Fetal Genotype-Phenotype Sex Discordance: A Case of 5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prenatal and postnatal diagnostic workup leading to the diagnosis of 5-alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency (5AR2D) in a case of 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD). CASE REPORT: A first-trimester noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT) on maternal blood revealed a male fetus with a low risk of aneuploidy. However, a female fetus was identified at the second-trimester scan. A repeat sample revealed similar results and ruled out the possibility of both a sample swap or a vanishing twin. At birth, phenotypically female external genitalia were evident, with testes noted in the labioscrotal area. Neonatal blood confirmed a 46,XY complement and a 46,XY DSD genetic panel revealed a 5AR2D. CONCLUSION: Our case and others described in the literature demonstrate that fetal sex discordance detected by a combination of NIPT and subsequent ultrasound examination can be associated with several biological conditions, with DSD being the most significant.

Developmental Programming in Animal Models: Critical Evidence of Current Environmental Negative Changes.

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) approach answers questions surrounding the early events suffered by the mother during reproductive stages that can either partially or permanently influence the developmental programming of children, predisposing them to be either healthy or exhibit negative health outcomes in adulthood. Globally, vulnerable populations tend to present high obesity rates, including among school-age children and women of reproductive age. In addition, adults suffer from high rates of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular, and other metabolic diseases. The increase in metabolic outcomes has been associated with the combination of maternal womb conditions and adult lifestyle-related factors such as malnutrition and obesity, smoking habits, and alcoholism. However, to date, "new environmental changes" have recently been considered negative factors of development, such as maternal sedentary lifestyle, lack of maternal attachment during lactation, overcrowding, smog, overurbanization, industrialization, noise pollution, and psychosocial stress experienced during the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Therefore, it is important to recognize how all these factors impact offspring development during pregnancy and lactation, a period in which the subject cannot protect itself from these mechanisms. This review aims to introduce the importance of studying DOHaD, discuss classical programming studies, and address the importance of studying new emerging programming mechanisms, known as actual lifestyle factors, during pregnancy and lactation.

Preliminary studies of neurosensory and cardiopulmonary health compromise in captive- bred Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) suffering scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: It has been widely documented that quadrupedal animals rarely display natural spontaneous scoliotic rachis deviations of the spinal column. The objective was to determine spinal deformities developed by geriatric monkeys of the Macaca mulatta species, by radiographical and tomographical studies of the vertebral column correlating morphological changes with altered physiological parameters and electrical neurosensorial conductivity of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of six geriatric monkeys was used: three non-scoliotic subjects and three monkeys with naturally acquired true scoliosis. RESULTS: Radiographic and tomographic studies depicted a thoracic curvature displaying a left-sided thoracic vertebral rotation. The evaluation of physiological parameters demonstrated significant differences in the respiratory rate, as it was observed for the diastolic blood pressures, which showed a decrease in the monkeys with scoliosis compared with healthy monkeys. Regarding the SEPs studies, the non-parametric test for independent samples Mann-Whitney U test displayed a significant difference observed at the left and right thoracic derivative in P1; while regarding the study of upper limbs, a significant difference was seen at the Erb's point derivative, left afferency in P1, showing in all the derivatives an increase in latency in monkeys with scoliosis versus monkeys in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that quadrupedal animals can develop true scoliosis showing an analogous way to that occurring in humans.

Different doses of enoxaparin in the prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions. Experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative abdominal adhesions (PAAs) are present in more than 90% of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. They are a cause of chronic pain, hospitalizations, multiple surgeries, and infertility in women of reproductive age. The participation of three processes have been recognized: coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. The usefulness of subcutaneous enoxaparin in their prevention has been established. The objective is to establish the safest and most efficient dose for PAA prevention by testing five different doses of subcutaneous enoxaparin (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg/day) given in one dose/day for seven days. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were studied, 10 in each group. Adhesions were induced through controlled rubbing of the cecum and suturing of an incision in the terminal ileum. Two independent observers recorded the degree of adhesion formation at 14 days and histologically studied the adhesions. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: ANOVA compared group averages. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify group differences. RESULTS: The 0.5 mg/kg/day group had greater formation of adhesions (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the 1.5 and 2 mg/kg/day groups, though the latter group had an incidence of 27.2% of bleeding in the abdominal cavity. The degree of adhesions in the histological sections coincided with the macroscopic findings. The interobserver agreement was kappa = 0.88 (very good). CONCLUSION: The safe and effective dose of subcutaneous enoxaparin to prevent PAA formation was 0.5-1.5 mg/kg/day for seven days.

Somatosensory evoked potentials of median and tibial nerves in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) under captivity: influence of ontogenic status in neonatal, infant, young, adult, and senile stages.

BACKGROUND: Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) constitute a useful neurophysiologic tool commonly used to assess the functionality and developmental degree of the nervous system. OBJECTIVE: To analyze somatosensory pathways of the Macaca mulatta species throughout different ontogenetic statuses. METHODS: Twenty non-human primates were divided into five age-dependant groups. Recording of SEPs was executed by stimulation of lower limb at the tibial nerve and upper limb and recorded at the median nerve. RESULTS: Two wave series were observed for all groups for both limbs studied. Significant differences were found at the upper right limb at C4, C7 and also for the antecubital fossa site. The lower limbs showed a single significant right-wing deflection. CONCLUSIONS: Differences found in signals generated by the nervous system in response to somatosensory stimuli among the studied groups are thought to be developmental in origin, as the most remarkable deviations were seen in younger monkeys.

Early detection of and intervention for two newborns with critical congenital heart disease using a specialized device as part of a screening system.

Screening for critical congenital heart disease is a clinical method used for their early detection using pulse oximetry technology. This, followed by a diagnostic confirmatory protocol, allows timely therapeutic interventions that improve the newborn's outcome. According to Mexican birth statistics, approximately 18,000-21,000 neonates are born with a form of congenital heart disease each year, of which 25% are estimated to be critical congenital heart disease. We report two cases with an early critical congenital heart disease detection and intervention through an innovative critical congenital heart disease screening program implemented in two Mexican hospitals. They integrated a new automated pulse oximetry data analysis method and a comprehensive follow-up system (Cárdi-k®). Both cases were confirmed by echocardiogram, which served for an intervention in the first week of life, and the patients were discharged in good clinical condition. In addition, to the routine physical assessments, the critical congenital heart disease screening program (which includes echocardiogram for presumptive positive cases) should be implemented in a timely manner.

Postoperative abdominal adhesions: pathogenesis and current preventive techniques.

Post-operative abdominal adhesions (PAA) are a condition that occurs in more than 90% of patients undergoing abdomen surgery; they can cause chronic abdominal pain, female infertility and repeated bowel obstruction, requiring repetitive surgical interventions causing morbidity and mortality, as well as high costs. The formation of the PAA is due to an imbalance between the fibrinogenesis and fibrinolysis in favor of the first, associated with tissue hypoxia secondary to aggression of the peritoneum, also due to the own inflammatory response and the increase in the population of adhesion fibroblasts which inhibit the degradation of the extracellular matrix and facilitate mature collagen and supporting connective tissue. The prevention of PAA will decrease secondary complications, as well as hospitalizations, surgeries and consequently, cost containment. The PAA pathophysiologic process allows establishing research strategies in order to prevent them.

Las adherencias abdominales postoperatorias (AAP) ocurren en más del 90% de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de abdomen; pueden causar dolor abdominal crónico, infertilidad femenina y obstrucción intestinal recurrente, que requieren intervenciones quirúrgicas que son causa de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como altos costos. La formación de AAP se debe a un desequilibrio entre la fibrinogénesis y la fibrinólisis a favor de la primera, asociada con hipoxia tisular secundaria a la agresión del peritoneo, también debido a la propia respuesta inflamatoria y al aumento en la población de fibroblastos de adherencia que inhiben la degradación de la matriz extracelular y facilitan el colágeno maduro y el tejido conectivo de sostén. La prevención de las AAP disminuye las complicaciones secundarias, así como la necesidad de hospitalizaciones y cirugías, y en consecuencia se conseguirá una contención de costos. Conocer el proceso fisiopatológico de las AAP permite establecer estrategias de investigación para poder intervenir en su formación y prevenirlas en los diferentes pasos del proceso.

Multiple extrauterine pregnancy with early and near full-term mummified fetuses in a New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Extrauterine pregnancy (EP) is infrequent in mammalian species and occurs when fertilized ova implant and develop outside the uterus. A common outcome is abdominal pregnancy resulting in mummified fetuses (lithopedia). Here we describe an unusual case of abdominal pregnancy with early and near full-term lithopedia. Macroscopic findings supported the diagnosis of lithopedia with distinct age differences and facilitated further characterization of primary ectopia and risk factors leading to this occurrence.

Expansión de los derechos de las víctimas en el proceso penal mexicano: entre la demagogia y la impunidad / Expansion of victims' rights in the Mexican criminal process: Between demagogy and impunity / Expansão dos direitos das vítimas no processo penal mexicano: entre a demagogia e a impunidade

El objetivo es discutir en torno a los derechos a la verdad, la justicia y la reparación integral, que han sido reconocidos a las víctimas de delitos en la Ley General de Víctimas recientemente aprobada en México. El método plantea una somera revisión del ascenso de la víctima en el proceso penal, que en el caso mexicano ha sido un camino normativo concretado por último en ese ordenamiento, que prevé un catálogo expandido de derechos, entre los cuales se cuentan nuevos derechos a la verdad, la justicia y la reparación integral. Estos se analizan en contraste con los derechos del imputado, en particular con aspectos enmarcados en la presunción de inocencia y el derecho de defensa. El resultado de esta discusión sugiere que la expansión de derechos de la víctima dentro del proceso penal ha conducido a que se le reconozcan prerrogativas que difícilmente pueden hacerse efectivas en el marco de un proceso penal como el latinoamericano, cuyas líneas estructurales y garantías mínimas se gestaron para la protección de los derechos del imputado.

The objective is to provide a discussion about the rights to truth, justice and integral redress or compensation for victims of crimes in the "Ley General de Victimas" (the General Victims' Law) recently passed in Mexico. The method suggests a brief review of the enhancement of the victim's status in the criminal proceeding that, in the Mexican case, has been a normative path finally concretized in this regulation or order providing an expanded catalogue of rights among which there are new claims for truth, justice and full reparation. These are analyzed in contrast with the rights of the accused, particularly with aspects framed within the concept of presumption of innocence and the right of defense. The result of this discussion suggests that the expansion of victims' rights within the criminal proceeding has led to the recognition of prerogatives that can hardly become eff ective within the framework of a criminal proceeding like the Latin American process, where the structural lines and minimal guaranties were created for the protection of the rights of the accused.

O objetivo é discutir sobre os direitos à verdade, justiça e reparação integral, que foram reconhecidos às vítimas dos crimes na Lei Geral de Vítimas aprovada recentemente no México. O método apresenta uma breve revisão do aumento da vítima no processo penal, que, no caso do México, tem sido um caminho normativo concretizado finalmente, nesse sistema, que fornece um catálogo de direitos expandido, incluindo novos direitos como a verdade, a justiça e reparação integral. Estes são analisados em contraste com os direitos do acusado, em particular os aspectos enquadrados na presunção de inocência e do direito de defesa. O resultado desta discussão sugere que a expansão dos direitos da vítima no processo penal levou a reconhecer as prerrogativas que dificilmente podem ser eficazes no contexto de um processo penal, como a América Latina, cujas linhas estruturais e garantias mínimas gestaram-se para a proteção dos direitos dos acusados.

Comportamiento del proceso de osteointegración en implantes transalveolares inmediatos / Osseointegration of Immediate Transalveolar Implants

Fundamento: la osteointegración es un requisito primordial para comenzar la rehabilitación protésica sobre implantes. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento del proceso de osteointegración en implantes transalveolares inmediatos. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, de serie de casos, en el periodo de enero 2012 a diciembre del 2013. Se trabajó con la totalidad de los pacientes (75 pacientes con 79 implantes) que acudieron a la consulta de Prótesis Dental. La edad, sexo, osteointegración, causa de la pérdida dentaria, región implantada, diente específico, nivel óseo alrededor del implante y encía queratinizada alrededor del implante, fueron las variables estudiadas. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizaron medidas de distribución de frecuencia, y análisis estadísticos. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino, así como los pacientes con edades de 31 a 45 años; la osteointegración se observó en el 97,4 % de los implantes. Las zonas que más implantes recibieron fueron premaxila y maxilar posterior, específicamente en las primeras bicúspides. En la mayoría de los pacientes, la osteointegración con formación de hueso tuvo lugar a nivel del cuello del implante y en presencia de encía totalmente queratinizada, con asociación estadísticamente significativa entre ambas variables. Conclusión: el tratamiento rehabilitador con este tipo de implante, posibilita una exitosa osteointegración en la mayoría de los casos estudiados.

Background: osseointegration is critical to start prosthetic rehabilitation. Objective: to describe osseointegration of immediate transalveolar implants. Methods: a prospective case series study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2013. It included all patients (75 patients with 79 implants) who attended the Prosthodontics service. Age, sex, osseointegration, cause of tooth loss, region of the implant, specific tooth, bone level and keratinized gingiva around the implant, were the variables studied. Frequency distribution and statistical analysis were used for data analysis. Results: females and patients aged 31 to 45 years predominated. Osseointegration was observed in 97.4% of the implants. Nearly all implants were placed in the premaxilla and posterior maxilla, specifically in the first bicuspids. In most patients, osseointegration with bone formation occurred at the implant collar and in the presence of completely keratinized tissue, with a statistically significant association between the two variables. Conclusion: rehabilitation treatment with this type of implant led to successful osseointegration in most cases studied.

Spine gunshot wounds at the central military hospital in Mexico / Feridas por projétil de arma de fogo na coluna vertebral no hospital central militar de México / Heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego en la columna vertebral en el hospital central militar de México

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the measurement of the Cobb angle in printed radiographs and digitalized radiographs displayed with the "PixViewer" tool. Methods: Pre-operative radiographs of 23 patients were performed in printed films and using the software "PixViewer". The same evaluator, a spine surgeon, chose the proximal and distal end vertebrae at the limit of the main curve in printed radiographs without identifying patients, and measured the Cobb angle based on these parameters. The same parameters and measurements were performed in digitalized radiographs. The measurements were compared, as well as the choice of end vertebrae. Results: The average change in the Cobb angle between the methods was 1.48±1.73°. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.99, demonstrating excellent reproducibility. Conclusion: The Cobb method can be used to evaluate scoliosis through the "PixViewer" tool with the same reliability of the classic method on printed radiographs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a aferição do ângulo de Cobb em radiografias impressas e em radiografias digitalizadas visualizadas com a ferramenta "PixViewer". Métodos: Foram avaliadas as radiografias pré-operatórias de 23 pacientes em filmes impressos e com o software "PixViewer". O mesmo avaliador, cirurgião da coluna, elegeu a vértebra limite proximal e distal da curva principal nas radiografias impressas, sem identificação dos pacientes, e realizou a aferição do ângulo de Cobb baseado nesses parâmetros. Os mesmos parâmetros e aferições foram realizados nas radiografias digitalizadas. As aferições foram comparadas, assim como a escolha das vértebras limite. Resultados: A variação média do ângulo de Cobb entre os métodos foi de 1,48 ± 1,73°. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foi de 0,99, demonstrando replicabilidade excelente. Conclusão: O método de Cobb pode ser utilizado para avaliação da escoliose com a ferramenta "PixViewer" com a mesma confiabilidade que através do método clássico em radiografias impressas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar la medición del ángulo de Cobb en radiografías impresas y en radiografías digitalizadas visualizadas con la herramienta "PixViewer". Métodos: Se evaluaron las radiografías preoperatorias de 23 pacientes en películas impresas e con el software "PixViewer". El mismo evaluador, cirujano de columna, eligió la vértebra límite proximal y distal de la curva principal en las radiografías impresas, sin identificar a los pacientes, y se realizó la medición del ángulo de Cobb con base en estos parámetros. Los mismos parámetros y mediciones se realizaron en las radiografías digitalizadas. Las mediciones fueron comparadas, así como la elección de las vértebras límite. Resultados: La media del cambio en el ángulo de Cobb entre los métodos fue de 1,48 ± 1,73°. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) fue de 0,99, demostrando excelente reproducibilidad. Conclusión: El método de Cobb puede ser utilizado para evaluación de la escoliosis con la herramienta "PixViewer" con la misma fiabilidad del método clásico con radiografías impresas.

Characterization of spontaneous subclavian steal phenomenon in a female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

In subclavian steal phenomenon (SSP), the subclavian artery develops a stenoocclusive disease proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery, leading to pronounced hemodynamic changes such as arterial flow reversal. Although SSP is a common echographic finding in humans, the phenomenon occurs only rarely in animals; consequently its physiologic features have not been reported previously. Here we describe the clinical and morphologic features of a spontaneous left SSP that was an incidental finding in an 18-y-old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Our findings were documented through high-quality imaging studies obtained by using a computerized 3D tomography apparatus and clinical assessment of systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Circadian aspects of hyperthermia in mice induced by Aconitum napellus.

BACKGROUND: Aconitum napellus (Acn) is used topically to relieve pain, itching and inflammation, and internally to reduce febrile states, among others. Any circadian time-related consequences of Acn administration are unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of two doses of Acn on body temperature (BT) of mice treated at six different times over 24 hours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c female mice were housed in six chambers (six mice each) with air temperature 24 ± 3°C, humidity 60 ± 4%, and a 12-hours light (L)/12-hours dark cycle, but with L-onset staggered by 4 hours between chambers so that study at one external test time resulted in six test times (02, 06, 10, 14, 18 and 22 hours [h] after light onset). Rectal temperature (RT; in °C) was measured at baseline (B) and 1 hour after oral treatment with placebo (P) or two doses of Acn (6C and 30C, two studies each) in six studies over an 8 day span. The difference in RT for each mouse from the respective B + P timepoint mean RT was computed following each Acn treatment, and data from each of the six studies (original RT and difference from B + P) were analyzed for time-effect by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and for circadian rhythm by 24-hour cosine fitting. RESULTS: A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN RT WAS FOUND AT B AND AFTER P (MEAN: 35.58°C vs. 35.69°C; peak: 15:31 h vs. 15:40 h) and after each Acn dose (30C or 6C). Acn induced hyperthermia and the overall change in BT was rhythmically significant for each dose (mean = +1.95°C vs. +1.70°C), with greatest hyperthermia observed during the L-span for each dose (peak = 08:56 h vs. 05:17 h). CONCLUSION: Acn administered around the clock induced hyperthermia overall and in a time-dependent manner, with greatest effects during the resting (L) span. Thus, time of day may significantly impact the outcome of Acn and other homeopathic treatments and should be considered in determining optimal dosing and treatment time(s) in order to increase the desired outcome and decrease undesired effects.

Radiographic incidence of spinal osteopathologies in captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Degenerative spinal disease is a leading cause of chronic disability both in humans and animals. Although widely seen as a normal occurrence of aging, degenerative spinal disease can be caused by various genetic, iatrogenic, inflammatory, and congenital factors. The objective of this study was to characterize the degenerative spine-related diseases and the age at onset in a random subpopulation of 20 captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta; male, 13; female, 7; age: range, 4 to 27 y; median, 18.5 y). Spinal radiographic evaluation (left lateral, right lateral, and ventrodorsal views) of the spinal column (C1 to S1) was performed, and spinal degenerative disease was scored. The incidence of osteopathology was higher in the 14- to 18-y-old group, but incidence did not differ according to sex. In the studied population, degenerative changes were present in monkeys as young as 9 y of age.

Privación de la libertad en el sistema de justicia para adolescentesdel Distrito Federal, México / Deprivation of liberty in the justice systemfor adolescents in the Federal District of Mexico / Privação de liberdade no sistema da justiçapara adolescentes do Distrito Federal, México

Se estudia la utilización de la detención preventiva y lasmedidas de internamiento, dentro del sistema de justiciapara adolescentes en el Distrito Federal, México, durantesus primeros años de operación (2009-2013). Además decomentar el marco normativo y describir la estructura orgánicaencargada de aplicar dichas medidas, el texto analizala observancia, en la práctica institucional, del principiode excepcionalidad de la privación de la libertad. Se concluyecon un pronunciamiento en favor de la construcción de unsistema de justicia para adolescentes con tintes educativos,que sustituya paulatinamente la vía del encierro, por ser unarespuesta incompatible con la reinserción social y familiar delos menores.

The use of pre-trial detention is being examined along withinternment measures within the juvenile justice systemsin Mexico City, during its first operating years (2009-2013).Apart from discussing the regulatory framework and describingthe organic structure in charge of the application of anysuch measures, the text analyzes the observance, in institutionalpractice, of the exceptionality principle governing thedeprivation of liberty. It concludes with a statement in favorof the construction of a system of justice for adolescents,with educational overtones, designed to gradually replacethe way of confinement since this response is incompatiblewith the social and family reinsertion of juvenile offenders.

Estuda-se o uso da prisão preventiva e as medidas de internação,dentro do sistema da justiça para adolescentes noDistrito Federal, México, durante seus primeiros anos daoperação (2009-2013). Além de comentar o marco normativoe para descrever a estrutura orgânica encarregada de aplicarestas medidas, o texto analisa o cumprimento, na práticainstitucional, do princípio da excepcionalidade da privaçãode liberdade. Conclui-se com um pronunciamento a favorda construção de um sistema da justiça para adolescentescom matizes educativos, que substitua gradualmente a viado confinamento, para ser uma resposta incompatível com areinserção social e familiar dos menores.

Opciones de tratamiento prótésico en niños con oligodoncias por displasia ectodérmica hidrótica / Prosthetic Treatment Options for Children with Oligodontia due to Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

La reposición de los dientes no solamente influye en la adecuada alimentación y fonética, sino que también mejora la sonrisa y la apariencia personal, además del aspecto positivo que produce en el estado de salud psicológico y emocional de los niños afectados. Se presentan tres casos clínicos de niños con oligodoncias asociadas a displasia ectodérmica hidrótica, atendidos en la consulta de prótesis de la Clínica Estomatológica de Especialidades de Cienfuegos. Fueron rehabilitados con prótesis parcial removible acrílica, sobredentadura y prótesis parcial fija, respectivamente. Estas constituyen opciones de tratamiento efectivas, que solucionan el problema estético y funcional de los pacientes, y por tanto, mejoran su calidad de vida.

Replacement of teeth not only contributes to adequate nutrition and phonetics, but also improves the smile and appearance, in addition to its positive impact on the psychological and emotional health of the affected children. Three cases of children with oligodontias associated with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia who were treated at the prosthetics consultation of the Specialized Dental Clinic in Cienfuegos are presented. They were rehabilitated through acrylic removable partial dentures, overdenture and fixed partial denture, respectively. These are effective treatment options that solve the aesthetic and functional problems of the patients, and therefore improve their quality of life.

La desaparición de la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública Federal: otra vuelta de tuerca en la Política de Seguridad del Estado mexicano / The closure of the Federal Public Security Secretariat: another turn o the screw in the Security Policy of the Mexican State / O desaparecimento da Secretaria de Segurança Pública Federal: outro passo adiante na Política de Segurança do Estado mexicano

Se describen las modificaciones en las instituciones federales de seguridad pública realizadas en México durante el período 2000-2013. El análisis de estos cambios institucionales permite apreciar una falta de continuidad en la política pública en la materia, la toma de decisiones de acuerdo con posiciones partidistas y la primacía de una estrategia represiva. Se concluye haciendo hincapié en la necesidad de consolidar una política de seguridad que privilegie la planeación a largo plazo con sustento científico, las acciones de prevención del delito, el fortalecimiento de las instituciones locales y la vigencia de los derechos humanos, según el enfoque de la seguridad ciudadana.

Amendments in the federal public security institutions carried out in Mexico during the 1000-2013 period are described. The analysis of these institutional changes reveals lack of continuity in public policy with respect to this matter, as well as in decision-making according to party-oriented positions, and the primacy of a repressive strategy. Conclusions emphasize the need to consolidate a security policy that gives privileges to long-term planning based on scientific support, as well as crime prevention actions, the invigoration of local institutions and the full enjoyment of human rights pursuant to the citizen security approach.

Descrevem-se as alterações nas instituições federais de segurança pública feitas no México durante o período de 2000-2013. A análise dessas mudanças institucionais permite apreciar a falta de continuidade nas políticas públicas na matéria, tomada de decisão com base em posições partidárias e a primazia de uma estratégia repressiva. Conclui-se, enfatizando a necessidade de consolidar uma política de segurança que privilegie o planejamento de longo prazo com suporte científico, as ações de prevenção da criminalidade, o reforço das instituições locais e a observância dos direitos humanos, de acordo com o foco da segurança dos cidadãos.

Estudio comparativo entre conejos Chinchilla Soviético, una raza nativa local y un conejo híbrido negro, bajo condiciones agroclimáticas de la Región de Meghalaya, India / Comparative study among Soviet Chinchilla rabbits, an indigenous breed and a black hybrid rabbit under agro climatic conditions of the Meghalaya, India Region

This work had the aim to meet the demand of local tribal people of the North eastern hills (NEH) region and to evaluate the beneficial heterotic effects of crossbreeding, developing a black-coated rabbit through the crossing of Soviet Chinchilla and indigenous local rabbits, followed by selection and line breeding to maintain the exotic blood level at 50%. Afterwards, a comparative study was done analyzing the different performance traits of Soviet Chinchilla, indigenous local rabbit and the resulting hybrid black rabbits. Data analysis revealed breed-dependent (P < 0.01) effect on all productive traits except on live weight at 60 days. The hybrid black rabbit developed through crossbreeding and line breeding was better than both, the indigenous local rabbit and the Soviet Chinchilla rabbits in terms of live weight at 60, 75 and 90 days of age, live weight gain and average daily gain during 45 to 60 days, 60 to 75 days and 45 to 90 days of age. Overall, mean growth during the period of 45 to 90 days of age in black, local and Soviet Chinchilla rabbits was recorded to be 18.71 ± 0.11, 17.60 ± 0.16 and 16.23 ± 0.21 g per day, respectively. The average air temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity during the period of this experiment was 24.44°C, 27.16°C, 16.54°C and 66.16%, respectively. Finally, this research demonstrated that deliberate selection in rabbits leads to improvement in quantitative productive traits.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron satisfacer las demandas de carne de conejo de tribus de la región montañosa (NEH) de la India, y evaluar los efectos benéficos de la heterosis. Para lo cual fue necesario desarrollar un conejo de capa negra mediante mestizaje entre las razas Chinchilla Soviético y una nativa local vía selección y entrecruzamiento controlado de línea única, obteniendo un híbrido con niveles de sangre exótica del 50%. Conformada la estirpe, se analizaron comparativamente rasgos de desempeño productivo entre las razas Chinchilla Soviético, nativa local y su descendencia híbrida negra. Los resultados revelaron un impacto raza-dependiente (P < 0.01) sobre todos los parámetros productivos, con excepción del peso vivo a los 60 días. El híbrido desarrollado mediante mestizaje y apareamiento consanguíneo de línea única fue superior que los conejos de raza nativa local y Chinchilla Soviético en términos de peso vivo a los 60, 75 y 90 días de edad, en la ganancia de peso vivo y promedio de ganancia de peso diaria durante los periodos de 45-60, 60-75 y 45-90 días. Los promedios de crecimiento durante el periodo de 45-90 días entre los conejos raza híbrida negra, nativa local y Chinchilla Soviético registraron niveles de 18.71 ± 0.11, 17.60 ± 0.16 y 16.23 ± 0.21 g/día, respectivamente. Los promedios de temperatura media, máxima y mínima y humedad relativa fueron de 24.44°C, 27.16°C, 16.54°C y 66.16%, respectivamente. Esta investigación demostró que la selección deliberada en conejos conduce a una mejora de los rasgos productivos cuantitativos.

Evaluación productiva y reproductiva de dos grupos de cabras triple mestizas bajo condiciones de confinamiento en el trópico seco de Venezuela / Productive and reproductive evaluation of two groups of 3-breed crossbred goats under confinement conditions in the Venezuelan dry tropics

En el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de dos grupos genéticos de cabras triple-mestizas: con 50 por ciento de Alpino, 25 por ciento de Nubia y 25 por ciento de Criolla (AND), y con 50 por ciento de Nubia, 25 por ciento de Alpino y 25 por ciento de Criolla (NAD), mantenidas bajo confinamiento en el trópico seco de Venezuela. Se analizaron la producción de leche (PL), duración de lactancia (DL), prolificidad (PR), intervalo entre partos (IP) y duración de la gestación (DG), utilizando un modelo lineal mixto que incluyó los efectos de grupo genético (AND, NAD), cabra anidada dentro de grupo genético, número de parto (1-5), año de parto (1990-1995) y época de parto (seca, lluviosa). Las medias generales fueron 126.3 ñ 62.3 kg en PL, 197.5 ñ 75.6 días en DL, 1.21 ñ 0.4 crías/parto en PR, 441.4 ñ 121.4 días en IP, y 149.2 ñ 3.1días en DG. Se encontró un efecto significativo (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) del grupo genético en todas las variables, excepto en la duración de la lactancia. Las medias de cuadrados mínimos de los grupos AND y NAD en PL, PR, IP y DG fueron: 132.7 ñ 13.2 y 96.6 ñ 17.1 kg, 1.32 ñ 0.06 y 1.03 ñ 0.08 crías/parto, 439.4 ñ 36.0 y 382.0 ñ 43.5 días, y 149.4 ñ 0.59 y 147.7 ñ 0.83 días, respectivamente. El año de parto tuvo un efecto significativo (P < 0.01) en todas las variables, excepto prolificidad. El número de parto afectó (P < 0.01) el intervalo entre partos y la duración de la gestación. Se concluye que el grupo mestizo AND tuvo un comportamiento productivo y reproductivo superior al NAD bajo las condiciones ambientales y de manejo del trópico seco venezolano.

Prevalencia de las alteraciones dentofaciales en adolescentes de la provincia Ciudad de La Habana / Prevalence of malocclusions in adolescents in Havana city province

Se expresa que la frecuencia de las maloclusiones ha sido estudiada pero los criterios son muy disímiles al evaluar un individuo como afectado o no. Se realiza un estudio sobre una muestra de los estudiantes de secundarias básicas de la provincia Ciudad de La Habana que ascendió a 3.695 individuos de ambos sexos, cuyas edades oscilaban entre 12 y 16 años. La prevalencia de las maloclusiones alcanzó el 67,71%. Las necessidades de tratamiento según el método de la OMS indicaron el 43,17% y según el índice de prioridades de la Clínica 15 y 18, el 16,45%