Long-distance travel for birthing among Indigenous and non-Indigenous pregnant people in Canada.

BACKGROUND: For Indigenous Peoples in Canada, birthing on or near traditional territories in the presence of family and community is of foundational cultural and social importance. We aimed to evaluate the association between Indigenous identity and distance travelled for birth in Canada. METHODS: We obtained data from the Maternity Experiences Survey, a national population-based sample of new Canadian people aged 15 years or older who gave birth (defined as mothers) and were interviewed in 2006-2007. We compared Indigenous with non-Indigenous Canadian-born mothers and adjusted for geographic and sociodemographic factors and medical complications of pregnancy using multivariable logistic regression. We categorized the primary outcome, distance travelled for birth, as 0 to 49, 50 to 199 or 200 km or more. RESULTS: We included 3100 mothers living in rural or small urban areas, weighted to represent 31 100 (1800 Indigenous and 29 300 non-Indigenous Canadian-born mothers). We found that travelling 200 km or more for birth was more common among Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous mothers (9.8% v. 2.0%, odds ratio [OR] 5.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.52-8.48). In adjusted analyses, the association between Indigenous identity and travelling more than 200 km for birth was even stronger (adjusted OR 16.44, 95% CI 8.07-33.50) in rural regions; however, this was not observed in small urban regions (adjusted OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.37-2.91). INTERPRETATION: Indigenous people in Canada experience striking inequities in access to birth close to home compared with non-Indigenous people, primarily in rural areas and independently of medical complications of pregnancy. This suggests inequities are rooted in the geographic distribution of and proximal access to birthing facilities and providers for Indigenous people.

Mental health and cultural continuity among an urban Indigenous population in Toronto, Canada.

OBJECTIVES: Mental health and psychiatric disorders significantly affect individuals on personal and social levels. Indigenous populations in Canada have disproportionately high rates of mental health diagnoses. Our Health Counts (OHC) Toronto assessed mental health, racism, family disruption, and cultural continuity among urban Indigenous people. The objectives of this study were to understand (1) the demographics and characteristics of Indigenous adults with a diagnosed psychological/mental health disorder and (2) potential associations of psychological/mental health diagnoses with experiences of colonization and cultural continuity among Indigenous adults in Toronto. METHODS: Using community-based participatory research methods, Indigenous adults in Toronto were recruited by respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to complete a comprehensive health assessment survey. RDS-II weights were applied to calculate population-based estimates, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were produced using logistic regression, controlling for age and gender. RESULTS: Among Indigenous adults, nearly half (45%) reported receiving a mental health diagnosis. Participants reported lifetime anxiety disorders (53%), major depression (51%), and high rates of suicide ideation (78%). Of Indigenous adults with a diagnosed mental health disorder, 72.7% reported participating in ceremony. Attending residential schools (OR: 7.82) and experiencing discrimination (OR: 2.69) were associated with having a mental health disorder. CONCLUSION: OHC Toronto responded to the gaps in health assessment data for urban Indigenous people. Despite historic and ongoing trauma, Indigenous people have maintained cultural practices and a strong sense of identity. Efforts aimed at supporting Indigenous well-being must respond to the roots of trauma, racism, and existing Indigenous community knowledge and strengths.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Les troubles psychiatriques et de santé mentale ont des effets considérables sur le plan personnel et social. Les populations autochtones du Canada ont des taux démesurément élevés de diagnostics en santé mentale. L'organisme Our Health Counts (OHC) Toronto a évalué la santé mentale, le racisme, les perturbations familiales et la continuité culturelle de personnes autochtones en milieu urbain. L'étude visait à comprendre 1) le profil démographique et les caractéristiques d'adultes autochtones ayant un trouble psychologique ou de santé mentale diagnostiqué et 2) les associations possibles entre les diagnostics psychologiques ou en santé mentale et les expériences de colonisation et de continuité culturelle chez les adultes autochtones de Toronto. MéTHODE: À l'aide de méthodes de recherche participative communautaire, des adultes autochtones de Toronto ont été recrutés par échantillonnage en fonction des répondants (EFR) pour répondre à une enquête d'évaluation globale de la santé. Des pondérations EFR-II ont été appliquées au calcul d'estimations populationnelles, et des rapports de cotes ajustés avec des intervalles de confiance de 95 % ont été produits par régression logistique, après avoir apporté des ajustements pour tenir compte des effets de l'âge et du sexe. RéSULTATS: Chez les adultes autochtones, près de la moitié (45 %) ont déclaré avoir reçu un diagnostic en santé mentale. Les participants ont déclaré avoir connu au cours de leur vie des troubles anxieux (53 %), une dépression majeure (51 %) et, dans une proportion élevée, des pensées suicidaires (78 %). Chez les adultes autochtones ayant un trouble mental diagnostiqué, 72,7 % ont déclaré participer à des cérémonies. La fréquentation des pensionnats (RC : 7,82) et l'expérience de la discrimination (RC: 2,69) étaient associées au fait d'avoir un trouble mental. CONCLUSION: OHC Toronto cherchait à combler les lacunes dans les données d'évaluation de la santé des populations autochtones en milieu urbain. Malgré leurs traumatismes présents et historiques, ces populations ont conservé leurs pratiques culturelles et un fort sentiment d'identité. Les démarches pour appuyer le bien-être des personnes autochtones doivent tenir compte des racines des traumatismes, du racisme, ainsi que des connaissances et des forces existantes des communautés autochtones.

Barriers to and Facilitators of Successful Early School Transitions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review.

Early school transitions are exciting, yet challenging, experiences for children with special needs, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and their families. Transition to school support practices can help facilitate this difficult process for key stakeholders. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the literature on transition to kindergarten support practice use for children with ASD and other developmental disabilities. Qualitative and quantitative studies were analyzed using textual narrative synthesis, following the guidelines from the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Overall, 39 individual studies were included. Results highlighted particular parent, child, and support staff needs during the transition to school, while also emphasizing the importance of collaborative practices in facilitating successful school beginnings.

Identification of novel oocyte and granulosa cell markers.

Here we present novel gene expression patterns in the ovary as part of an ongoing assessment of published micro-array data from mouse oocytes and embryos. We present the expression patterns of 13 genes that had been determined by micro-array to be expressed in the mature egg, but not during subsequent preimplantation development. In-situ hybridization of sectioned ovaries revealed that these genes were expressed in one of two distinct patterns: (1) oocyte-specific or (2) expressed in both the oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells. Despite the fact that micro-array data demonstrated expression in the egg, several of these genes are expressed at low levels in the oocyte, but strongly expressed in granulosa cells. Eleven of these genes have no reported function or expression during oogenesis, indicating that this approach is a necessary step towards functional annotation of the genome. Also of note is that while some of these gene products have been well characterized in other tissues and cell types, others are relatively unstudied in the literature. Our results provide novel gene expression information that may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of follicular recruitment, oocyte maturation and ovulation and will direct further experimentation into the role these genes play during oogenesis.