2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.

BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS: The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2024 AHA Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2023 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and AHA staff members. The AHA strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional global data, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains. RESULTS: Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Comparing the frequency of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) between ancestry groups in a paediatric epilepsy cohort.

BACKGROUND: Studies indicate that variants of uncertain significance are more common in non-European populations due to lack of a diversity in population databases. This difference has not been explored in epilepsy, which is increasingly found to be genetic in paediatric populations, and has precision medicine applications. This study examines the differences in the frequency of uncertain next-generation sequencing (NGS) results among a paediatric epilepsy cohort between ancestral groups historically under-represented in biomedical research (UBR) and represented in biomedical research (RBR). METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients with epilepsy seen at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC). One hundred seventy-eight cases met the following criteria: (1) visited any provider within the Pediatric Neurology Clinic at CUIMC, (2) had an ICD code indicating a diagnosis of epilepsy, (3) underwent NGS testing after March 2015 and (4) had self-reported ancestry that fit into a single dichotomous category of either historically represented or under-represented in biomedical research. RESULTS: UBR cases had significantly higher rates of uncertain results when compared with RBR cases (79.2% UBR, 20.8% RBR; p value=0.002). This finding remained true after controlling for potential confounding factors, including sex, intellectual disability or developmental delay, epilepsy type, age of onset, number of genes tested and year of testing. CONCLUSION: Our results add to the literature that individuals who are of ancestries historically under-represented in genetics research are more likely to receive uncertain genetic results than those of represented majority ancestral groups and establishes this finding in an epilepsy cohort.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.

BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS: The American Heart Association, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2023 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2022 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. The American Heart Association strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) publications, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains. RESULTS: Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Incident Stroke in Individuals with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), a form of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) that occurs during the final month of pregnancy through the first 5 months postpartum, is associated with heightened risk for maternal morbidity and mortality. Stroke is a common complication of HFrEF but there is limited data on the incidence of stroke in PPCM. METHODS: Using statewide, non-federal administrative data from 2000-2015, we analyzed age-adjusted risk of stroke within 3 years after PPCM-associated pregnancies. RESULTS: PPCM was associated with a greater than four-fold increased risk of pregnancy-related stroke (aHR 4.7, 95% CI: 3.0-7.5). This risk was highest at the time of PPCM diagnosis but remained elevated in the first postpartum year. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm the strong association between PPCM and stroke, with risk that persists throughout and after the peripartum period.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.

BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS: The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2022 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year's edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population and an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, and the global burden of cardiovascular disease and healthy life expectancy. RESULTS: Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Neurofilament light chain: A potential biomarker for cerebrovascular disease in children with sickle cell anaemia.

Cerebrovascular injury frequently occurs in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Limited access to magnetic resonance imaging and angiography (MRI-MRA) in sub-Saharan Africa impedes detection of clinically unapparent cerebrovascular injury. Blood-based brain biomarkers of cerebral infarcts have been identified in non-SCA adults. Using plasma samples from a well-characterized cross-sectional sample of Ugandan children with SCA, we explored relationships between biomarker levels and MRI-detected cerebral infarcts and transcranial Doppler (TCD) arterial velocity. Testing was performed using a 4-plex panel of brain injury biomarkers, including neurofilament light chain (NfL), a central nervous system neuron-specific protein. Mean biomarker levels from the SCA group (n = 81) were similar to those from non-SCA sibling controls (n = 54). Within the SCA group, NfL levels were significantly higher in those with MRI-detected infarcts compared to no infarcts, and higher with elevated TCD velocity versus normal velocity. Elevated NfL remained strongly associated with MRI-detected infarcts after adjusting for sex and age. All non-SCA controls and SCA participants lacking MRI-detected infarcts had low NfL levels. These data suggest potential utility of plasma-based NfL levels to identify children with SCA cerebrovascular injury. Replication and prospective studies are needed to confirm these novel findings and the clinical utility of NfL versus MRI imaging.

Prolonged Unconsciousness is Common in COVID-19 and Associated with Hypoxemia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the time to recovery of command-following and associations between hypoxemia with time to recovery of command-following. METHODS: In this multicenter, retrospective, cohort study during the initial surge of the United States' pandemic (March-July 2020) we estimate the time from intubation to recovery of command-following, using Kaplan Meier cumulative-incidence curves and Cox proportional hazard models. Patients were included if they were admitted to 1 of 3 hospitals because of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), required endotracheal intubation for at least 7 days, and experienced impairment of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale motor score <6). RESULTS: Five hundred seventy-one patients of the 795 patients recovered command-following. The median time to recovery of command-following was 30 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 27-32 days). Median time to recovery of command-following increased by 16 days for patients with at least one episode of an arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2 ) value ≤55 mmHg (p < 0.001), and 25% recovered ≥10 days after cessation of mechanical ventilation. The time to recovery of command-following  was associated with hypoxemia (PaO2 ≤55 mmHg hazard ratio [HR] = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.46-0.68; PaO2 ≤70 HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.85-0.91), and each additional day of hypoxemia decreased the likelihood of recovery, accounting for confounders including sedation. These findings were confirmed among patients without any imagining evidence of structural brain injury (n = 199), and in a non-overlapping second surge cohort (N = 427, October 2020 to April 2021). INTERPRETATION: Survivors of severe COVID-19 commonly recover consciousness weeks after cessation of mechanical ventilation. Long recovery periods are associated with more severe hypoxemia. This relationship is not explained by sedation or brain injury identified on clinical imaging and should inform decisions about life-sustaining therapies. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:740-755.

Hospital-Acquired Infection at Time of Stroke and Cognitive Decline: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Introduction Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) after stroke are associated with additional morbidity and mortality, but whether HAIs increase long-term cognitive decline in stroke patients is unknown. We hypothesized that older adults with incident stroke with HAI experience faster cognitive decline than those having stroke without HAI and those without stroke. Methods We performed a longitudinal analysis in the population-based prospective Cardiovascular Health Study. Medicare-eligible participants aged >65 years with and without incident stroke had cognition assessed annually. HAIs were assessed by hospital discharge codes. Global cognitive function was assessed annually by Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) and executive function by Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). We used linear mixed models to estimate the mean decline and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for 3MSE and DSST scores by incident stroke and HAI status, adjusted for demographics and vascular risk factors. Results Among 5,443 participants >65 years without previous history of stroke, 393 participants had stroke with HAI (SI), 766 had a stroke only (SO), and 4,284 had no stroke (NS) throughout a maximum 9-year follow-up. For 3MSE, compared with NS participants, SO participants had a similar adjusted mean decline (additional 0.08 points/year, 95%CI -0.15, 0.31), while SI participants had a more rapid decline (additional 0.28 points/year, 95%CI 0.16, 0.40). Adjusted mean decline was 0.20 points/year faster (95%CI -0.05, 0.45) among SI than SO participants. For DSST, compared with NS participants, SO participants had a faster adjusted mean decline (additional 0.17 points/year (95%CI 0.003, 0.33), as did SI participants (additional 0.27 points/year (95%CI 0.19, 0.35). Conclusion Stroke, when accompanied by HAI, leads to a faster long-term decline in cognitive ability than in those without stroke. The clinical and public health implications of the effect of infection on post-stroke cognitive decline warrant further attention.

Individual and Joint Effects of Influenza-Like Illness and Vaccinations on Stroke in the Young: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illness (ILI) is an acute trigger for stroke, although joint effects of vaccinations and ILI have not yet been explored. METHODS: Data for our case-control study was obtained from MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters between 2008 and 2014. Patients 18 to 65 years old who experienced a stroke were matched on age and admission date to a control, defined as patients with head trauma or ankle sprain at an inpatient or emergency department visit. Exposures were ILI in the prior 30 days, and any type of vaccination during the year prior. Our outcome was ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic strokes identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes. Logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) controlling for preventive care visits, diabetes, valvular heart disease, smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, and hypertension. RESULTS: We identified and matched 24 103 cases 18 to 44 years old and 141 811 45 to 65 years old. Those aged 18 to 44 years had increased stroke risk 30 days after ILI (aOR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.51-1.86]) and reduced risk with any vaccination in the year prior (aOR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.87-0.99]). Joint effects indicate that ILI was associated with increased stroke risk among those with (aOR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.08-1.85]) and without (aOR, 1.73 [95% CI, 1.55-1.94]) vaccinations in the prior year (Pinteraction=0.16). Among those aged 45 to 65 years, adjusted analyses indicate increased stroke risk for those with ILI (aOR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.26-1.38]), although there was no effect of vaccinations (aOR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.97-1.02]). Joint effects indicate that ILI was not associated with stroke among those with any vaccination (aOR, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.96-1.18]) but was associated with increased risk among those without vaccinations ([aOR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.32-1.47]; Pinteraction<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ILI was associated with increased stroke risk in the young and middle-aged, while vaccinations of any type were associated with decreased risk among the young. Joint effects of ILI and vaccinations indicate vaccinations can reduce the effect of ILI on stroke.

Rural-Urban Differences in Diagnosed Cervical Artery Dissection in New York State.

BACKGROUND: Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) is a leading cause of stroke in young adults. Incidence estimates may be limited by under- or overdiagnosis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate if CeAD diagnosis would be higher in urban centers compared to rural regions of New York State (NYS). METHODS: For this ecological study, administrative codes were used to identify CeAD discharges in the NYS Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) from 2009 to 2014. Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were taken from the US Department of Agriculture and included the classifications metropolitan, micropolitan, small town, and rural. Negative binomial models were used to calculate effect estimates and 95% confidence limits (eß; 95% CL) for the association between RUCA classification and the number of dissections per ZIP code. Models were further adjusted by population. RESULTS: Population information was obtained from the US Census Bureau on 1,797 NYS ZIP codes (70.7% of NYS ZIP codes), 826 of which had at least 1 CeAD-related discharge from 2009 to 2014. Nonrural ZIP codes were more likely to report more CeAD cases relative to rural areas even after adjusting for population (metropolitan effect = eß 5.00; 95% CI: 3.75-6.66; micropolitan effect 3.02; 95% CI: 2.16-4.23; small town effect 2.34; 95% CI: 1.58-3.47). CONCLUSIONS: CeAD diagnosis correlates with population density as defined by rural-urban status. Our results could be due to underdiagnosis in rural areas or overdiagnosis with increasing urbanicity.

COVID-19 neuropathology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital.

Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection develop neurological signs and symptoms; although, to date, little evidence exists that primary infection of the brain is a significant contributing factor. We present the clinical, neuropathological and molecular findings of 41 consecutive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections who died and underwent autopsy in our medical centre. The mean age was 74 years (38-97 years), 27 patients (66%) were male and 34 (83%) were of Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity. Twenty-four patients (59%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Hospital-associated complications were common, including eight patients (20%) with deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, seven (17%) with acute kidney injury requiring dialysis and 10 (24%) with positive blood cultures during admission. Eight (20%) patients died within 24 h of hospital admission, while 11 (27%) died more than 4 weeks after hospital admission. Neuropathological examination of 20-30 areas from each brain revealed hypoxic/ischaemic changes in all brains, both global and focal; large and small infarcts, many of which appeared haemorrhagic; and microglial activation with microglial nodules accompanied by neuronophagia, most prominently in the brainstem. We observed sparse T lymphocyte accumulation in either perivascular regions or in the brain parenchyma. Many brains contained atherosclerosis of large arteries and arteriolosclerosis, although none showed evidence of vasculitis. Eighteen patients (44%) exhibited pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases, which was not unexpected given the age range of our patients. We examined multiple fresh frozen and fixed tissues from 28 brains for the presence of viral RNA and protein, using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR, RNAscope® and immunocytochemistry with primers, probes and antibodies directed against the spike and nucleocapsid regions. The PCR analysis revealed low to very low, but detectable, viral RNA levels in the majority of brains, although they were far lower than those in the nasal epithelia. RNAscope® and immunocytochemistry failed to detect viral RNA or protein in brains. Our findings indicate that the levels of detectable virus in coronavirus disease 2019 brains are very low and do not correlate with the histopathological alterations. These findings suggest that microglial activation, microglial nodules and neuronophagia, observed in the majority of brains, do not result from direct viral infection of brain parenchyma, but more likely from systemic inflammation, perhaps with synergistic contribution from hypoxia/ischaemia. Further studies are needed to define whether these pathologies, if present in patients who survive coronavirus disease 2019, might contribute to chronic neurological problems.

Can weather help explain 'why now?': The potential role of hourly temperature as a stroke trigger.

BACKGROUND: While evidence suggests that daily ambient temperature exposure influences stroke risk, little is known about the potential triggering role of ultra short-term temperature. METHODS: We examined the association between hourly temperature and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, separately, and identified any relevant lags of exposure among adult New York State residents from 2000 to 2015. Cases were identified via ICD-9 codes from the New York Department of Health Statewide Planning and Reearch Cooperative System. We estimated ambient temperature up to 36 h prior to estimated stroke onset based on patient residential ZIP Code. We applied a time-stratified case-crossover study design; control periods were matched to case periods by year, month, day of week, and hour of day. Additionally, we assessed effect modification by leading stroke risk factors hypertension and atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: We observed 578,181 ischemic and 164,755 hemorrhagic strokes. Among ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes respectively, the mean (standard deviation; SD) patient age was 71.8 (14.6) and 66.8 (17.4) years, with 55% and 49% female. Temperature ranged from -29.5 °C to 39.2 °C, with mean (SD) 10.9 °C (10.3 °C). We found linear relationships for both stroke types. Higher temperature was associated with ischemic stroke over the 7 h following exposure; a 10 °C increase over 7 h was associated with 5.1% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 3.8, 6.4%) increase in hourly stroke rate. In contrast, temperature was negatively associated with hemorrhagic stroke over 5 h, with a 5-h cumulative association of -6.2% (95% CI: 8.6, -3.7%). We observed suggestive evidence of a larger association with hemorrhagic stroke among patients with hypertension and a smaller association with ischemic stroke among those with atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION: Hourly temperature was positively associated with ischemic stroke and negatively associated with hemorrhagic stroke. Our results suggest that ultra short-term weather influences stroke risk and hypertension may confer vulnerability.

Disorders of Consciousness in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The Role of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence and etiology of unconsciousness are uncertain in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We tested the hypothesis that increased inflammation in COVID-19 precedes coma, independent of medications, hypotension, and hypoxia. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 3203 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 from March 2 through July 30, 2020, in New York City with the Glasgow Coma Scale and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) scores. We applied hazard ratio (HR) modeling and mediation analysis to determine the risk of SIRS score elevation to precede coma, accounting for confounders. RESULTS: We obtained behavioral assessments in 3203 of 10,797 patients admitted to the hospital who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Of those patients, 1054 (32.9%) were comatose, which first developed on median hospital day 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1-9). During their hospital stay, 1538 (48%) had a SIRS score of 2 or above at least once, and the median maximum SIRS score was 2 (IQR 1-2). A fivefold increased risk of coma (HR 5.05, 95% confidence interval 4.27-5.98) was seen for each day that patients with COVID-19 had elevated SIRS scores, independent of medication effects, hypotension, and hypoxia. The overall mortality in this population was 13.8% (n = 441). Coma was associated with death (odds ratio 7.77, 95% confidence interval 6.29-9.65) and increased length of stay (13 days [IQR 11.9-14.1] vs. 11 [IQR 9.6-12.4]), accounting for demographics. CONCLUSIONS: Disorders of consciousness are common in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 and are associated with increased mortality and length of hospitalization. The underlying etiology of disorders of consciousness in this population is uncertain but, in addition to medication effects, may in part be linked to systemic inflammation.

Readmission Rates in Stroke Patients with and without Infections: Incidence and Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: Stroke patients are at increased risk for acquiring infections in the hospital and risk of readmission. We aimed to examine whether an infection acquired during the initial stroke admission contributes to increased risk of readmission and infection during readmission. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study incorporating all adult ischemic stroke patients from three New York City hospitals from 2006 to 2016. A validated computer algorithm defined infections based on electronically-available laboratory culture data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the crude and adjusted association of infections present on admission (IPOA) and healthcare-associated infections (HAI) with 60-day readmissions, and infection during readmission. RESULTS: Among the 10,436 stroke patients, 17% had infections during initial admission of which 52% were IPOA and 48% were HAI. The risk of readmission was significantly higher for those with HAIs (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.20-1.64) and IPOA (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09-1.47). The presence of infection during the 60-day readmission was also independently predicted by HAI (OR = 3.27; 95% CI: 2.60-4.12) and IPOA (OR = 2.54; 95% CI: 2.01-3.22). Patients with a Gram-negative infection were not at higher odds for readmission compared to patients with a Gram-positive infection (OR 1.07, 95%CI 0.81-1.42). CONCLUSION: Among stroke patients, HAI and IPOA were predictors of readmission within 60 days and infection during readmission.

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Angiography in Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Uganda in a Cross-Sectional Sample.

OBJECTIVE: Children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) are highly susceptible to cerebrovascular injury. We performed brain magnetic resonance imaging and angiography (MRI-MRA) in Ugandan children with SCA to identify structural cerebrovascular abnormalities and examine their relationship to standardized clinical assessments. METHODS: A sub-sample (n=81) was selected from a cross-sectional study of children attending SCA clinic, including 52 (64.2%) with and 29 (35.8%) without clinically detected abnormalities. Clinical evaluation included assessment for prior stroke, cognitive testing and cerebral arterial transcranial doppler (TCD) flow velocity. MRI-MRA scans were interpreted by at least two neuroradiologists. RESULTS: Mean age was 6.5±2.7 years, with 39 (48.1%) female. Mean haemoglobin was 7.3±0.9 g/dl. Overall, 13 (16.0%) were malnourished. Infarcts and/or stenoses were detected in 55 (67.9%) participants, with stenoses primarily in the anterior circulation. Infarcts were seen in those with normal 17/29 (58.6%) or abnormal 34/52 (65.4%) clinical testing (p=0.181). Neither abnormal MRI nor MRA was associated with age, sex, haemoglobin, or malnutrition. Abnormal MRA was highly associated with infarcts (p<0.0001). Participants with abnormal imaging had two-fold higher proportion of stroke on exam and/or impaired cognition. Stroke on exam was strongly associated with an imaging abnormality after adjusting for age, sex, malnutrition, and haemoglobin (OR 11.8, 95%CI 1.87-74.2). CONCLUSION: Over half of these SCA children had cerebrovascular infarcts and/or arterial stenoses. Cerebrovascular disease was frequently undetectable by clinical assessments. While rarely available in under-resourced settings, MRI-MRA brain imaging is an important tool for defining SCA cerebrovascular disease and for assessing impact of clinical intervention trials.

Biomarkers of Coagulation and Inflammation in COVID-19-Associated Ischemic Stroke.

[Figure: see text].

Association Between Hurricane Sandy and Emergency Department Visits in New York City by Age and Cause.

The magnitude, timing, and etiology of morbidity associated with tropical cyclones remains incompletely quantified. We examined the relative change in cause-specific emergency department (ED) visits among residents of New York City during and after Hurricane Sandy, a tropical cyclone that affected the northeastern United States in October 2012. We used quasi-Poisson constrained distributed lag models to compare the number of ED visits on and after Hurricane Sandy with all other days, 2005-2014, adjusting for temporal trends. Among residents aged ≥65 years, Hurricane Sandy was associated with a higher rate of ED visits due to injuries and poisoning (relative risk (RR) = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.28), respiratory disease (RR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.49), cardiovascular disease (RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.19), renal disease (RR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.72), and skin and soft tissue infections (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.39) in the first week following the storm. Among adults aged 18-64 years, Hurricane Sandy was associated with a higher rate of ED visits for renal disease (RR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.79, 2.59). Among those aged 0-17 years, the storm was associated with lower rates of ED visits for up to 3 weeks. These results suggest that tropical cyclones might result in increased health-care utilization due to a wide range of causes, particularly among older adults.

Cognitive decline in older adults with epilepsy: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive decline is a major concern for older adults with epilepsy. Whether and how much faster older adults with epilepsy experience cognitive decline beyond expected age-related cognitive change remain unclear. We sought to estimate and compare rates of cognitive decline in older adults with and without epilepsy. METHODS: The Cardiovascular Health Study is a population-based longitudinal cohort study of 5888 US adults aged 65+. Cognitive function was assessed annually with Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). We used linear mixed models to estimate average rates of decline in 3MS and DSST scores by epilepsy status (prevalent, incident, or no epilepsy), adjusted for risk factors associated with cognitive decline. RESULTS: The rate of decline in 3MS was significantly faster in prevalent epilepsy (P < .001) and after incident epilepsy (P = .002) compared with no epilepsy. Prevalent epilepsy and apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) ε4 (ApoE4) had a synergistic interaction, whereby prevalent epilepsy and ApoE4 together were associated with 1.51 points faster annual decline in 3MS than would be expected if prevalent epilepsy and ApoE4 did not interact (P < .001). Older adults with prevalent epilepsy had a significantly lower initial DSST score and faster rate of decline compared to those with no epilepsy (P < .001). SIGNIFICANCE: Faster decline in global cognitive ability seen in this study validates concerns of patients. ApoE4 allele status was an effect modifier of the relationship between cognitive decline and prevalent epilepsy. Further research is warranted to explore biological mechanisms and possible interventions to mitigate cognitive decline.

The association between ambient temperature variability and myocardial infarction in a New York-State-based case-crossover study: An examination of different variability metrics.

BACKGROUND: Short-term temperature variability has been consistently associated with mortality, with limited evidence for cardiovascular outcomes. Previous studies have used multiple metrics to measure temperature variability; however, those metrics do not capture hour-to-hour changes in temperature. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the correlation between sub-daily temperature-change-over-time metrics and previously-used metrics, and estimated associations with myocardial infarction (MI) hospitalizations. METHODS: Hour-to-hour change-over-time was measured via three metrics: 24-hr mean absolute hourly first difference, 24-hr maximum absolute hourly first difference, and 24-hr mean hourly first difference. We first assessed the Spearman correlations between these metrics and four previously-used metrics (24-hr standard deviation of hourly temperature, 24-hr diurnal temperature range, 48-hr standard deviation of daily minimal and maximal temperatures, and 48-hr difference of daily mean temperature), using hourly data from the North America Land Data Assimilation System-2 Model. Subsequently, we estimated the association between these metrics and primary MI hospitalization in adult residents of New York State for 2000-2015 using a time-stratified case-crossover design. RESULTS: The hour-to-hour change-over-time metrics were correlated, but not synonymous, with previously-used metrics. We observed 809,259 MI, 45% of which were among females and the mean (standard deviation) age was 70 (15). An increase from mean to 90th percentile in mean absolute first difference of temperature was associated with a 2.04% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.30-2.78%) increase in MI rate. An increase from mean to 90th percentile in mean first difference also yielded a positive association (1.86%; 95%CI: 1.09-2.64%). We observed smaller- or similar-in-magnitude positive associations for previously-used metrics. DISCUSSION: First, short-term hour-to-hour temperature change was positively associated with MI risk. Second, all other variability metrics yielded positive associations with MI, with varying magnitude. In future research on temperature variability, researchers should define their research question, including which aspects of variability they intend to measure, and apply the appropriate metric. ALTERNATIVE: All metrics of temperature variability, including short-term hour-to-hour temperature changes, were positively associated with MI risk, though the magnitude of effect estimates varied by metric.

Parkinson's disease aggravation in association with fine particle components in New York State.

BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including disease aggravation in Parkinson's disease (PD), but associations with specific PM2.5 components have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association between specific PM2.5 components and PD first hospitalization, a surrogate for disease aggravation. METHODS: We obtained data on hospitalizations from the New York Department of Health Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (2000-2014) to calculate annual first PD hospitalization counts in New York State per county. We used well-validated prediction models at 1 km2 resolution to estimate county level population-weighted annual black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), nitrate, sulfate, sea salt (SS), and soil particle concentrations. We then used a multi-pollutant mixed quasi-Poisson model with county-specific random intercepts to estimate rate ratios (RR) of one-year exposure to each PM2.5 component and PD disease aggravation. We evaluated potential nonlinear exposure-outcome relationships using penalized splines and accounted for potential confounders. RESULTS: We observed a total of 197,545 PD first hospitalizations in NYS from 2000 to 2014. The annual average count per county was 212 first hospitalizations. The RR (95% confidence interval) for PD aggravation was 1.06 (1.03, 1.10) per one standard deviation (SD) increase in nitrate concentrations and 1.06 (1.04, 1.09) for the corresponding increase in OM concentrations. We also found a nonlinear inverse association between PD aggravation and BC at concentrations above the 96th percentile. We found a marginal association with SS and no association with sulfate or soil exposure. CONCLUSION: In this study, we detected associations between the PM2.5 components OM and nitrate with PD disease aggravation. Our findings support that PM2.5 adverse effects on PD may vary by particle composition.