Interferon-gamma production by human neutrophils upon stimulation by IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 and challenge with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Paracoccidiodomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), which is endemic in Latin America. The host innate immune response against the fungus has been well characterized and several studies have shown the important role played by phagocytic cells. Our laboratory has studied the relationship between human neutrophils (PMNs)/Pb, focusing the effector mechanisms of these cells against the fungus. However, in last years, studies have shown that in addition to their phagocytic and killer functions, PMNs can modulate and instruct the immune response, since these cells have been shown to produce and release several cytokines. Thus, we evaluated whether PMNs stimulated with Pb can modulate the immune response to a Th1 phenotype through the production of IFN-γ, as well as the role of "pattern-recognition receptors" (PRRs) such as TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1 in this production. Furthermore, we asked whether activation of the cells with the cytokines IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 could result in increased levels of this cytokine. Peripheral blood PMNs obtained from 20 healthy donors were nonactivated or activated with IL-12, IL-15 or IL-18 in different concentrations and challenged with strain 18 Pb (Pb18) for 2 h, 4 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h and evaluated for IFN-γ production, by ELISA. In other experiments, PMNs were treated with monoclonal antibodies anti-TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1, challenged with Pb and evaluated for IFN-γ production. We found that Pb induces human PMNs to produce IFN-γ, probably by binding to TLR4 and Dectin-1 receptors expressed by these cells. Moreover, IFN-γ levels were significantly increased when cells were activated with each of the tested cytokines or a combination of two of them, being the association IL-12 plus IL-15 the most effective. The results support our hypothesis that during infection by Pb, human PMNs modulate the adaptive immune response to a Th1 response pattern, via IFN-γ production.

Receptores envolvidos na produção de citocinas e eicosanóides por monócitos e neutrófilos humanos em resposta ao Paracoccidioides brasiliensis / Receptors involved in the release of cytokines and eicosanoids by human neutrophils and monocytes in response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

O Paracoccidioides brasiliensis é o agente etiológico da paracoccidioidomicose a micose sistêmica de maior prevalência na América Latina. Dentre os vários mecanismos da resposta inata contra esse fungo, os envolvendo as células fagocitárias desempenham papel central na contenção do processo infeccioso, com destaque para a participação na atividade fungicida e modulação da resposta inflamatória. As funções das células fagocitárias contra os diversos microrganismos, incluindo os fungos, são iniciadas a partir de mecanismos de ativação dessas células, gerados após o reconhecimento dos mesmos por receptores de reconhecimento de estruturas moleculares padrões (PRRs) que reconhecem estruturas moleculares compartilhadas por determinados grupos de microrganismos, os chamados padrões moleculares associados à patógenos (PAMPS). Nosso estudo objetivou estudar a participação dos receptores TLR2, TLR4, receptor de manose (MR) e dectina-1, na produção de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias e dos eicosanóides PGE2 e LTB4, por monócitos e neutrófilos humanos em resposta a cepas de P. brasiliensis de alta (Pb18) e baixa virulência (Pb265). Verificamos que as duas cepas do fungo, mas principalmente a Pb265 são capazes de induzir a produção de TNF-alfa por monócitos. TLR2 e TLR4 foram os receptores que se mostraram mais envolvidos nesse processo. Adicionalmente, mostramos a capacidade de essas células liberarem IL-12 em resposta ao fungo, sendo os maiores níveis detectados para a cepa Pb265 e ocorrendo um importante papel do TLR4 e MR. Altos níveis de IL-10 também foram detectados, principalmente em resposta à cepa Pb18 para a qual houve um envolvimento do TLR2 e do MR. Para a cepa 265, o receptor de maior envolvimento foi o TLR2...

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidiodomycosis, the most prevalent deep mycosis in Latin America. During the innate immune response of the host against this fungus, phagocytic cells play an essential role, highlighting their participation in fungicidal activity and modulation of the inflammatory response. The functions of phagocytic cells against various microorganisms, including fungi, are initiated by the recognition of patterns molecular structures, shared by a group of microorganisms, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), by pattern recognizing receptors (PRRs) expressed by these cells. In this study, we assessed the involvement of the PRRs : TLR2, TLR4, mannose receptor (MR) and dectin-1, in the production of pró and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the eicosanoid PGE2 and LTB4, by human monocytes and neutrophils in response to high- (Pb18) and a low- (Pb265) virulence strain of P. brasiliensis. We showed that monocytes produce TNF-alpha and IL-12 in response to both strains, but with higher levels to Pb 265. TLR2 and TLR4 were the main receptors involved in TNF-alpha production, while for IL-12, the participation of TLR4 and MR was detected. High levels of IL-10 were also observed, mainly in response to Pb18, with involvement of TLR2 and MR. For Pb265, the receptor responsible was TLR2. Boths strains were able to induce PGE2 and LTB4 by monocytes. However, none of the studied receptors was shown to be involved in this production. Neutrophils did not produce TNF-alpha in response to both strains. On the other hand, these cells produce IL-12, mainly in response to Pb265, with participation of TLR2, dectin-1 and TLR4. These cells also produce L-10, whose levels were higher for Pb18 with involvement of TLR2 and MR and only TLR2 for Pb265...