Analysis of ST segment depression in Supraventricular Tachycardia and its relationship with underlying mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Electrocardiographic diagnosis of causes of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is sometimes difficult and application of routine algorithms can lead to misdiagnosis in as many as 37% of patients. ST segment depression may be useful in diagnosing the nature of SVT. METHODS: We reviewed surface electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics of 300 patients having SVT with 1:1 AV relationship and correlated findings with electrophysiology study (EPS) findings. Final diagnosis of AVNRT (Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia), Orthodromic AVRT (atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia) and atrial tachycardia (AT) was correlated with ECG parameters like heart rate, ST segment depressions and QRS morphology. RESULTS: Out of 300 patients, majority patients included in study, were having AVNRT or AVRT. ST depression predicted AVRT if the ST depression was > 2mm (overall sensitivity of 38.3% and specificity of 93.8% to predict AVRT) and was downsloping in morphology (sensitivity of 36.9% and specificity of 94.7% to predict AVRT). At heart rates >214 beats per minute (bpm) as measured by 7 small squares of ECG at 25mm/sec, downsloping ST depression >2mm had a sensitivity 37.9% of and specificity of 89.2% to predict AVRT. At heart rate <214 bpm, downsloping ST depression >2mm had sensitivity of 37.2% and specificity of 96.5% to predict AVRT. Downsloping ST depression of >2 mm helps to differentiate AVNRT from AVRT. CONCLUSION: A downsloping ST segment depression >2mm predicted SVT being an AVRT and can be used as a useful criteria in diagnosing the tachycardia.

Incidence, clinical characteristics, electrophysiological characteristics and outcomes of patients with baseline PR prolongation undergoing radiofrequency ablation for Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Prolonged PR interval(>200 ms) on baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) is uncommon in such patients. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the incidence, clinical, electrophysiological characteristics, and outcomes of patients with baseline prolongation of PR interval undergoing radio-frequency ablation (RFA) for AVNRT. METHODS: Over 10 years, out of the total number of 1435 patients with diagnosed AVNRT, 16 patients had prolonged PR intervals at baseline. All underwent elective RFA. A retrospective analysis of clinical, and electrophysiological characteristics and outcomes was done. The PR interval and atria-ventricular block cycle length values were compared with those patients with a normal interval at baseline and had undergone a successful slow pathway modification for AVNRT. RESULTS: Out of 1435 patients with AVNRT, 16 (0.9 %) patients had baseline PR prolongation on ECG. The mean(+SD) age of the study population was 62.9 + 15.9 years. 10 (62.5 %) were males. The average PR interval was 264.2 + 24.1 ms. Slow fast AVNRT was seen in all. The anatomical site of success for ablation was the lower part of Koch's triangle in all patients. During ablation, a good sustained junctional rhythm was noted in all, with no AV (Atrioventricular) block or PR prolongation noted during ablation in any of the patients. PR interval decreased by more than 20 ms in 10 (62.5 %) patients. AVBCL (AV node block cycle length) increased on an average of 58.7 ms post-ablation. Only one patient developed AV block on follow-up. CONCLUSION: A prolonged PR interval on baseline ECG is uncommon in patients with AVNRT. In these patients, slow pathway modification can be done safely and effectively. AVBCL (AV node block cycle length) increases immediately post-ablation. The risk of AV block though low persists on follow-up.

Long-term, real world experience of ventricular tachycardia and granulomatous cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatous cardiomyopathy (GCM) is relatively uncommon in patients presenting with ventricular tachycardia (VT). Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are the most common causes of GCM with VT. The aim of study was to evaluate their clinical characteristics and the long-term outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients from March 2004 to January 2020, presenting with VT and subsequently diagnosed to have GCM. Patients were divided into three groups (sarcoid, tuberculosis and indeterminate) based on serologic tests, imaging and histopathology. The response to anti-arrhythmic and disease specific therapy on long-term follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 52 patients, comprising 27 males and 25 females, age 40 ± 10 years. The follow-up period was 5.9 ± 3.9 years. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 20 (38%); tuberculosis (TB) in 15(29%) and 17(33%) patients were indeterminate. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of the entire cohort was 0.45 ± 0.14. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR) was found to be significantly higher in TB(43.6 ± 18.4) patients vs sarcoid(18.9 ± 6.7)p < 0.0001, but not the indeterminate group (36.2 ± 21.1), p = 0.3. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) implantation was performed in 12/20(60%) patients in the sarcoid group, in 4/15(27%) patients in the TB group and in 10/17(59%) patients in the indeterminate group. At a mean follow-up of six years, VT recurrences were noted in 6, 2, and 7 patients in the sarcoid, TB and indeterminate groups respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite the advances in diagnostic modalities for tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, in real-world practice, almost one-third of the patients with VT and GCM have uncertain etiology. Long term outcomes of patients presenting with GCM and VT with mild left ventricle dysfunction treated appropriately seems favorable.

Ventricular tachycardia as the presenting feature in two patients with cardiac lipoma and cardiac fibroma.

We hereby present two patients with benign cardiac tumours presenting as ventricular tachycardia (VT). Most such tumours have a favorable prognosis, unless complicated by arrhythmias. Intracavitary tumours are easily diagnosed by echocardiography. Intramural tumours as in our patients may be missed at times by echocardiography. Multimodality imaging helped confirm the diagnosis and etiology, since biopsy was not safe. Surgical removal was not feasible due to extensive infiltration. The patients are so far doing well on medical therapy.

Incidence, clinical, electrophysiological characteristics and outcomes of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation (AF) with preexcitation can be life threatening. Our study evaluated the incidence, clinical features, electrophysiologic characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting with AF and fast ventricular rates associated with an antegrade conducting accessory pathway. METHODS: Hospital data of patients who had undergone electrophysiology study and radiofrequency ablation for AF and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome was retrospectively evaluated over 10 years and prospective data was further collected over 1 year. Out of 2876 patients undergoing electrophysiology study, 320 patients had manifest preexcitation on ECG. Forty one patients who had presented with AF and fast ventricular rates were included in the study. RESULTS: Forty one (12.8%) patients out of 320 patients of WPW syndrome patients presented with AF and fast ventricular rates. Mean age of presentation was 38.5 ± 12.3 yrs. Twenty nine (72.5%) were male. Most common presenting features were palpitations, presyncope and syncope. Twenty eight (71.1%) patients were electrically cardioverted on presentation, of which two patients having narrow complex tachycardia, when given adenosine, developed AF and fast ventricular rates and had to be electrically cardioverted. Intravenous amiodarone converted AF to sinus rhythm in 11 (28.9%) patients. Right postero-septal pathway (33.3%) followed by coronary sinus epicardial pathway (22.9%) were the most commonly located pathways associated with AF. Five (12.2%) patients had multiple pathways. CS diverticulum was seen in 6 (14.7%) patients. Ablation was done during AF in 6 (14.7%) patients. All except one had immediate successful ablation. One patient had a recurrence of preexcitation on follow up and successfully ablated during redo procedure. CONCLUSION: AF with WPW syndrome is not uncommon. AF is commonly associated with posteriorly located accessory pathways, CS diverticulum and multiple pathways. Radiofrequency ablation has good outcomes.

Reappraisal and new observations on atrial tachycardia ablated from the non-coronary aortic sinus of Valsalva.

Aims: The clinical characteristics of atrial tachycardias (AT) ablated from the non-coronary aortic sinus (NCS) are thus far described only in small series. We aimed to outline, in a large cohort of patients, the clinical, electrocardiographic, electrophysiological characteristics of this tachycardia. Methods and results: We analysed data pertaining to clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiological characteristics of 43 consecutive patients from an overall cohort of 441 with AT who were successfully ablated from the NCS. The tachycardias ablated from the NCS were paroxysmal (98%) and adenosine sensitive (35/35). The patients were aged 54.6 ± 12.4 years, showing female preponderance (74%). No P wave pattern was predictive of the location of ablation. Electrophysiological findings suggested a possible micro-reentrant mechanism. During tachycardia, atrial electrograms recorded in the NCS preceded the A in the His region by 10.9 ± 7.4 ms. Fractionated atrial electrograms were noted at the site of ablation in 42 patients during the tachycardia. Radiofrequency ablation terminated the tachycardia within 5 s in 88%, with thermal automaticity seen only in 3 patients. The site of ablation at the base of the NCS was adjacent to the presumed site of the retroaortic node, a remnant of the initial atrio-ventricular canal musculature. Conclusions: AT ablated from the NCS is a paroxysmal arrhythmia in middle-aged women, with distinct electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics. We suspect the retroaortic node to be involved in the tachycardia circuit.

Consensus statement for implantation and follow-up of cardiac implantable electronic devices in India.

Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures are being done by many operators/centers and it is projected that this therapy will remarkably increase in India in the coming years. This document by IHRS, aims at guiding the Indian medical community in the appropriate use and method of implantation with emphasis on implanter training and center preparedness to deliver a safe and effective therapy to patients with cardiac rhythm disorders and heart failure.

KCNQ1 mutations associated with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome and autosomal recessive Romano-Ward syndrome in India-expanding the spectrum of long QT syndrome type 1.

Long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1) is the most common type of all Long QT syndromes (LQTS) and occurs due to mutations in KCNQ1. Biallelic mutations with deafness is called Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (JLNS) and without deafness is autosomal recessive Romano-Ward syndrome (AR RWS). In this prospective study, we report biallelic mutations in KCNQ1 in Indian patients with LQT1 syndrome. Forty patients with a clinical diagnosis of LQT1 syndrome were referred for molecular testing. Of these, 18 were excluded from the analysis as they did not fulfill the inclusion criteria of broad T wave ECG pattern of the study. Direct sequencing of KCNQ1 was performed in 22 unrelated probands, parents and at-risk family members. Mutations were identified in 17 patients, of which seven had heterozygous mutations and were excluded in this analysis. Biallelic mutations were identified in 10 patients. Five of 10 patients did not have deafness and were categorized as AR RWS, the rest being JLNS. Eight mutations identified in this study have not been reported in the literature and predicted to be pathogenic by in silico analysis. We hypothesize that the homozygous biallelic mutations identified in 67% of families was due to endogamous marriages in the absence of consanguinity. This study presents biallelic gene mutations in KCNQ1 in Asian Indian patients with AR JLNS and RWS. It adds to the scant worldwide literature of mutation studies in AR RWS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Transcatheter device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in children treated with prophylactic oral steroids: acute and mid-term results of a single-centre, prospective, observational study.

UNLABELLED: Background and Objective Although transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect is emerging as an accepted, viable alternative, conduction disturbances still remain a major concern. Although steroid treatment has shown encouraging results with complete recovery, efficacy of prophylactic use of steroids is still speculative. We aim to study the mid-term outcome of perimembranous ventricular septal defect closure in children who received prophylactic oral steroids. Materials and methods A prospective study was designed and antegrade device closure was attempted in eligible children who met the following inclusion criteria: age 3-18 years and weight >10 kg, defect diameter ⩽12 mm, and symptomatic, haemodynamic changes or history of infective endocarditis. Prophylactic steroid protocol consisted of 2 weeks oral prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) initiated immediately after the procedure, and in the event of bradyarrhythmia it was escalated to 2 mg/kg. Patients were regularly followed-up at 1, 6, and 12 months and then annually. Patients with post-procedure heart block underwent Holter monitoring after a minimum of 1 year interval. RESULTS: Between May, 2007 and August, 2012, successful device closure was accomplished in 290/297 patients. Mean age and weight were 9±3.12 years and 21±8.27 kg, respectively. The defect measured 5±1.38 mm on echocardiography. Mean fluoroscopy time was 12.98±8.64 minutes. Eight patients with major complications included one each with device embolisation, haemolysis, severe aortic regurgitation, and five with bradyarrhythmias, including complete atrioventricular block in three, Mobitz II in one, and bifascicular block in one. Patients with complete atrioventricular block responded to high-dose steroid and temporary pacemaker. Minor complications included post-procedure heart block (n=22) and blood loss (n=2). At 18.23±13.15 months follow-up, 8/27 (five major, 22 minor) with arrhythmia had persistent post-procedure heart block of no clinical consequences. CONCLUSION: In our patient population, transcatheter device closure of the perimembranous ventricular septal defect with prophylactic oral steroid resulted in excellent closure rate and acceptably low incidence of conduction disturbances at mid-term follow-up.

Partial unroofed coronary sinus associated with upper septal ventricular tachycardia and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.

A 58 year old gentleman with complaints of palpitations and documented tachycardia was found to have a dilated right atrium, right ventricle and coronary sinus, which were due to partial unroofed coronary sinus without a left superior vena cava. He had upper septal ventricular tachycardia and atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, which was successfully treated by radiofrequency ablation.

A case of 'tachy-brady syndrome': What is the mechanism?

A young male presented with incessant narrow QRS tachycardia and left ventricular dysfunction. 24-Holter monitoring revealed multiple episodes of sustained and nonsustained episodes of tachycardia with prolonged sinus pauses at termination. The analysis of the electrocardiogram, followed by an invasive electrophysiological study, suggested an unusual mechanism for this tachy-brady syndrome.

Is the 12-lead electrocardiogram during antidromic circus movement tachycardia helpful in predicting the ablation site in atriofascicular pathways?

AIMS: Unlike in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, there has been no systematic study on the role of the pre-excitation pattern in predicting the ablation site in patients with atriofascicular (AF) pathways. We assessed in a large cohort the value of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) during antidromic tachycardia (ADT) to predict the site of ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-five patients were studied, 23 males (51%), mean age of 27 ± 12 years with 46 AF pathways and 48 ADT using the AF pathway for A-V conduction. Inclusion required induction of a sustained ADT and successful ablation. Ablation site was assessed during LAO 45° projection and clockwise classified as hours in posteroseptal, posterolateral, lateral, anterolateral, and anteroseptal tricuspid annulus as follows: 05:00-07:00, >07:00-08:00, >08:00-09:00, >09:00-11:00, and >11:00-13:00 o'clock. The QRS axis was assessed during ADT and classified as normal (>+15°), horizontal (+15° to -30°), and superior (<-30°). During ADT axis was superior (-57° ± 10°) in 15 (31%), horizontal (-11° ± 14°) in 22 (46%), and normal (+45° ± 16°) in 11 (23%) patients. The correct ablation site did not differ between the different groups of QRS axis. QRS width during ADT was narrower in patients with a normal when compared with a horizontal and leftward axis (127 ± 14 vs. 145 ± 12 ms, P < 0.0001), and the V-H interval was shorter (4 ± 3 ms vs. 19 ± 22 ms, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: There was no correlation between the AF pathway ablation site and the QRS axis during ADT. The 12-lead ECG during maximal pre-excitation does not predict the proper site of tricuspid annulus ablation in patients with A-V conduction over an AF pathway.

Local Anaesthesia Suppressing Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia: - A Cause of Non-inducible Arrhythmia During Electrophysiology Study.

A 13 year old boy having idiopathic ventricular tachycardia had non-inducible tachycardia twice on electrophysiology (EP) study due to suppression of arrhythmia by local anaesthetic agent, lignocaine. This case report demonstrates a cause of non-inducibility or arrhythmia during EP study and effect of lignocaine in suppression of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia.

Pseudo-Kussmaul's Sign in Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia: A Prospective, Cohort Study.

Aims: To study the respiratory variation of right atrial (RA) pressures at baseline and during atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). Methods: Of the 23 patients screened, 16 participants with typical AVNRT were included in the study. After ensuring adequate hydration, baseline RA pressures were measured as the height of 'a' and 'v' waves. The patients were asked to take deep breaths, and the measurements were taken in both inspiration and expiration. Results: Of the 16 participants, 14(87.5%) showed a normal fall in the height of 'a' and 'v' waves with inspiration, 1(6.25%) showed no change and 1(6.25%) showed a rise in height at baseline, p <0.01. During induced AVNRT, the 'a' and 'v' wave heights increased in 8(50%), remained same in 6(37.5%) and showed a normal fall in 2(12.5%), p = 0.07 for 'a' waves and p = 0.09 for 'v' waves. When the magnitude and direction of change in 'a' and 'v' wave height at baseline was compared with AVNRT, it showed a significant difference with 13(81.25%) participants demonstrating positive Pseudo-Kussmaul's sign, p <0.01. Mean age was numerically higher in those with a more considerable inspiratory rise in RA pressures but was not statistically significant, χ2(2) = 3.1, p = 0.21. Conclusions: Pseudo-Kussmaul's sign does occur in a substantial number of patients during AVNRT. Clinical appreciation of this phenomenon is possible in half to three-fourth of patients, provided the mean RA pressures are low enough for the variation to be visible in the neck.

Left atrial myxoma-influence of tumour size on electrocardiographic findings.

OBJECTIVE: The data of 51 patients (33 females) who underwent excision of left atrial (LA) myxoma were retrospectively reviewed for correlation of tumour size and electrocardiographic (ECG) findings. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mean age was 39.1 ± 15 years (range 9-53 years). The LA enlargement (LAE) on ECG was defined by standard criteria. The LAE in ECG in these patients did not correlate with echocardiographic LA dimensions or with the degree of left ventricular (LV) inflow obstruction. But it was found that the presence of LAE in ECG predicted maximum tumour dimension of >5 cm and correlated with the degree of mitral regurgitation (MR). The LAE in ECG disappeared following surgery in 87.5% of patients. CONCLUSION: The LA enlargement on ECG in a patient with LA myxoma signifies larger tumour size or the presence of significant MR but is not necessarily associated with an increased LA size or LV inflow obstruction.

Reversal of tachycardiomyopathy due to left atrial tachycardia by ivabradine.

Ivabradine has been shown to be effective in reducing sinus rate. Here we report of a case where ivabradine reduced the rate of a focal atrial tachycardia relieving patient's symptoms and reversing tachycardiomyopathy.

Mahaim fiber accelerated automaticity and clues to a mahaim fiber being morphologically an ectopic or a split AV node.

Mahaim Fiber tachycardia characteristically causes a wide QRS tachycardia with left bundle branch morphology and left axis deviation, especially in young patients, having no structural heart disease. Mahaim fiber automaticity further cements the proposition of Mahaim fiber, due to its Atrioventricular (AV) node like property, being called as an ectopic AV node.