Atorvastatin for high-risk statin-naïve patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: The Lowering the Risk of Operative Complications Using Atorvastatin Loading Dose (LOAD) randomized trial.

Preliminary evidence suggests that statins may prevent major perioperative vascular complications. METHODS: We randomized 648 statin-naïve patients who were scheduled for noncardiac surgery and were at risk for a major vascular complication. Patients were randomized to a loading dose of atorvastatin or placebo (80 mg anytime within 18hours before surgery), followed by a maintenance dose of 40 mg (or placebo), started at least 12hours after the surgery, and then 40 mg/d (or placebo) for 7days. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, and stroke at 30days. RESULTS: The primary outcome was observed in 54 (16.6%) of 326 patients in the atorvastatin group and 59 (18.7%) of 316 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95% CI 0.60-1.26, P=.46). No significant effect was observed on the 30-day secondary outcomes of all-cause mortality (4.3% vs 4.1%, respectively; HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.53-2.47, P=.74), nonfatal myocardial infarction (3.4% vs 4.4%, respectively; HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.35-1.68, P=.50), myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (13.2% vs 16.5%; HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.53-1.19, P=.26), and stroke (0.9% vs 0%, P=.25). CONCLUSION: In contrast to the prior observational and trial data, the LOAD trial has neutral results and did not demonstrate a reduction in major cardiovascular complications after a short-term perioperative course of statin in statin-naïve patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. We demonstrated, however, that a large multicenter blinded perioperative statin trial for high-risk statin-naïve patients is feasible and should be done to definitely establish the efficacy and safety of statin in this patient population.

Surgical Treatment of Chronic Giant Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm.

Left ventricle pseudoaneurysm is usually a severe complication of acute myocardial infarction, caused by rupture of the myocardial wall with pericardium bleeding. Mortality can reach 50 to 80% within a week if not properly treated. Hemodynamic instability, cardiac tamponade, and cardiac arrest are life-threatening presentations that require surgical treatment. We report a case of a man with a left ventricle chronic giant pseudoaneurysm and unspecific symptoms. After critical judgement on a heart team basis, surgical treatment was successfully performed, with a good long-term clinical outcome.

Anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in adults: systematic review on the cardioprotective role of beta-blockers.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at assessing the role of beta-blockers on preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in adults. METHODS: A systematic review was performed on electronic databases, including relevant studies that analysed beta-blockers as cardioprotective agents before the use of anthracyclines by adult oncologic patients. RESULTS: After application of eligibility and selection criteria, eight articles were considered as high quality, complying with the proposed theme; all eight clinical trials, four of them placebo-controlled, with a total number of 655 patients included. From this sample, 281 (42.9%) used beta-blocker as intervention, and carvedilol was the most frequent (167 patients - 25.5%). Six studies were considered positive regarding the cardioprotection role played by beta-blockers, although only four demonstrated significant difference on left ventricle ejection fraction after chemotherapy on groups that used beta-blockers compared to control groups. Carvedilol and nebivolol, but not metoprolol, had positive results regarding cardioprotection. Other beta-blockers were not analysed in the selected studies. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the potential cardioprotective effect of beta-blockers, as demonstrated in small and unicentric clinical trials, its routine use on prevention of anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity demands greater scientific evidence.

Perfuração coronária durante intervenção coronária percutânea: descrição de uma técnica de salvamento / Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention: description of a salvage technique

A perfuração de artéria coronária durante intervenção coronária percutânea é um evento incomum (0,43%), porém potencialmente grave e com elevado risco de tamponamento cardíaco e morte. Perfurações graves exigem implante de stent recoberto, muitas vezes indisponível. Descrevemos uma técnica alternativa e simples de tratamento, que pode ser realizada com uso de politetrafluoretileno de um balão amarrado sobre um stent coronário.

A coronary artery perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention is an uncommon (0.43%) but potentially severe event, with high risk of cardiac tamponade and death. Severe perforations require placing a covered stent, which is often unavailable. We describe an alternative and simple treatment technique, which can be performed using polytetrafluoroethylene from a balloon tied over a coronary stent.

Hemoglobina e sódio séricos:: marcadores prognósticos precoces na insuficiência cardíaca descompensada

Introdução. A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada apresenta elevada morbimortalidade. Marcadores prognósticos clínicos e laboratoriais foram identificados, porém a influência precoce da hemoglobina (Hb) e do sódio (Na) séricos é pouco conhecida. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características clínicas e desfechos em pacientes internados por IC descompensada, conforme dosagem sérica de Hb e Na nas primeiras 24 horas. Material e métodos. Estudo prospectivo observacional que avaliou pacientes adultos internados por IC descompensada acompanhados por até 30 dias após a alta. Os grupos analisados foram: Hb e Na iniciais normais (grupo 1), Hb inicial < 10,0 mg/dl (grupo 2), Na inicial < 135 mEq/l (grupo 3), ou ambas as alterações (grupo 4). O desfecho primário avaliado foi óbito hospitalar ou até 30 dias após a alta. Resultados. Da amostra total de 40 pacientes, 37,5% eram do grupo 1, 35,0% do grupo 2, 7,5% do grupo 3 e 20,0% do grupo 4. A média de idade nos grupos foi de 67,2 ±15 vs 66,4 ±13 vs 59,0 ±11 vs 55,7 ±14 anos (p=0,08). Eram do sexo masculino 60,0%, 35,7%, 100% e 62,5% (p=0,08). Os desfechos observados para cada grupo foram, respectivamente, mortalidade de 6,7% vs 21,4% vs 0% vs 37,5% (p=0,007), reinternação em 30 dias 6,7% vs 28,6% vs 0% vs 12,5% (p=0,12), insuficiência renal aguda 20,0% vs 42,8% vs 33,3% vs 25,0% (p=0,04), necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva 13,3% vs 7,1% vs 0% vs 0% (p=0,41) e tempo de internação 16 ±10 vs 17 ±12 vs 24 ±11 vs 33 ±19 dias (p=0,03). Conclusões. Nos pacientes com IC descompensada, Hb < 10 mg/dl nas primeiras 24 horas da internação associou-se à ocorrência de insuficiência renal aguda. A combinação de Hb < 10 mg/dl e Na < 135 mEq/l associou-se a maior mortalidade hospitalar e a aumento do tempo de internação.

Background. Acute decompensated heart failure (HF) has high morbidity and mortality. Clinical and laboratory prognostic markers have been identified, although the early influence of serum hemoglobin (Hb) and sodium (Na) is not precisely known. This study aimed to assess the clinical features and outcomes in patients with decompensated HF, according to serum dosage of Hb and Na within the first 24 hours of admission. Material and methods. Prospective observational study that included hospitalized patients with decompensated HF followed for up to 30 days after discharge. Groups were analyzed as follows: normal Hb and Na (group 1), initial Hb < 10.0 mg/dl (group 2), initial Na < 135 mEq/l (group 3), or both alterations (group 4). The primary outcome was in-hospital or 30-days death. Results. From the total 40 patients sample, 37.5% were in group 1, 35.0% group 2, 7.5% group 3, and 20.0% group 4. Average age was 67.2 ±15 vs 66.4 ±13 vs 59.0 ±11 vs 55.7 ±14 (p=0.08). Male subjects were 60.0%, 35.7%, 100% and 62.5% (p=0.08). Outcomes for each respective group were: mortality 6.7% vs 21.4% vs 0% vs 37.5% (p=0.007), 30-days re-admission 6.7% vs 28.6% vs 0% vs 12.5% (p=0.12), acute renal failure 20.0% vs 42.8% vs 33.3% vs 25.0% (p=0.04), invasive mechanical ventilation 13.3% vs 7.1% vs 0% vs 0% (p=0.41), and length of hospitalization 16 ±10 vs 17 ±12 vs 24 ±11 vs 33 ±19 days (p=0.03). Conclusions. In patients with acute decompensated HF, Hb < 10 mg/dl within the first 24 hours of admission was associated to the occurrence of acute renal failure. The combination of Hb < 10 mg/dl and was associated to higher mortality and higher length of hospitalization.

Hemoglobina y sodio séricos:: marcadores pronósticos precoces en la insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada

Introducción. La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) descompensada presenta una elevada morbimortalidad. Si bien los marcadores pronósticos clínicos y de laboratorio se han identificados, la influencia precoz de la hemoglobina (Hb) y del sodio (Na) séricos es poco conocida. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características clínicas y resultados en pacientes internados por IC descompensada, conforme a la dosificación sérica de Hb y Na en las primeras 24 horas. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo observacional que evaluó pacientes adultos internados por IC descompensada seguidos por hasta 30 días después del alta hospitalaria. Los grupos analizados fueron: Hb y Na iniciales normales (grupo 1), Hb inicial < 10,0 mg/dl (grupo 2), Na inicial < 135 mEq/l (grupo 3), o ambas alteraciones (grupo 4). El resultado primario evaluado fue muerte hospitalaria hasta 30 días después del alta. Resultados. De la muestra total de 40 pacientes, el 37,5% eran del grupo 1, el 35,0% del grupo 2, el 7,5% del grupo 3 y el 20,0% del grupo 4. La media de edad en los grupos fue 67,2 ±15 vs 66,4 ±13 vs 59,0 ±11 vs 55,7 ±14 (p=0,08). Eran del sexo masculino 60,0%, 35,7%, 100% y 62,5% años (p=0,08). Los resultados observados para cada grupo fueron, respectivamente, mortalidad de 6,7% vs 21,4% vs 0% vs 37,5% (p=0,007), readmisión en 30 días: 6,7% vs 28,6% vs 0% vs 12,5% (p=0,12), insuficiencia renal aguda: 20,0% vs 42,8% vs 33,3% vs 25,0% (p=0,04), necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva: 13,3% vs 7,1% vs 0% vs 0% (p=0,41) y tiempo de internación: 16±10 vs 17±12 vs 24±11 vs 33±19 días (p=0,03). Conclusiones. En los pacientes con IC descompensada, Hb <10 mg/dl en las primeras 24 horas de la internación se ha asociado a la aparición de insuficiencia renal aguda. La combinación de Hb <10 mg/dl y Na <135 mEq/l se ha asociado a mortalidad más alta y a tiempo de internación más prolongado.

Insuficiência cardíaca na população geriátrica: dados de um registro unicêntrico / Heart failure in the older population: data from a single-center registry

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil e o seguimento clínico de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, que comparou a população geriátrica (≥ 65 anos) com o restante da amostra (18 a 64 anos). Todos eram acompanhados ambulatorialmente em clínica especializada de um hospital-escola e foram incluídos consecutivamente entre abril e novembro de 2013, tendo sido acompanhados por 3 anos ou óbito. RESULTADOS: Da amostra total de 100 pacientes, 56% eram idosos. Na comparação entre idosos (média de 74±7 anos) e não idosos (média de 52±8 anos), houve diferença significativa quanto a peso corporal (72,6±16 kg vs. 80,8±19kg; p=0,02), índice de massa corporal (28,6±5,7kg/m2 vs. 32,6±5,9kg/m2; p=0,001), fibrilação atrial (35,7% vs. 11,3%; p=0,005) e doença renal crônica (28,5% vs. 13,6%; p=0,04). A prescrição de betabloqueadores e de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina não diferiu entre os grupos, e nem os dados ecocardiográficos e a ocorrência de desfechos no seguimento clínico. CONCLUSÃO: Idosos foram a maioria dentre pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e apresentaram maior prevalência de doença renal crônica e fibrilação atrial, além de menores peso e índice de massa corporal. Tais diferenças não resultaram em maior incidência de desfechos adversos na evolução de médio prazo. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical profile and follow-up of patients with heart failure. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational study that compared the geriatric population (≥ 65 years old) with the remaining portion of the sample (18 to 64 years old). All of them were assisted in a specialized outpatient clinic of a university hospital, and were included consecutively from April to November 2013, being followed for three years or until death. RESULTS: From the sample of 100 patients, 56% were older people. In the comparison between older people (average 74 ± 7 years old) and non-older people (average 52 ± 8 years old), a significant difference was found for body weight (72.6 ± 16Kg vs. 80.8 ± 19Kg, p=0.02), body mass index (28.6 ± 5.7Kg/m2 vs. 32.6 ± 5.9 Kg/m2, p=0.001), atrial fibrillation (35.7% vs. 11.3%, p=0.005), and chronic kidney disease (28.5% vs. 13.6%, p=0.04). The prescription of beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers did not differ between the groups, neither did the echocardiographic values and the occurrence of outcomes at clinical follow-up. CONCLUSION: Older people were the majority among patients with heart failure, and presented a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation, and lower body weight and body mass index. Those differences did not result in greater incidence of adverse outcomes at mid-term follow-up. (AU)

Acute myocardial infarction and primary percutaneous coronary intervention at night time / Infarto agudo do miocárdio e intervenção coronariana percutânea primária no período noturno

Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred treatment in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. At night period, the delay until performing primary percutaneous coronary intervention may be determinant to prognosis worsening. Objective: To analyze the results of primary percutaneous coronary intervention performed at day and night periods. Methods: Cohort study that included patients admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention from December 2013 until December 2016 in a ST-elevation myocardial infarction reference hospital of a metropolitan region in Brazil, followed from admission to hospital discharge or death, compared according to time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (night or day). Statistical analysis comprehended the Chi-square test, the Fisher test, the Student's t-test and the analysis of variance, with significance level of 5%. Results: 446 patients were submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention, 159 (35.6%) at night time and 287 (64.4%) at day time. No differences were found between the two groups concerning clinical baseline characteristics. Door-to-balloon time (101 ± 81 minutes vs. 99 ± 78 minutes; p = 0,59) and onset-to-ballon time (294 ± 158 minutes vs. 278 ± 174 minutes; p = 0,32) did not differ between the groups. The incidence of combined major adverse cardiac events (15.1% vs. 14.3%; p = 0,58) and in-hospital mortality (9.4% vs. 8.0%; p = 0,61) were similar between the groups, as well as length of hospital stay (6.0 ± 4 days vs. 4.9 ± 4 days; p = 0,91). Conclusion: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention at night time showed similar results as the procedure performed at day time, without significant increase of in-hospital adverse events, length of stay or mortality

Anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in adults: systematic review on the cardioprotective role of beta-blockers

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES This study aimed at assessing the role of beta-blockers on preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in adults. METHODS A systematic review was performed on electronic databases, including relevant studies that analysed beta-blockers as cardioprotective agents before the use of anthracyclines by adult oncologic patients. RESULTS After application of eligibility and selection criteria, eight articles were considered as high quality, complying with the proposed theme; all eight clinical trials, four of them placebo-controlled, with a total number of 655 patients included. From this sample, 281 (42.9%) used beta-blocker as intervention, and carvedilol was the most frequent (167 patients - 25.5%). Six studies were considered positive regarding the cardioprotection role played by beta-blockers, although only four demonstrated significant difference on left ventricle ejection fraction after chemotherapy on groups that used beta-blockers compared to control groups. Carvedilol and nebivolol, but not metoprolol, had positive results regarding cardioprotection. Other beta-blockers were not analysed in the selected studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite the potential cardioprotective effect of beta-blockers, as demonstrated in small and unicentric clinical trials, its routine use on prevention of anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity demands greater scientific evidence.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel dos betabloqueadores na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade induzida pelas antraciclinas em adultos. MÉTODOS Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática em bases de dados eletrônicos, incluindo os estudos relevantes que analisaram fármacos betabloqueadores como agentes cardioprotetores antes do início do uso de antraciclinas por pacientes oncológicos adultos. RESULTADOS Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade e seleção, foram obtidos oito artigos considerados de boa qualidade, que se adequavam à temática proposta, sendo todos ensaios clínicos, quatro placebo-controlados, totalizando 655 pacientes incluídos. Destes, 281 (42,9%) fizeram uso de algum betabloqueador como intervenção, sendo o carvedilol o mais utilizado (167 pacientes - 25,5%). Seis estudos foram considerados positivos quanto à cardioproteção exercida pelos betabloqueadores, porém apenas quatro demonstraram diferença na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo após a quimioterapia nos grupos que usaram betabloqueadores em relação aos grupos controle. O carvedilol e o nebivolol, mas não o metoprolol, tiveram resultados positivos quanto à cardioproteção. Outros betabloqueadores não foram avaliados nos estudos incluídos. CONCLUSÕES Apesar de haver um potencial efeito cardioprotetor dos betabloqueadores, conforme demonstrado em ensaios clínicos pequenos e unicêntricos, sua utilização rotineira na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade associada às antraciclinas requer maiores comprovações científicas.

Acompanhamento de Gestante Portadora de Síndrome de Marfan com Tubo Valvado Metálico Aórtico / Management of Pregnant Woman with Marfan Syndrome and Mechanical Aortic Valved Conduit

Relata-se o acompanhamento de paciente gestante, 29 anos, primigesta, portadora da Síndrome de Marfan e tubo valvado metálico aórtico encaminhada ao cardiologista com sete semanas de gestação.Ao ecodopplercardiograma apresentava diâmetro da raiz da aorta de 35 mm, tubo valvado e prótese aórtica metálica normofuncionante. Realizou acompanhamento cardiológico especializado desde então. Na 38a semana de gestação foi submetida ao parto cesariana com anestesia geral, profilaxia de endocardite infecciosa, monitorização cardíaca no centro cirúrgico e pós-operatório na unidade coronariana por 24 horas. Os períodos gestacional e puerpério transcorreram sem eventos hemorrágicos. O acompanhamento clínico e obstétrico de gestantes com Síndrome de Marfan é desafiador, e a condição de prótese valvar mecânica previamente implantada aumenta o risco destas paciente

Impact of renal failure on in-hospital outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a predictor of increased mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics and predictors of increased mortality in the CKD population submitted to CABG. To compare in-hospital outcomes between patients with and without CKD, and with and without development of acute renal failure (ARF). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of all isolated CABG performed in a single public tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2007. CKD was considered when creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl. Clinical characteristics, mortality and post-operative complications were evaluated according to renal function. RESULTS: Of 3,890 patients, 362 (9.3%) had CKD. This population was older, presented grater prevalence of hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction, previous stroke, peripheral vascular disease and three-vessel disease. In-hospital outcomes revealed greater incidence of stroke (5.5% vs 2.1%), atrial fibrillation (16 vs 8.3%), low cardiac ouput syndrome (14.4% vs 8.5%), longer stay in intensive care unit (4.04 vs 2.83 days), and greater mortality (10.5% vs 3.8%). Logistic regression: female gender, smoking, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease were associated with higher in-hospital mortality within the CKD group. Patients who did not develop post-operative ARF presented 3.5% mortality; non-dialytic ARF: 35.4%; dialytic ARF: 66.7% mortality. Mortality was directly related to the stage of CKD, according to glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: CKD patients submitted to CABG represent a high risk population, with increased incidence of complications and mortality. Post-operative ARF is a strong in-hospital mortality predictor. Glomerular filtration rate was inversely related to mortality.

Diferenças de gênero nos resultados da intervenção coronariana percutâneaprimária em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com elevação de ST / Gender differences in primary percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Introdução: Relata-se maior mortalidade no sexo feminino no infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCST). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os perfis clínico e angiográfico, e os resultados depacientes submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICPp), de acordo com o sexo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes com IAMCST submetidos à ICPp entre março de 2012 e maio de 2013, em um serviço de referência regional, acompanhados desde a admissão até a alta hospitalarou o óbito. Resultados: Foram submetidos à ICPp 208 pacientes, sendo 51 (24,5%) mulheres e 157 (75,5%) homens. Observou-se diferença significativa para idade (65,5 ± 14,0 vs. 58,8 ± 11,0 anos; p = 0,001), diabetes (43,1% vs. 24,8%; p = 0,02), classificação de Killip-Kimbal III/IV (17,6% vs. 7,0%; p = 0,02), tempo dor-porta (181 ± 154 minutos vs. 125 ± 103 minutos; p = 0,004) e tempo porta-balão (181 ± 133 minutos vs. 87 ± 67 minutos; p = 0,001). O sucesso do procedimento foi semelhante (92,1% vs. 91,1%; p = 0,22). A mortalidade hospitalar foi maior para o sexo feminino (23,5% vs. 8,9%; p = 0,006). Análise multivariada identificou como preditoresindependentes de mortalidade a idade ≥ 70 anos (odds ratio − OR = 2,75; intervalo de confiança de 95% − IC95% 1,81-3,64; p = 0,029) e a classe Killip-Kimbal III/IV (OR = 2,45; IC 95% 1,49-4,02; p = 0,002). Conclusões: Mulheres com IAMCST apresentaram perfil clínico mais grave e tempos dor-porta e portabalão mais prolongados que homens. O sexo feminino apresentou maior mortalidade hospitalar após ICPp,porém o sexo feminino não foi identificado como preditor independente de óbito.

Background: Higher mortality is reported among women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and angiographic profiles, as well as outcomes of patients submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI), according to gender.Methods: Retrospective study that included patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI between March 2012 and May 2013 at a regional referral center, followed from admission until hospital discharge or death. Results: 208 patients underwent pPCI, of whom 51 (24.5%) were women and 157 (75.5%) men. A significant difference was observed for age (65.5 ± 14.0 vs. 58.8 ± 11.0 years; p = 0.001), diabetes (43.1% vs. 24.8%; p = 0.02), Killip-Kimball class III/IV (7.0% vs. 17.6%; p = 0.02), pain-to-door time (181 ± 154 minutes vs. 125 ± 103 minutes; p = 0.004), and door-to-balloon time (181 ± 87 vs. 133 minutes ± 67 minutes;p = 0.001). The success of the procedure was similar (92.1% vs. 91.1%; p = 0.22). In-hospital mortalitywas higher for females (23.5% vs. 8.9%; p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis identified age ≥ 70 years (odds ratio - OR = 2.75; 95% confidence interval - 95% CI: 1.81–3.64; p = 0.029) and Killip-Kimball class III/IV (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.49–4.02; p = 0.002) as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Women with STEMI had a more severe clinical profile and longer pain-to-door and door-toballoontimes than men. Females had higher in-hospital mortality after pPCI, but the female gender was not identified as an independent predictor of death.

Impacto da clínica de insuficiência cardíaca no teste de caminhada de seis minutos / Impact of heart failure clinic on six-minute walk test

Fundamentos: O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo, utilizado paraavaliar objetivamente o grau de limitação funcional e prognóstico da insuficiência cardíaca (IC).Objetivo: Avaliar os TC6M de indivíduos com IC recém-diagnosticada, realizados na consulta admissional e apósseis meses, analisando a diferença mínima importante (Minimal important difference - MID) entre os dois testes.Métodos: Estudo tipo coorte histórico. O primeiro TC6M foi avaliado em pacientes com IC sistólica referenciadosà Clínica de IC entre julho de 2012 e outubro de 2014 e o segundo TC6M após seis meses. O grupo que atingiu adistância MID no segundo teste foi comparado com o que não a atingiu. Delta-distância e necessidade dehospitalizações foram avaliados conforme adesão ao tratamento, classe funcional (CF) da New York Heart Associationna primeira consulta e grau de disfunção ventricular esquerda.Resultados: A diferença de distância percorrida entre os TC6M foi 48,79 m na população estudada, e distânciaMID calculada de 49 m. Trinta pacientes (58,8%) apresentaram delta-distância menor que a MID, com média deidade maior que o outro grupo (p=0,01). A média do delta-distância foi significativamente maior nos pacientesaderentes ao tratamento e nos que estavam em CF III na primeira consulta.Conclusão: Houve aumento geral da distância média percorrida do primeiro para o segundo TC6M nos pacientescom IC, porém menos da metade dos pacientes obteve incremento significativo.

Background: The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is an easy-to-use low-cost test that is employed to objectively evaluate the degreeof functional limitation and the prognosis of heart failure (HF).Objective: To evaluate the 6MWT of individuals with newly diagnosed HF, performed on admission and after six months, analyzingthe minimal important difference — MID between the two tests.Methods: Historical cohort study. The first 6MWT was evaluated in patients with systolic HF referred to the HF clinic from July2012 to October 2014 and the second 6MWT after six months. The group that reached the MID distance in the second test wascompared to the group that did not reach it. Delta-distance and need for hospitalizations were assessed as adherence to treatment,functional class (FC) of the New York Heart Association at the first visit and degree of left ventricular dysfunction.Results: The difference in the distance covered between the 6MWT was 48.79 m in the study population and the MID distancecalculated was 49 m. Thirty patients (58.8%) had lower delta-distance than the MID distance, with an average age higher than theother group (p=0.01). The average delta-distance was significantly higher in patients adhering to treatment and in those who werein FC III at the first visit.Conclusion: There was general increase in the average distance covered from the first to the second 6MWT in patients with HF,but less than half of patients achieved significant incremente.

Study on Lifestyles and Stress Levels in Medicine Student / Estudo sobre Estilos de Vida e Níveis de Estresse em Estudantes de Medicina

Estilos de vida pouco saudáveis são fatores de risco preveníveis para doenças crônicas. Intervir sobre eles constitui estratégia fundamental de saúde preventiva. Objetivo: Avaliar o estilo de vida, os níveis de estresse, as doenças e os fatores de risco cardiovascular de estudantes de medicina. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, com alunos de uma escola de medicina estratificados em: Grupo 1(G1) - do 1º ao 4º período do curso, Grupo 2 (G2) - do 5º ao 8º e Grupo 3 (G3) - do 9º ao 12º. Foram aplicados dois questionários: Estilo de vida Fantástico e outro relacionado a níveis de estresse, doenças e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Resultados: Foram avaliados 482 estudantes, média de idade 21,7±2,7 anos. A pontuação média no questionário Estilo de vida Fantástico classificou o G1 e o G3 em Muito bom (72,1 e 71,3 pontos, respectivamente) e o G2 em Bom (69,2 pontos) (p=0,007). Quanto aos níveis de estresse, responderam Alto ou Muito Alto 22,3% no G1, 34,9%no G2 e 30,7% no G3 (p=0,008). As doenças mais prevalentes foram dislipidemia (7,4%), hipertensão arterial (2,6%)e transtorno depressivo (2,2%). Conclusões: Houve piora considerável do estilo de vida e dos níveis de estresse a partir do 5º período, com melhora parcial nos dois últimos anos do curso. Observou-se expressiva prevalência de dislipidemia, hipertensão e transtorno depressivo...

Unhealthy lifestyles are preventable risk factors for chronic diseases. Intervening on them is a fundamental strategy of preventive health. Objective: To evaluate lifestyle, stress levels, diseases and cardiovascular risk factors of medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study with students from a medical school stratified into: Group 1 (G1) - from the 1st to the 4th period of the course, Group 2 (G2) - from the 5th to the 8th and Group 3 (G3) - from the 9th to the 12th. Two questionnaires were given: Fantastic Lifestyle and another one related to stress levels, diseases and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The study included 482 students, average age 21.7±2.7 years. The average score on the Fantastic Lifestyle questionnaire ranked G1 and G3 at Very good (72.1 and 71.3 points, respectively) and G2 in Good (69.2 points) (p=0.007). As for the stress levels, they responded High or Very High 22.3% in G1, 34.9% in G2 and 30.7% in G3 (p=0.008). The most prevalent diseases were dyslipidemia (7.4%), hypertension (2.6%) and depressive disorder (2.2%). Conclusions: There was considerable worsening of lifestyle and stress levels from the 5th period, with partial improvement in the last two years of the course. There was a significant prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and depressive disorder...

Comparação do tempo de fluoroscopia durante cateterismo cardíaco pelas vias radial e femoral / Comparison of fluoroscopy time during coronary angiography by radial and femoral routes

Introdução: O uso da via radial em intervenções cardíacas associa-se à redução das complicações vasculares, porém requer maior curva de aprendizado e pode aumentar a exposição do paciente e da equipe à radiação. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o tempo de fluoroscopia, como variável substituta para a exposição à radiação, durante cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico pelas vias radial e femoral. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo observacional que incluiu pacientes submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco entre julho de 2013 e outubro de 2014. Foram comparados os grupos radial e femoral quanto ao tempo total do procedimento, tempo de fluoroscopia, relação tempo de fluoroscopia/procedimento e complicações vasculares. Resultados: Foram incluídos 1.915 procedimentos, sendo 11,2% realizados por via radial e 88,8% realizados por via femoral. Observou-se predomínio do sexo masculino no grupo radial (80% vs. 54,1%; p < 0,01), mas a média de idades (61,6 ± 9,7 vs. 62,4 ± 11,6; p = 0,13), o tempo do procedimento (8,7 ± 3,8 vs. 8,1 ± 4,1 minutos; p = 0,91), o tempo de fluoroscopia (4,8 ± 2,7 vs. 4,1 ± 2,6 minutos; p = 0,89), a relação tempo de fluoroscopia/procedimento (0,56 ± 0,24 vs. 0,49 ± 0,32; p = 0,89) e as complicações maiores (0,0% vs. 0,3%; p = 0,55) foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclusões: A utilização da via radial para procedimentos diagnósticos por operadores experientes pode ser feita com um tempo de procedimento aceitável, sem aumentar a exposição radiológica do paciente e da equipe, e com baixo número de complicações...

Background: The use of radial access in cardiac interventions is associated with reduced vascular complications, however it demands a longer learning curve and may increase fluoroscopy time. This study aimed to evaluate the fluoroscopy time as a surrogate marker of radiation exposure, during diagnostic cardiac catheterization by radial and femoral routes. Methods: Retrospective observational study including patients who underwent cardiac catheterization from July 2013 to October 2014. Radial and femoral groups were compared for total procedural time, fluoroscopy time, fluoroscopy to procedural time ratio and vascular complications. Results: The study included 1,915 procedures, 11.2% of which performed by radial approach and 88.8%, by femoral approach. A male prevalence was found in the radial group (80% vs. 54.1%, p < 0.01), but age (61.6 ± 9.7 years vs. 62.4 ± 11.6 years, p = 0.13), total procedural time (8.7 ± 3.8 vs. 8.1 ± 4.1 minutes, p = 0.91), fluoroscopy time (4.8 ± 2.7 vs. 4.1 ± 2.6 minutes, p = 0.89), fluoroscopy/procedure time ratio (0.56 ± 0.24 vs. 0.49 ± 0.32, p = 0.89), and major complications (0.0% vs. 0.3%, p = 0.55) were similar between groups. Conclusions: The use of the transradial approach for diagnostic procedures by experienced operating physicians may be used with an acceptable total procedural time without increasing the radiation exposure of the patient and staff, and with a low incidence of complications...

Resultados da Intervenção Coronária Percutânea Primária de Acordo com o Tempo Total de Isquemia / Results of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention According to the Total Ischemic Time

Introdução: O tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST tem a intervenção coronária percutânea primária como método preferencial de reperfusão. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a evolução hospitalar de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST, conforme o tempo total de isquemia, até a realização de intervenção coronária percutânea primária. Métodos: Registro unicêntrico, de pacientes admitidos com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea primária entre março de 2012 e fevereiro de 2014, acompanhados da admissão até a alta hospitalar e comparados conforme o tempo total de isquemia (Grupo 1: tempo dor-balão < 6 horas; Grupo 2: tempo dor-balão ≥ 6 e < 12 horas). Resultados: Foram submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea primária 279 pacientes, sendo 118 do Grupo 1 (42,3%) e 161 do Grupo 2 (57,7%). O Grupo 2 apresentou idade mais avançada, maior prevalência de hipertensão arterial, menor proporção de tabagistas, maior número de pacientes em classe Killip-Kimball ≥ 2 e menor taxa de sucesso da intervenção coronária percutânea primária. As incidências de óbito ou infarto não fatal (11,0% vs. 18,6%; p = 0,08), óbito (8,5% vs. 16,8%; p = 0,04) e insuficiência renal aguda (7,6% vs. 19,9%; p < 0,01) foram maiores no Grupo 2. Conclusões: Pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea primária com tempo dor-balão ≥ 6 horas apresentaram maior complexidade clínica e pior evolução...

Background: Treatment of ST-elevation acute myocardial in -farction has primary percutaneous coronary intervention asthe preferred method of reperfusion. This study aimed to evaluate in-hospital outcomes of patients with ST-elevationacute myocardial infarction according to the total ischemic time until performing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: Single-center registry of patients admitted withST-elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention between March/2012 and February/2014, followed from admission to hospital discharge, and compared according to the total ischemic time (Group 1: symptom onset-to-balloon time < 6 hours; Group 2: symptom onset-to-balloon time ≥ 6 and < 12 hours). Results: Two hundred seventy nine patients underwent primarypercutaneous coronary intervention, 118 in Group 1 (42.3%) and 161 in Group 2 (57.7%). Group 2 was older, had higherprevalence of hypertension, fewer smokers, more patients inKillip-Kimball class ≥ 2 and lower primary percutaneous coronary intervention success rate. The incidences of death or non-fatal infarction (11.0% vs. 18.6%; p = 0.08), death (8.5%vs. 16.8%; p = 0.04) and acute renal failure (7.6% vs. 19.9%; p < 0.01) were greater in Group 2. Conclusions: Patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing primarypercutaneous coronary intervention with symptom onset-toballoon time ≥ 6 hours presented higher clinical complexityand worse in-hospital outcomes when compared to patients treated earlier. Joint actions in different critical areas of patient care are essential to increase treatment efficacy and reduceadverse outcomes...

Tratamento de perfuração coronária tipo IV durante intervenção coronária percutânea / Treatment for type 4 coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention

Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 61 anos de idade, hospitalizado por angina instável. Cineangiocoronariografia demonstrou lesão obstrutiva grave no terço médio da artéria descendente anterior. Intervenção coronária percutânea foi realizada com implante de stent. Logo depois da pós-dilatação com cateter-balão, observou-se ruptura coronária, com extravasamento de contraste para o ventrículo esquerdo (perfuração coronária tipo IV). Após reversão parcial da heparina com protamina e insuflação prolongada do cateter-balão com baixa pressão, a ruptura coronária foi controlada, com bom resultado angiográfico final. Ecocardiografia realizada em seguida evidenciou derrame pericárdico mínimo. A evolução clínica foi satisfatória após o procedimento.

We report the case of a 61-year-od male, hospitalized for unstable angina. Coronary angiography showed a severe lesion in the middle third of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed with stent implantation. Coronary rupture was observed with contrast spilling to the left ventricle (type IV coronary perforation) immediately after balloon post-dilatation. After partial heparin reversal with protamine and prolonged balloon inflation at low pressure, coronary rupture was controlled, with a good final angiographic result. Subsequent echocardiography showed minimal pericardial effusion. Post-procedure clinical follow-up was satisfactory.