Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage on noncontrast head CT: An accuracy, inter-rater, and intra-rater reliability study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability and accuracy of nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (NAPSAH) on Noncontrast Head CT (NCCT) between numerous raters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 45 NCCT of adult patients with SAH who also had a catheter angiography (CA) were independently evaluated by 48 diverse raters; 45 raters performed a second assessment one month later. For each case, raters were asked: 1) whether they judged the bleeding pattern to be perimesencephalic; 2) whether there was blood anterior to brainstem; 3) complete filling of the anterior interhemispheric fissure (AIF); 4) extension to the lateral part of the sylvian fissure (LSF); 5) frank intraventricular hemorrhage; 6) whether in the hypothetical presence of a negative CT angiogram they would still recommend CA. An automatic NAPSAH diagnosis was also generated by combining responses to questions 2-5. Reliability was estimated using Gwet's AC1 (κG), and the relationship between the NCCT diagnosis of NAPSAH and the recommendation to perform CA using Cramer's V test. Multi-rater accuracy of NCCT in predicting negative CA was explored. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability for the presence of NAPSAH was moderate (κG = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.47, 0.69), but improved to substantial when automatically generated (κG = 0.70; 95%CI: 0.59, 0.81). The most reliable criteria were the absence of AIF filling (κG = 0.79) and extension to LSF (κG = 0.79). Mean intra-rater reliability was substantial (κG = 0.65). NAPSAH weakly correlated with CA decision (V = 0.50). Mean sensitivity and specificity were 58% (95%CI: 44%, 71%) and 83 % (95%CI: 72 %, 94%), respectively. CONCLUSION: NAPSAH remains a diagnosis of exclusion. The NCCT diagnosis was moderately reliable and its impact on clinical decisions modest.

Proposed new classification for internal carotid artery segmental agenesis based on embryologic and angiographic correlation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis is a rare anatomical variant that can involve different segments of the ICA. Although many authors proposed their own classifications of this variant basing on different criteria, none of these allows to include all the cases described in the literature. The aim of the authors is to propose a new classification that allows to include all cases of ICA agenesis described until now. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is based on the review of all the cases of ICA agenesis described in the literature and of the classifications already proposed. After the analysis of these cases, we looked for the limits of each classification to elaborate a new more complete one. RESULTS: We found 228 cases of ICA agenesis. Among them 40 were not includible in the existing classifications. For this reason, we proposed a new classification based on the type of flow compensation and on the embryological events that determine the different variants. The flow is compensated in Type I by the Circle of Willis; in Type II by the non-regression of an embryonic artery; in Type III by the presence of an arterio-arterial anastomosis and in Type IV by external-internal carotid arteries anastomoses. CONCLUSION: After the literature review, we proposed a new comprehensive classification based on the detailed analysis of arterial embryology. Even if all the embryological details that determine this complex variant are not completely understood yet, this classification allows to include all the cases described in literature.

Embryology of the anterior communicating artery complex: implications on possible adult variants.

The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the anterior communicating artery (AComA) are important arteries of the telencephalon and are prominent location for cerebral aneurysms. Their embryological development is closely linked, and explains the possible variants seen in adults. In this paper, we present details related to the development of these two arteries, focusing on some variants such as the infra-optic course of the ACA, the unpaired ACA, and the persistent primitive olfactory artery.

Immunohistochemical Markers in the Diagnosis of Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of the Neuraxis.

BACKGROUND: Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON) is a rare tumor-like lesion with unknown pathogenesis. It is likely under-reported due to diagnostic challenges including the nonspecific radiographic features, lack of diagnostic markers, and often asymptomatic nature of the lesions. METHODS: We performed detailed examination of 11 CAPNON specimens diagnosed by histopathology, with the help of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Electron microscopy revealed the presence of fibrillary materials consistent with neurofilaments. In addition to some entrapped axons at the periphery of CAPNONs, we discovered that all specimens stained positive for neurofilament-light (NF-L) within the granular amorphous cores, but not neurofilament-phosphorylated (NF-p). CAPNONs also showed variable infiltration of CD8+ T-cells and a decreased ratio of CD4/CD8+ T-cells, suggesting an immune-mediated process in the pathogenesis of CAPNON. CONCLUSION: NF-L and CD4/CD8 immunostains may serve as diagnostic markers for CAPNON and shed light on its pathogenesis.

Skull Base Calcifying Pseudoneoplasms of the Neuraxis: Two Case Reports and a Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON) is a rare tumefactive lesion. CAPNONs can mimic calcified meningiomas at the skull base. METHODS: Here, we report two cases of CAPNON and present a systematic review of the literature on skull base CAPNONs, to compare CAPNONs with calcified meningiomas. RESULTS: Case 1: A 57-year-old man presented with right-sided lower cranial neuropathies and gait ataxia. He underwent a subtotal resection of a right cerebellopontine angle lesion, with significant improvement of his gait ataxia. However, his cranial neuropathies persisted. Pathological examination of the lesion was diagnostic of CAPNON, with the entrapped nerve fibers identified at the periphery of the lesion, correlating with the patient's cranial neuropathy. Case 2: A 70-year-old man presented with progressive headache, gait difficulty, and cognitive impairment. He underwent a frontotemporal craniotomy for a near-total resection of his right basal frontal CAPNON. He remained neurologically stable 7 years after the initial resection without evidence of disease recurrence. We analyzed 24 reported CAPNONs at the skull base in our systematic review of the literature. Cranial neuropathies were present in 11 (45.8%) patients. Outcomes regarding cranial neuropathies were documented in six patients: two had sacrifice of the nerve function with surgical approaches and four had persistent cranial neuropathies. CONCLUSION: While CAPNON can radiologically and grossly mimic calcified meningiomas, they are two distinctly different pathologies. CAPNONs located at the skull base are commonly associated with cranial neuropathies, which may be difficult to reverse despite surgical intervention.

How I do it: lateral supra-cerebellar infra-tentorial approach for P2-P3 junction cerebral aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: P2-P3 junction aneurysms are challenging to treat surgically because of their frequent complex morphology and their location deep in close proximity to the midbrain. The sub-temporal route requires significant retraction of the temporal lobe in addition to potential injury to the vein of Labbe. We describe the technique for treating such aneurysms via a lateral supra-cerebellar infra-tentorial (LSCIT) approach, which eliminates manipulation of the temporal lobe. METHOD: Cadaveric dissection provided comprehensive understanding of relevant anatomy. Intraoperative video shows clipping of the aneurysm using a LSCIT approach. CONCLUSION: LSCIT approach allows safe clipping of P2-P3 aneurysms with minimal brain manipulation.

Arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations (pfAVMs) can be challenging lesions to manage. AVMs in this location may have distinct features compared with supratentorial AVMs. Our aim was to systematically review the literature on the presenting characteristics of pfAVMs and compare clinical and angiographic outcomes after the various types of treatment employed. METHODS: The review was conducted according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Electronic databases from 1900 to March 2018 were searched and complemented by hand-searching and cross-referencing. Articles were categorized into (i) AVM studies that included those in the posterior fossa, (ii) those that focused exclusively on pfAVM, and (iii) those that further specified a cerebellar or brainstem location of the AVM. RESULTS: Seventy-seven articles with 4512 pfAVM patients were retained for analyses. Compared with historical supratentorial controls, pfAVMs were reported to more frequently present with rupture, to more commonly have associated arterial aneurysms, and to more frequently lead to poor clinical and angiographic outcomes. The quality of the literature and lack of standardization of outcome reporting precluded performing a meta-analysis on the results of the various different treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior fossa AVMs may have some distinct features compared with supratentorial AVMs. The available reports on pfAVMs are not sufficiently standardized to provide reliable guidance for patient management decisions. This goal will require future studies to be multicentric and to focus on standardized, repeatable clinical and angiographic outcomes.

Clipping of a PICA aneurysm located on the contralateral side of its parent vertebral artery in front of the brainstem: how I do it.

BACKGROUND: Vertebro-PICA aneurysms may be challenging because of their relationship with the brainstem and the lower cranial nerves, especially when the vertebral artery is tortuous and the aneurysm is located in front of the brainstem, contralaterally to the parent vertebral artery. We describe the surgical technique for safe approach. METHOD: Cadaveric dissection performed by the authors, provided comprehensive understanding of relevant anatomy. Intraoperative photos and videos show clipping of the aneurysm using a combined midline and far-lateral suboccipital craniotomy with a para-condylar extension. The literature reviews potential complications. CONCLUSION: This combined approach allows safe clipping of such PICA aneurysms.

Surgical management of giant sphenoid wing meningiomas encasing major cerebral arteries.

OBJECTIVE Sphenoid wing meningiomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with variable surgical risks and prognosis. Those that have grown to a very large size, encasing the major cerebral arteries, are associated with a high risk of stroke. In reviewing the authors' series of giant sphenoid wing meningiomas, the goal was to evaluate how the extent of the tumor's invasion of surrounding structures affected the ability to safely remove the tumor and restore function. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective study of a series of giant sphenoid wing meningiomas operated on between 1996 and 2016. Inclusion criteria were meningiomas with a globoid component ≥ 6 cm, encasing at least 1 major intradural cerebral artery. Extent of resection was measured according to Simpson grade. RESULTS This series included 12 patients, with a mean age of 59 years. Visual symptoms were the most common clinical presentation. There was complete or partial encasement of all 3 major cerebral arteries except for 3 cases in which only the anterior cerebral artery was not involved. The lateral wall of the cavernous sinus was invaded in 8 cases (67%) and the optic canal in 6 (50%). Complete resection was achieved in 2 cases (Simpson grades 2 and 3). In the remaining 10 cases of partial resection (Simpson grade 4), radical removal (> 90%) was achieved in 7 cases (70%). In the immediate postoperative period, there were no deaths. Four of 9 patients with visual deficits improved, while the 5 others remained unchanged. Two patients experienced transient neurological deficits. Other than an asymptomatic lacuna of the internal capsule, there were no ischemic lesions following surgery. Tumor recurrence occurred in 5 patients, between 24 and 168 months (mean 61 months) following surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although these giant lesions encasing major cerebral arteries are particularly treacherous for surgery, this series demonstrates that it is possible to safely achieve radical removal and at times even gross-total resection. However, the risk of recurrence remains high and larger studies are needed to see if and how improvement can be achieved, whether in surgical technique or technological advances, and by determining the timing and modality of adjuvant radiation therapy.

Surgical clipping or endovascular coiling for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a pragmatic randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are increasingly diagnosed and are commonly treated using endovascular treatment or microsurgical clipping. The safety and efficacy of treatments have not been compared in a randomised trial. How to treat patients with UIAs suitable for both options remains unknown. METHODS: We randomly allocated clipping or coiling to patients with one or more 3-25 mm UIAs judged treatable both ways. The primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as: initial failure of aneurysm treatment, intracranial haemorrhage or residual aneurysm on 1-year imaging. Secondary outcomes included neurological deficits following treatment, hospitalisation >5 days, overall morbidity and mortality and angiographic results at 1 year. RESULTS: The trial was designed to include 260 patients. An analysis was performed for slow accrual: 136 patients were enrolled from 2010 through 2016 and 134 patients were treated. The 1-year primary outcome, available for 104 patients, was reached in 5/48 (10.4% (4.5%-22.2%)) patients allocated surgical clipping, and 10/56 (17.9% (10.0%-29.8%)) patients allocated endovascular coiling (OR: 0.54 (0.13-1.90), p=0.40). Morbidity and mortality (modified Rankin Scale>2) at 1 year occurred in 2/48 (4.2% (1.2%-14.0%)) and 2/56 (3.6% (1.0%-12.1%)) patients allocated clipping and coiling, respectively. New neurological deficits (15/65 vs 6/69; OR: 3.12 (1.05-10.57), p=0.031), and hospitalisations beyond 5 days (30/65 vs 6/69; OR: 8.85 (3.22-28.59), p=0.0001) were more frequent after clipping. CONCLUSION: Surgical clipping or endovascular coiling of UIAs did not show differences in morbidity at 1 year. Trial continuation and additional randomised evidence will be necessary to establish the supposed superior efficacy of clipping.

The Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Study (TOBAS): A preliminary inter- and intra-rater agreement study on patient management.

OBJECT: The best management of brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) patients remains unknown. Randomized allocation may be more readily accepted when there is uncertainty and disagreement regarding the management of potential participants. In planning for a trial, we aimed to assess variability and agreement among physicians managing bAVM patients. METHODS: A portfolio composed of 35 patients was sent to 47 clinicians of various specialties managing bAVM patients. For each patient, physicians were asked their best management decision (surgery/embolization/radiosurgery/conservative), their confidence level, and whether they would include the patient in a randomized trial comparing conservative and curative management. Seven physicians, who had access to all images of each patient, independently responded twice, to assess inter and intra-rater agreement using kappa statistics. RESULTS: The inter-rater agreement (30 raters, including 16 neuroradiologists) for best management decision was only "fair" (κ [95%CI]=0.210[0.157; 0.295]). Agreement remained below 'substantial' (κ<.6) between physicians of the same specialty, and when no distinctions were made between various treatments (when responses were dichotomized as conservative versus curative). With access to all images the inter-rater agreement remained fair. The intra-rater agreement reached "substantial" only for the dichotomized decisions. Responding clinicians were willing to include 54.4% of patients (mainly unruptured bAVMs) in a randomized trial. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of agreement among clinicians involved in the management of bAVM patients. In this study a substantial proportion of clinicians were willing to offer randomized allocation of management options to a substantial number of patients.

Supracerebellar transtentorial removal of a large tentorial tumor.

Large tumors located on the upper surface of the tentorium, extending to the posterior edge of the tentorial incisura and affecting the posterior temporo-mesial region, are challenging to reach without damaging the surrounding brain. Typically, these lesions are approached through a subtemporal or a transcortical transtemporal corridor. To avoid temporal lobe transgression or retraction, and venous drainage compromise, we use a supracerebellar transtentorial (SCTT) approach which gives a direct exposure to the posterior temporo-medial region and the posterior incisural space. In this video, we demonstrate the surgical technique of the SCTT approach. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/g3ilMO8vo4g .

Using the trans-lamina terminalis route via a pterional approach to resect a retrochiasmatic craniopharyngioma involving the third ventricle.

Retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas involving the anterior third ventricle are challenging to access. Although the pterional approach is a common route for suprasellar lesions, when the craniopharyngioma extends behind the chiasma into the third ventricle, access is even more difficult, and the lamina terminalis may offer a good working window. The translamina terminalis approach provides direct access to the retrochiasmatic portion of the tumor with minimal brain retraction and no manipulation of the visual nerves. In this video, we emphasize the utility of using the lamina terminalis corridor to resect the retrochiasmatic intraventricular portion of a craniopharyngioma. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/hrLNC0hDKe4 .

Surgical treatment of marginal sinus dural arteriovenous fistula: a narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Dural arteriovenous fistulas of the marginal sinus (DAVFms) are uncommon and complex, with varied symptoms. Their complexity is heightened by the region's dense anastomotic network, posing risks for endovascular treatment. Surgical intervention can be effective, but this depends on thorough pre-operative understanding and optimal intra-operative visualization of the fistula. OBJECTIVE: To review the relevant anatomy, presentation patterns of DAVFms, and provide insights for surgical treatment. METHODS: Recent literature on DAVFms was reviewed, and three surgical cases are discussed to highlight treatment principles. RESULTS: The symptoms of a DAVFms vary depending on its venous drainage pattern. Drainage may be either ascending towards the cranial compartment or descending towards the spinal canal. Patients suffering from DAVFms may experience hemorrhage, particularly when venous drainage is directed upwards. Congestive symptoms of the spinal cord or brainstem can occur in cases of downward venous drainage. Compared to the endovascular approach, open surgery has a higher success rate in obliterating the fistula and yields better outcomes in cases of perimedullary venous drainage. Achieving surgical success necessitates thorough preoperative evaluation and adequate surgical exposure. Brainstem hyperintensity observed on T2-weighted MRI scans is linked to a poorer prognosis for recovery. CONCLUSION: Treating complex DAVFms often requires surgery, as endovascular methods may not be feasible. Successful surgery hinges on a precise understanding of the fistula's venous architecture and its spatial relationships, assessed using digital substraction angiography (DSA), angio-MRI, and angio-CT. Optimal intraoperative exposure is crucial for effective surgery.

Anatomy of the craniocervical junction - A review.

An in-depth understanding of the anatomy of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) is indispensable in skull base neurosurgery. In this paper, we discuss the osteology of the occipital bone, the atlas (C1) and axis (C2), the ligaments and the muscle anatomy of the CCJ region and their relationships with the vertebral artery. We will also discuss the trajectory of the vertebral artery and review the anatomy of the jugular foramen and lower cranial nerves (IX to XII). The most important surgical approaches to the CCJ, including the far lateral approach, the anterolateral approach of Bernard George and the endoscopic endonasal approach, will be discussed to review the surgical anatomy.

Hemodynamic factors of spontaneous vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms assessed with numerical and deep learning algorithms: Role of blood pressure and asymmetry.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of spontaneous vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms (SVADA) is poorly understood. Our goal is to investigate the hemodynamic factors contributing to their formation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and deep learning algorithms. METHODS: We have developed software that can use patient imagery as input to recreate the vertebrobasilar arterial system, both with and without SVADA, which we used in a series of three patients. To obtain the kinematic blood flow data before and after the aneurysm forms, we utilized numerical methods to solve the complex Navier-Stokes partial differential equations. This was accomplished through the application of a finite volume solver (OpenFoam/Helyx OS). Additionally, we trained a neural ordinary differential equation (NODE) to learn and replicate the dynamical streamlines obtained from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. RESULTS: In all three cases, we observed that the equilibrium of blood pressure distributions across the VAs, at a specific vertical level, accurately predicted the future SVADA location. In the two cases where there was a dominant VA, the dissection occurred on the dominant artery where blood pressure was lower compared to the contralateral side. The SVADA sac was characterized by reduced wall shear stress (WSS) and decreased velocity magnitude related to increased turbulence. The presence of a high WSS gradient at the boundary of the SVADA may explain its extension. Streamlines generated by CFD were learned with a neural ordinary differential equation (NODE) capable of capturing the system's dynamics to output meaningful predictions of the flow vector field upon aneurysm formation. CONCLUSION: In our series, asymmetry in the vertebrobasilar blood pressure distributions at and proximal to the site of the future SVADA accurately predicted its location in all patients. Deep learning algorithms can be trained to model blood flow patterns within biological systems, offering an alternative to the computationally intensive CFD. This technology has the potential to find practical applications in clinical settings.

Surgical management of tumors of the cervical spine and craniovertebral junction involving the vertebral artery: A narrative review.

BACKGROUND: The vertebral artery (VA) is in close proximity to bony structures, nerves and nerve sheaths of the cervical spine and craniovertebral junction (CVJ). These structures can be sources of tumors that are responsible for displacement, encasement and sometimes invasion of the VA. Removing these tumors while minimizing the risk of vascular injury requires thorough knowledge of the vascular anatomy, risk factors of vascular injury, the relationships of each tumor type with the VA, and the different surgical approaches and techniques that result in the best outcomes in terms of vascular control, tumoral exposure and resection. OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of preoperative and anatomical considerations, differential diagnoses and various approaches to consider in cases of tumors in close relationship with the VA. METHOD: A review of recent literature was conducted to examine the anatomy of the VA, the tumors most frequently affecting it, surgical approaches, and the necessary pre-operative preparations for ensuring safe and maximal tumor resection. This review aims to underscore the principles of treatment. CONCLUSION: Tumors located at the CVJ and the cervical spine intimately involved with the VA, pose a surgical challenge and increase the risk of incomplete removal of the lesion. Detailed knowledge of the patient-specific anatomy and a targeted pre-operative work-up enable optimal planning of surgical approach and management of the VA, thereby reducing surgical risks and improving extent of resection.

Spontaneous intracranial vertebral artery dissections presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is an infrequent source of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with a high mortality rate, primarily due to the risk of rebleeding both before and after medical intervention. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment strategies, and outcomes of intracranial vertebral artery dissections that result in subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS: Comprehensive five-year literature review (2018-2022) and a retrospective analysis of patient records from our institution between 2016 and 2022. We included studies with a minimum of 5 patients. RESULTS: The study incorporated ten series from the literature and 22 cases from CHUM. Key anatomical factors increasing the risk of VAD include the vertebral artery's origin from the aortic arch, asymmetry of the vertebral artery, and its tortuosity. Patients may display specific collagen and genetic abnormalities. The occurrence of VAD appears to be more prevalent in men. Those with a ruptured intracranial VAD typically show prodromal symptoms and present with severe SAH. Rebleeding within the first 24 h is frequent. While standard imaging methods are usually adequate for VAD diagnosis, they may not provide detailed information about the perforator anatomy. Treatment approaches include both deconstructive and reconstructive methods. CONCLUSION: Ruptured VAD is a critical, life-threatening condition. Many patients have a poor neurological status at presentation, and rebleeding prior to treatment is a significant concern. Deconstructive techniques are most effective in preventing rebleeding, whereas the efficacy of reconstructive techniques needs more investigation.

A comprehensive review of the vertebral artery anatomy.

BACKGROUND: The vertebral arteries (VA) play a critical role by supplying nearly one-third of the brain's blood flow, predominantly contributing to the posterior circulation. These arteries may need to be exposed in a various cranial and cervical procedures and offers access to investigate or treat vascular lesions by endovascular means related to the posterior circulation. Given its complex anatomy, which is subject to numerous variations, and its role in supplying vital brain regions, a thorough understanding of the VA's anatomy is paramount for any related procedure. OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive overview of vertebral artery anatomy and its relevance in contemporary clinical practice. METHODS: Dissection of the entire vertebral artery length using cadaveric specimen, combined with a comprehensive literature review. RESULTS: The vertebral artery can be subdivided into four segments. Each of these segments has its own unique topographic anatomy with its variations, anastomoses, and significance in surgery. CONCLUSION: As surgical and endovascular techniques continue to evolve with technological improvements, we are now more equipped than ever to manage complex lesions involving the VA. However, with its increasingly complexity comes the necessity for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the VA. Possessing the detailed knowledge of the VA is vital for the successful execution of any procedure involving it.