everolimus versus -0.7 (95% CI [-4.6, 3.1]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) ) (P < 0.001) with cyclosporine. There were six biopsy-proven acute rejection episodes in everolimus-treated patients (five Banff grade I) and one episode in cyclosporine-treated patients (Banff grade 1). Overall safety profile was similar between groups. Discontinuation due to adverse events occurred in three everolimus patients (7.1%) and five cyclosporine patients (13.2%) between randomization and month 12. Initiation of everolimus with early elimination of calcineurin therapy is associated with a significant renal benefit at 12 months post-transplant that is observed in both living and deceased-donor recipients. (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00154310).

Everolimus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a slowly progressive hereditary disorder that usually leads to end-stage renal disease. Although the underlying gene mutations were identified several years ago, efficacious therapy to curtail cyst growth and prevent renal failure is not available. Experimental and observational studies suggest that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a critical role in cyst growth. METHODS: In this 2-year, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 433 patients with ADPKD to receive either placebo or the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. The primary outcome was the change in total kidney volume, as measured on magnetic resonance imaging, at 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: Total kidney volume increased between baseline and 1 year by 102 ml in the everolimus group, versus 157 ml in the placebo group (P=0.02) and between baseline and 2 years by 230 ml and 301 ml, respectively (P=0.06). Cyst volume increased by 76 ml in the everolimus group and 98 ml in the placebo group after 1 year (P=0.27) and by 181 ml and 215 ml, respectively, after 2 years (P=0.28). Parenchymal volume increased by 26 ml in the everolimus group and 62 ml in the placebo group after 1 year (P=0.003) and by 56 ml and 93 ml, respectively, after 2 years (P=0.11). The mean decrement in the estimated glomerular filtration rate after 24 months was 8.9 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area in the everolimus group versus 7.7 ml per minute in the placebo group (P=0.15). Drug-specific adverse events were more common in the everolimus group; the rate of infection was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Within the 2-year study period,as compared with placebo, everolimus slowed the increase in total kidney volume of patients with ADPKD but did not slow the progression of renal impairment [corrected]. (Funded by Novartis; EudraCT number, 2006-001485-16; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00414440.)

A randomized trial of intensified vs. standard dosing for enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in de novo kidney transplant recipients: results at 1 year.

In a 6-month prospective, openlabel, multicenter study, 128 de novo kidney transplant patients receiving cyclosporine (CsA) and steroids were randomized to an intensified regimen of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) or to a standard EC-MPS regimen to Week 6 posttransplant, after which the regimen was identical. In a follow-up study to Month 12 post-transplant (49 intensified regimen, 52 standard regimen), the reduced rate of BPAR observed at Month 6 (intensified regimen 3.2%, standard regimen 16.9%, p = 0.016) was maintained at Month 12 (4.8% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.026). Estimated GFR (Cockcroft-Gault) at Month 12 was comparable in the intensified group (mean (SD) 54.8 (22.9) ml/min) vs. the standard group (mean (SD) 57.5 (23.6) ml/min, p = 0.83). The incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events at Month 12 was similar in both treatment groups, although adverse events with a suspected relation to study drug were reported in 69.8% and 50.8% of patients in the intensified and standard regimen groups, respectively (p = 0.032). Infections and hematological parameters were similar between groups. In conclusion, an early regimen of intensified EC-MPS with CsA and steroids achieves a low rate of BPAR over the first year after kidney transplantation with similar renal function to a standard regimen, and without a clinically relevant impact on safety.