Dry-Cleaning Chemicals and a Cluster of Parkinson's Disease and Cancer: A Retrospective Investigation.

BACKGROUND: Environmental exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE), a carcinogenic dry-cleaning chemical, may be linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether PD and cancer were elevated among attorneys who worked near a contaminated site. METHODS: We surveyed and evaluated attorneys with possible exposure and assessed a comparison group. RESULTS: Seventy-nine of 82 attorneys (96.3%; mean [SD] age: 69.5 [11.4] years; 89.9% men) completed at least one phase of the study. For comparison, 75 lawyers (64.9 [10.2] years; 65.3% men) underwent clinical evaluations. Four (5.1%) of them who worked near the polluted site reported PD, more than expected based on age and sex (1.7%; P = 0.01) but not significantly higher than the comparison group (n = 1 [1.3%]; P = 0.37). Fifteen (19.0%), compared to four in the comparison group (5.3%; P = 0.049), had a TCE-related cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In a retrospective study, diagnoses of PD and TCE-related cancers appeared to be elevated among attorneys who worked next to a contaminated dry-cleaning site. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Minor Phenomena in Parkinson's Disease-Prevalence, Associations, and Risk of Developing Psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Minor phenomena, including passage phenomena, feeling of presence, and illusions, are common and may represent a prodromal form of psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD). We examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of minor phenomena, and their potential role as a risk factor for PD psychosis. METHODS: A novel questionnaire, the Psychosis and Mild Perceptual Disturbances Questionnaire for PD (PMPDQ), was completed by Fox Insight cohort participants with and without PD. Additional assessments included the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQuest), REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Single Question Screen (RBD1Q), Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Part II, demographic features, and medication usage. For participants with PD, we used regression models to identify clinical associations and predictors of incident psychosis over one year of follow-up. RESULTS: Among participants with PD (n = 5950) and without PD (n = 1879), the prevalence of minor phenomena was 43.1% and 31.7% (P < .001). Of the 3760 participants with PD and no baseline psychosis, independent correlates of minor phenomena included positive responses on the NMSQuest apathy/attention/memory (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.1, P < .001) or sexual function domain (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6, P = .01) and positive RBD1Q (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.05-1.5, P = .01). Independent risk factors for incident PD psychosis included the presence of minor phenomena (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.4-3.9, P < .001), positive response on the NMSQuest apathy/attention/memory domain (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6, P < .001), and positive RBD1Q (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-1.9, P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Minor phenomena are common, associated with specific non-motor symptoms, and an independent predictor of incident psychosis in PD.

Adjusting for Underrepresentation Reveals Widespread Underestimation of Parkinson's Disease Symptom Burden.

BACKGROUND: Clinical research is limited by underrepresentation, but the impact of underrepresentation on patient-reported outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To produce nationwide estimates of non-motor symptom (NMS) prevalence and PD-related quality of life (QOL) limitations while accounting for underrepresentation. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Fox Insight (FI) study, an ongoing prospective longitudinal study of persons with self-reported PD. Using epidemiologic literature and United States (US) Census Bureau, Medicare, and National Health and Aging Trends Study data, we simulated a "virtual census" of the PD population. To compare the PD census to the FI cohort, we used logistic regression to model the odds of study participation and calculate predicted probabilities of participation for inverse probability weighting. RESULTS: There are an estimated 849,488 persons living with PD in the US. Compared to 22,465 eligible FI participants, non-participants are more likely to be older, female, and non-White; live in rural regions; have more severe PD; and have lower levels of education. When these predictors were incorporated into a multivariable regression model, predicted probability of participation was much higher for FI participants than non-participants, indicating a significant difference in the underlying populations (propensity score distance 2.62). Estimates of NMS prevalence and QOL limitation were greater when analyzed using inverse probability of participation weighting compared to unweighted means and frequencies. CONCLUSIONS: PD-related morbidity may be underestimated because of underrepresentation, and inverse probability of participation weighting can be used to give greater weight to underrepresented groups and produce more generalizable estimates. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Differences in the Presentation and Progression of Parkinson's Disease by Sex.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported various symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with sex. Some were conflicting or confirmed in only one study. OBJECTIVES: We examined sex associations to PD phenotypes cross-sectionally and longitudinally in large-scale data. METHODS: We tested 40 clinical phenotypes, using longitudinal, clinic-based patient cohorts, consisting of 5946 patients, with a median follow-up of 3.1 years. For continuous outcomes, we used linear regressions at baseline to test sex-associated differences in presentation, and linear mixed-effects models to test sex-associated differences in progression. For binomial outcomes, we used logistic regression models at baseline and Cox regression models for survival analyses. We adjusted for age, disease duration, and medication use. In the secondary analyses, data from 17 719 PD patients and 7588 non-PD participants from an online-only, self-assessment PD cohort were cross-sectionally evaluated to determine whether the sex-associated differences identified in the primary analyses were consistent and unique to PD. RESULTS: Female PD patients had a higher risk of developing dyskinesia early during the follow-up period, with a slower progression in activities of daily living difficulties, and a lower risk of developing cognitive impairments compared with male patients. The findings in the longitudinal, clinic-based cohorts were mostly consistent with the results of the online-only cohort. CONCLUSIONS: We observed sex-associated contributions to PD heterogeneity. These results highlight the necessity of future research to determine the underlying mechanisms and importance of personalized clinical management. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Relationship of Cerebrospinal Fluid Vitamin B12 Status Markers With Parkinson's Disease Progression.

BACKGROUND: Using blood specimens from untreated early Parkinson's disease (PD) patients from the DATATOP trial, we found that subjects in the low serum vitamin B12 tertile experienced greater annualized change in ambulatory capacity score, whereas those with moderately elevated (>15 µmol/L) total homocysteine had greater annualized declines in the Mini-Mental State Exam. METHODS: In this this study we sought to determine whether levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) B12 markers were also associated with progression of PD. RESULTS: The annualized change in the UPDRS "walking" item, a component of the ambulatory capacity score, was worse in the low B12 tertile. No association with change in the Mini-Mental State Exam was seen for those 7% with the highest baseline CSF total homocysteine. CONCLUSIONS: In these untreated early-PD subjects, low CSF B12 predicted greater worsening of the UPDRS "walking" item, whereas CSF total homocysteine was not associated with progression of cognitive impairment. These findings extend and partially support our findings in serum. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Genomewide association study of Parkinson's disease clinical biomarkers in 12 longitudinal patients' cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Several reports have identified different patterns of Parkinson's disease progression in individuals carrying missense variants in GBA or LRRK2 genes. The overall contribution of genetic factors to the severity and progression of Parkinson's disease, however, has not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: To test the association between genetic variants and the clinical features of Parkinson's disease on a genomewide scale. METHODS: We accumulated individual data from 12 longitudinal cohorts in a total of 4093 patients with 22,307 observations for a median of 3.81 years. Genomewide associations were evaluated for 25 cross-sectional and longitudinal phenotypes. Specific variants of interest, including 90 recently identified disease-risk variants, were also investigated post hoc for candidate associations with these phenotypes. RESULTS: Two variants were genomewide significant. Rs382940(T>A), within the intron of SLC44A1, was associated with reaching Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 or higher faster (hazard ratio 2.04 [1.58-2.62]; P value = 3.46E-8). Rs61863020(G>A), an intergenic variant and expression quantitative trait loci for α-2A adrenergic receptor, was associated with a lower prevalence of insomnia at baseline (odds ratio 0.63 [0.52-0.75]; P value = 4.74E-8). In the targeted analysis, we found 9 associations between known Parkinson's risk variants and more severe motor/cognitive symptoms. Also, we replicated previous reports of GBA coding variants (rs2230288: p.E365K; rs75548401: p.T408M) being associated with greater motor and cognitive decline over time, and an APOE E4 tagging variant (rs429358) being associated with greater cognitive deficits in patients. CONCLUSIONS: We identified novel genetic factors associated with heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease. The results can be used for validation or hypothesis tests regarding Parkinson's disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Vitamin B12 and Homocysteine Levels Predict Different Outcomes in Early Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: In moderately advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), low serum vitamin B12 levels are common and are associated with neuropathy and cognitive impairment. However, little is known about B12 in early PD. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of low vitamin B12 status in early PD and whether it is associated with clinical progression. METHODS: We measured vitamin B12 and other B12 status determinants (methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, and holotranscobalamin) in 680 baseline and 456 follow-up serum samples collected from DATATOP participants with early, untreated PD. Borderline low B12 status was defined as serum B12 <184 pmol/L (250 pg/mL), and elevated homocysteine was defined as >15 µmol/L. Outcomes included the UPDRS, ambulatory capacity score (sum of UPDRS items 13-15, 29&30), and MMSE, calculated as annualized rates of change. RESULTS: At baseline, 13% had borderline low B12 levels, 7% had elevated homocysteine, whereas 2% had both. Elevated homocysteine at baseline was associated with worse scores on the baseline MMSE. Analysis of study outcomes showed that compared with the other tertiles, participants in the low B12 tertile (<234 pmol/L; 317 pg/mL) developed greater morbidity as assessed by greater annualized worsening of the ambulatory capacity score. Elevated homocysteine was associated with greater annualized decline in MMSE (-1.96 vs. 0.06; P = 0001). Blood count indices were not associated with B12 or homocysteine status. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of early PD, low B12 status was common. Low B12 at baseline predicted greater worsening of mobility whereas elevated homocysteine predicted greater cognitive decline. Given that low B12 and elevated homocysteine can improve with vitamin supplementation, future studies should test whether prevention or early correction of these nutritionally modifiable conditions slows development of disability. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Low-Level Prenatal Toxin Exposures and Breastfeeding Duration: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Introduction Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with shortened breastfeeding duration, but few studies have examined the effects on breastfeeding outcomes of low level exposures to other toxic chemicals. Moreover, it is unclear if passive smoking is associated with duration of breastfeeding. Our objective was therefore to examine the effect of low-level prenatal exposures to common environmental toxins (tobacco smoke, lead, and phthalates) on breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Methods We conducted an analysis of data from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study. Serum and urine samples were collected at approximately 16 and 26 weeks gestation and at delivery from 373 women; 302 breastfed their infants. Maternal infant feeding interviews were conducted a maximum of eight times through 30 months postpartum. The main predictor variables for this study were gestational exposures to tobacco smoke (measured by serum cotinine), lead, and phthalates. Passive smoke exposure was defined as cotinine levels of 0.015-3.0 µg/mL. Primary outcomes were duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding. Results Serum cotinine concentrations were negatively associated with the duration of any breastfeeding (29.9 weeks unexposed vs. 24.9 weeks with passive exposure, p = 0.04; and 22.4 weeks with active exposure, p = 0.12; p = 0.03 for linear trend), but not duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Prenatal levels of blood lead and urinary phthalate metabolites were not significantly associated with duration of any or exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions Passive exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy was associated with shortened duration of any breastfeeding.

Longitudinal changes in CSF alpha-synuclein species reflect Parkinson's disease progression.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis is mainly based on clinical criteria, with a high risk of misdiagnosis. The identification of reliable biomarkers for disease diagnosis and progression has a key role for developing disease-modifying therapies. In this article, we investigated the longitudinal changes of CSF α-synuclein species in early PD patients and explored the potential use of these species as surrogate biomarkers for PD progression. METHODS: We used our newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems for measuring different forms of α-synuclein, such as oligomeric-α-synuclein, phosphorylated-α-synuclein at serine 129, or total-α-synuclein in CSF from the longitudinal Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy for Parkinsonism study cohort (n = 121). CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers (total-tau, phosphorylated-tau, Aß40 , and Aß42 ) were also measured for this cohort. RESULTS: Interestingly, total-α-synuclein and oligomeric-α-synuclein levels significantly increased during the 2-year Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy for Parkinsonism study follow-up period, whereas phosphorylated-α-synuclein at serine 129 levels showed a longitudinal decrease. We have also noted an association between a change of the oligomeric-α-synuclein/total-α-synuclein ratio and a worsening of motor signs, in particular in the postural-instability and gait-difficulty dominant PD group. A strong positive correlation between the changes in CSF total-α-synuclein and oligomeric-α-synuclein during the 2-year Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy for Parkinsonism study was also noted (r = 0.84, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our data show that CSF α-synuclein species have a dynamic pattern along the course of the disease, supporting their possible role as progression biomarkers for PD and their link with PD clinical phenotypes. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Association of Bisphenol A exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a national sample of U.S. children.

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to changes in the dopamine system and development of an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) phenotype in animal models, with differing effects in males compared to females. We examined the association between urinary BPA concentrations and ADHD in a national sample of U.S. children, and whether this association differs by child sex. METHODS: We used data from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of the U.S. POPULATION: Participants were 8-15 years of age (N=460). Using a diagnostic interview to ascertain the presence of ADHD in the past year, multivariable logistic regression examined the link between concurrent urinary BPA concentrations and ADHD status. RESULTS: Of the 460 participants, 7.1% [95% CI: 4.4-11.3] met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD. Children who had BPA concentrations at or above the median of the sample had higher prevalence of meeting criteria for ADHD (11.2% [95% CI: 6.8-17.8]) than those with BPA concentrations below the median (2.9% [95% CI: 1.1-7.2]). Higher urinary BPA concentrations were associated with ADHD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.68 [95% CI: 1.6-19.8] for BPA concentrations above vs. below the median). In sex-stratified analyses, these associations were stronger in boys (aOR=10.9 [95% CI: 1.4-86.0]) than in girls (aOR=2.8 [95% CI: 0.4-21.3]), although the BPA by sex interaction term was not significant (p=0.25). CONCLUSION: We found evidence that higher urinary BPA concentrations were associated with ADHD in U.S. children; these associations were stronger in boys than in girls. Considering the widespread use of BPA and growing literature on neurobehavioral effects of BPA in children, further study is warranted to determine if reducing exposure to BPA may represent an important avenue for ADHD prevention.

Cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease progression in the DATATOP cohort.

Most patients with Parkinson disease (PD) develop both cognitive and motor impairment, and biomarkers for progression are urgently needed. Although α-synuclein is altered in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with PD, it is not known whether it predicts motor or cognitive deterioration. We examined clinical data and α-synuclein in >300 unmedicated patients with PD who participated in the deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism (DATATOP) study, with up to 8 years of follow-up. Longitudinal measures of motor and cognitive function were studied before (phase 1) and during (phase 2) levodopa therapy; cerebrospinal fluid was collected at the beginning of each phase. Correlations and linear mixed models were used to assess α-synuclein association with disease severity and prediction of progression in the subsequent follow-up period. Despite decreasing α-synuclein (phase 1 to phase 2 change of -0.05 ± 0.21 log-transformed values, P < 0.001), no correlations were observed between α-synuclein and motor symptoms. Longitudinally, lower α-synuclein predicted better preservation of cognitive function by several measures [Selective Reminding Test total recall α-synuclein × time interaction effect coefficient, -0.12 (P = 0.037); delayed recall, -0.05 (P = 0.002); New Dot Test, -0.03 (P = 0.002)]. Thus, α-synuclein, although not clinically useful for motor progression, might predict cognitive decline, and future longitudinal studies should include this outcome for further validation.

Association of pyrethroid pesticide exposure with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children.

BACKGROUND: Pyrethroid pesticides cause abnormalities in the dopamine system and produce an ADHD phenotype in animal models, with effects accentuated in males versus females. However, data regarding behavioral effects of pyrethroid exposure in children is limited. We examined the association between pyrethroid pesticide exposure and ADHD in a nationally representative sample of US children, and tested whether this association differs by sex. METHODS: Data are from 8-15 year old participants (N = 687) in the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Exposure was assessed using concurrent urinary levels of the pyrethroid metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). ADHD was defined by either meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition criteria on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) or caregiver report of a prior diagnosis. ADHD symptom counts were determined via the DISC. Multivariable logistic regression examined the link between pyrethroid exposure and ADHD, and poisson regression investigated the link between exposure and ADHD symptom counts. RESULTS: Children with urinary 3-PBA above the limit of detection (LOD) were twice as likely to have ADHD compared with those below the LOD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.42; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.06, 5.57). Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms increased by 50 % for every 10-fold increase in 3-PBA levels (adjusted count ratio 1.50; 95 % CI 1.03, 2.19); effects on inattention were not significant. We observed possible sex-specific effects: pyrethroid biomarkers were associated with increased odds of an ADHD diagnosis and number of ADHD symptoms for boys but not girls. CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between increasing pyrethroid pesticide exposure and ADHD which may be stronger for hyperactive-impulsive symptoms compared to inattention and in boys compared to girls. Given the growing use of pyrethroid pesticides, these results may be of considerable public health import.

Malignant melanoma in early-treated Parkinson's disease: the NET-PD trial.

BACKGROUND: The risk for malignant melanoma is higher than expected in Parkinson's disease (PD). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Exploratory Trials in PD (NET-PD) Long-term Study 1 (LS-1) trial is a contemporary phase 3 study of subjects with early, treated PD. The objective of this work was to assess the incidence of malignant melanoma in a PD cohort. METHODS: Incident melanoma cases were identified from the adverse events log. The expected number of cases was calculated, using the expected incidence rates and the number of person-years. RESULTS: A total of 618 females and 1119 males were followed for 6452 person-years; 19 new melanoma cases were observed. The expected number was 5.29. The standardized event ratio compared to the general population was 3.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-5.6). CONCLUSIONS: The risk for developing melanoma was higher than expected in the NET-PD LS-1 cohort and was similar to the risk reported in earlier comparable clinical trial cohorts. Dermatologic screening may be useful in Parkinson's disease to identify melanoma at an early stage.

Current Status of Integrated Palliative Care Among Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence in the United States.

Background and Objectives: To assess the current structures, knowledge, and readiness to integrate palliative care (PC) into Parkinson disease (PD) care at Parkinson's Foundation Centers of Excellence (COE) in the United States. Methods: Three unique surveys were administered to health care professionals/staff at COEs to assess PC (1) resources, (2) knowledge and comfort, (3) clinical experience and processes, (4) barriers, and (5) readiness for implementation. Results: Response rates for the 3 surveys were 97%, 98%, and 56%. In total, 41% of COEs have access to outpatient PC specialists, 71% have mental health counseling, 82% have support groups, and 9% had very limited PC resources. Overall, 74% of providers believed persons with advanced PD should receive PC, and knowledge of PC fundamentals was good across providers. For high-needs persons with PD (PWP), only 16% of physicians and 24% of advanced practice providers made referrals to PC specialists ≥75% of the time, while 9% and 16% never made such referrals. Limited time, space, financing, and staffing were seen as major barriers to PC implementation. In total, 37% of providers were satisfied with their COE's ability to provide PC services. Most COEs report a culture open to change and appear well-positioned to implement PC in a more comprehensive fashion. Discussion: These results demonstrate the emergence of structures and processes to provide PC to persons with PD at COEs. They also identify concrete opportunities to strengthen integration of PC through educational, quality improvement, and advocacy efforts.

An exploratory metabolomic comparison of participants with fast or absent functional progression from 2CARE, a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is increasingly recognized for diverse pathology outside of the nervous system. To describe the biology of HD in relation to functional progression, we previously analyzed the plasma and CSF metabolome in a cross-sectional study of participants who had various degrees of functional impairment. Here, we carried out an exploratory study in plasma from HD individuals over a 3-year time frame to assess whether differences exist between those with fast or absent clinical progression. There were more differences in circulating metabolite levels for fast progressors compared to absent progressors (111 vs 20, nominal p < 0.05). All metabolite changes in faster progressors were decreases, whereas some metabolite concentrations increased in absent progressors. Many of the metabolite levels that decreased in the fast progressors were higher at Screening compared to absent progressors but ended up lower by Year 3. Changes in faster progression suggest greater oxidative stress and inflammation (kynurenine, diacylglycerides, cysteine), disturbances in nitric oxide and urea metabolism (arginine, citrulline, ornithine, GABR), lower polyamines (putrescine and spermine), elevated glucose, and deficient AMPK signaling. Metabolomic differences between fast and absent progressors suggest the possibility of predicting functional decline in HD, and possibly delaying it with interventions to augment arginine, polyamines, and glucose regulation.

Using a smartwatch and smartphone to assess early Parkinson's disease in the WATCH-PD study over 12 months.

Digital measures may provide objective, sensitive, real-world measures of disease progression in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, multicenter longitudinal assessments of such measures are few. We recently demonstrated that baseline assessments of gait, tremor, finger tapping, and speech from a commercially available smartwatch, smartphone, and research-grade wearable sensors differed significantly between 82 individuals with early, untreated PD and 50 age-matched controls. Here, we evaluated the longitudinal change in these assessments over 12 months in a multicenter observational study using a generalized additive model, which permitted flexible modeling of at-home data. All measurements were included until participants started medications for PD. Over one year, individuals with early PD experienced significant declines in several measures of gait, an increase in the proportion of day with tremor, modest changes in speech, and few changes in psychomotor function. As measured by the smartwatch, the average (SD) arm swing in-clinic decreased from 25.9 (15.3) degrees at baseline to 19.9 degrees (13.7) at month 12 (P = 0.004). The proportion of awake time an individual with early PD had tremor increased from 19.3% (18.0%) to 25.6% (21.4%; P < 0.001). Activity, as measured by the number of steps taken per day, decreased from 3052 (1306) steps per day to 2331 (2010; P = 0.16), but this analysis was restricted to 10 participants due to the exclusion of those that had started PD medications and lost the data. The change of these digital measures over 12 months was generally larger than the corresponding change in individual items on the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale but not greater than the change in the overall scale. Successful implementation of digital measures in future clinical trials will require improvements in study conduct, especially data capture. Nonetheless, gait and tremor measures derived from a commercially available smartwatch and smartphone hold promise for assessing the efficacy of therapeutics in early PD.

Longitudinal assessment of tau and amyloid beta in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson disease.

Tau gene has been consistently associated with the risk of Parkinson disease in recent genome wide association studies. In addition, alterations of the levels of total tau, phosphorylated tau [181P], and amyloid beta 1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid have been reported in patients with sporadic Parkinson disease and asymptomatic carriers of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations, in patterns that clearly differ from those typically described for patients with Alzheimer disease. To further determine the potential roles of these molecules in Parkinson disease pathogenesis and/or in tracking the disease progression, especially at early stages, the current study assessed all three proteins in 403 Parkinson disease patients enrolled in the DATATOP (Deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism) placebo-controlled clinical trial, the largest cohort to date with cerebrospinal fluid samples collected longitudinally. These initially drug-naive patients at early disease stages were clinically evaluated, and cerebrospinal fluid was collected at baseline and then at endpoint, defined as the time at which symptomatic anti-Parkinson disease medications were determined to be required. General linear models were used to test for associations between baseline cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels or their rates of change and changes in the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (total or part III motor score) over time. Robust associations among candidate markers are readily noted. Baseline levels of amyloid beta were weakly but negatively correlated with baseline Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale total scores. Baseline phosphorylated tau/total tau and phosphorylated tau/amyloid beta were significantly and negatively correlated with the rates of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale change. While medications (deprenyl and/or tocopherol) did not appear to alter biomarkers appreciably, a weak but significant positive correlation between the rate of change in total tau or total tau/amyloid beta levels and the change of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale was observed. Notably, these correlations did not appear to be influenced by APOE genotype. These results are one of the very first pieces of evidence suggesting that tau and amyloid beta are critically involved in early Parkinson disease progression, potentially by a different mechanism than that in Alzheimer disease, although their applications as Parkinson disease progression markers will likely require the addition of other proteins.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and markers of Parkinson's disease progression: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated reduced incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) with regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exposure, particularly ibuprofen. No studies have investigated the impact of NSAID exposure on markers of disease progression for established PD. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study using two cohorts. The Deprenyl and Tocopheral Anti-Oxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism (DATATOP) study enrolled 800 drug naïve people with PD with a median follow-up duration of 6.5 years. The DATATOP primary outcome measures were mortality at last study visit. The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort was limited to drug naïve PD participants (423 at time of analysis). The PPMI primary outcome measure was annual rate of change in ipsilateral putamen 123I-ioflupane binding ratio at four years study duration. Regular NSAID exposure was defined as any scheduled NSAID use (as needed use was excluded). Analysis was performed separately for recent exposure and cumulative exposure time (CET). RESULTS: Total CET median and interquartile range (years) for ibuprofen, non-aspirin NSAID, and aspirin were respectively 0.9 (0.3-2.9), 1.1 (0.3-2.6), and 1.5 (0.4-2.8) for DATATOP and 0.4 (0.01-2.2), 1.4 (0.3-4.4), and 5.5 (2.6-7.1) for PPMI. Exposure was usually discontinuous. Exposure to ibuprofen was low in both cohorts. There was no significant association between NSAID recent exposure or CET and primary outcome measures in either cohort. CONCLUSIONS: NSAID exposure in established PD does not appear to provide protective effect although exposure may not have occurred continuously enough in these two cohorts to provide benefit. Statistical power for ibuprofen exposure analyses was limited.

Reach of Palliative Care for Parkinson Disease: Results From a Large National Survey of Patients and Care Partners.

Background and Objectives: People with Parkinson disease (PWP) and their care partners have high palliative care needs resulting from disabling motor and nonmotor symptoms. There is growing support for palliative care (PC) approaches to Parkinson disease. However, little is known regarding the extent to which the palliative needs of PWP and care partners are currently being met. This study's primary objective is to describe PWP's and care partners' perceptions of the extent to which their PC needs are being met. Secondary objectives are to describe their perceptions of the quality of clinical communication and their knowledge of PC. Methods: PWPs and care partners (n = 12,995) who had consented to receiving surveys from the Parkinson's Foundation were emailed an electronic survey. PC was operationalized as comprising 5 key components: systematic assessment and management of (1) nonmotor symptoms, (2) PWPs' emotional and spiritual needs, (3) care partners' needs, (4) the completion of annual advance care planning, and (5) timely referrals to specialist palliative care and hospice when appropriate. Results: A total 1,882 individuals (1,266 PWP and 616 care partners) responded to the survey (response rate 14.5%). Few PWP (22%) reported that their neurologists never asked regarding bothersome nonmotor symptoms or did so or only if they brought it up. Fifty percent of PWP reported that pain as a specific nonmotor symptom was never managed or managed only if they brought it up. Similarly, PWPs' emotional and spiritual needs (55%), care partners' well-being (57%), and completion of advance care planning documentation (79%) were never addressed or only addressed if PWP brought it up. The quality of clinical communication was generally rated as open and honest (64% PWP). Fewer PWP (30%) reported that doctors helped them deal with the uncertainties of Parkinson disease. Most PWP (85%) reported being knowledgeable regarding PC, and 68% reported that the goal of PC was to help friends and family cope with the illness. Discussion: Although some elements of PC are currently being addressed in routine care for PWP, there are many gaps and opportunities for improvement. These data may facilitate focused attention and development of resources to improve the quality and availability of PC for Parkinson disease.

Using a smartwatch and smartphone to assess early Parkinson's disease in the WATCH-PD study.

Digital health technologies can provide continuous monitoring and objective, real-world measures of Parkinson's disease (PD), but have primarily been evaluated in small, single-site studies. In this 12-month, multicenter observational study, we evaluated whether a smartwatch and smartphone application could measure features of early PD. 82 individuals with early, untreated PD and 50 age-matched controls wore research-grade sensors, a smartwatch, and a smartphone while performing standardized assessments in the clinic. At home, participants wore the smartwatch for seven days after each clinic visit and completed motor, speech and cognitive tasks on the smartphone every other week. Features derived from the devices, particularly arm swing, the proportion of time with tremor, and finger tapping, differed significantly between individuals with early PD and age-matched controls and had variable correlation with traditional assessments. Longitudinal assessments will inform the value of these digital measures for use in future clinical trials.