[SEPTIC KNEE - DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT].

INTRODUCTION: Acute septic arthritis of the knee joint is an orthopedic emergency, potentially devastating, which can lead to high morbidity and may even be life-threatening. While any synovial joint can be infected, the knee is the most often affected joint and is involved in about 50 % of the cases. The infection is usually caused by a gram-positive bacteria. The diagnosis is made by synovial fluid aspiration, microbiological analysis and hematological investigations of inflammatory measures. Treatment requires emergency irrigation and debridement of the joint, and intravenous antibiotics. Surgical debridement can be performed either arthroscopically or via open arthrotomy. In recent years, arthroscopic treatment demonstrated more favorable outcomes with better functional outcomes, shorter operative time and hospital stays.

[PATELLOFEMORAL INSTABILITY: ANATOMY, CLINICAL EVALUATION, IMAGING AND TREATMENT].

INTRODUCTION: Patellofemoral instability is a complex anatomical phenomena that requires deep understanding. The cause for instability could be a result of an anatomical defect or a soft tissue pathology. A thorough patient history, physical examination and imaging are paramount for a correct diagnosis and for deciding on the correct treatment. The proper treatment is often debatable. Conservative treatment is suitable for acute dislocation but has a high failure rate in chronic instability, which usually necessitates surgical treatment. The common surgical treatments today focus on fixing anatomical defects, relieving patients' symptoms of instability and giving them the opportunity to return to the level of activity suitable for them. In this literature review we summarize the relevant anatomy, biomechanics, clinical evaluation and treatment options for patellofemoral instability.