Transfusion of ABO non-identical platelets increases the severity of trauma patients at ICU admission

ABSTRACT Background: Transfusion of ABO-compatible non-identical platelets (PTLs), fresh plasma (FP) and red blood cells (RBCs) has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality of recipients. Trauma victims are frequently exposed to ABO non-identical products, given the need for emergency transfusions. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of the transfusion of ABO non-identical blood products on the severity and all-cause 30-day mortality of trauma patients. Methods: This was a retrospective single-center cohort, which included trauma patients who received emergency transfusions in the first 24 h of hospitalization. Patients were divided in two groups according to the use of <3 or ≥3 ABO non-identical blood products. The patient severity, measured by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHEII) score at ICU admission, and the 30-day mortality were compared between groups. Results: Two hundred and sixteen trauma patients were enrolled. Of these, 21.3% received ≥3 ABO non-identical blood products (RBCs, PLTs and FP or cryoprecipitate). The transfusion of ≥3 ABO non-identical blood products in the first 24 h of hospitalization was independently associated with a higher APACHEII score at ICU admission (OR = 3.28 and CI95% = 1.48-7.16). Transfusion of at least one unit of ABO non-identical PTLs was also associated with severity (OR = 10.89 and CI95% = 3.38-38.49). Transfusion of ABO non-identical blood products was not associated with a higher 30-day mortality in the studied cohort. Conclusion: The transfusion of ABO non-identical blood products and, especially, of ABO non-identical PLTs may be associated with the greater severity of trauma patients at ICU admission. The transfusion of ABO non-identical blood products in the trauma setting is not without risks.

Funções biológicas dos antígenos eritrocitários: [revisão] / Biological functions of blood group antigens: [review]

Os antígenos de grupos sanguíneos eritrocitários são estruturas macromoleculares localizadas na superfície extracelular da membrana eritrocitária. Com o desenvolvimento de estudos moleculares, mais de 250 antígenos são conhecidos e estão organizados em 29 sistemas de grupos sanguíneos reconhecidos pela Sociedade Internacional de Transfusão Sanguínea (ISBT). Estudos têm revelado que os antígenos de grupo sanguíneo estão expressos na membrana eritrocitária com ampla diversidade estrutural, incluindo epítopos de carboidratos em glicoproteínas e/ou glicolipídios e em proteínas inseridas na membrana via um domínio, via domínios de multipassagem ou ligados a glicosilfosfatidinositol. Além das diversidades estruturais, muitas funções importantes têm sido associadas aos antígenos eritrocitários recentemente identificadas, podendo ser esquematicamente divididas em: estruturais, transportadores, receptores e moléculas de adesão, enzimas, proteínas controladoras do complemento e outras. Esta revisão tem como foco as funções potenciais das moléculas que expressam os antígenos eritrocitários.

Erythrocyte blood group antigens are macromolecules structures located on the extracellular surface of the red blood cell membrane. The development of molecular studies allowed the recognition of more than 250 antigens by the International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT). These studies have also shown that blood group antigens are carried on red blood cell membrane of wide structural diversity, including carbohydrate epitopes on glycoproteins and/or glycolipids and on proteins inserted within the membrane via single or multi-pass transmembrane domains, or via glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkages. In addition, to their structural diversity, many important functions associated with blood group antigens have been recently identified and can be didactically divided into: structural proteins, transporters, receptors and adhesion molecules, enzymes, complement control proteins and others. This review will focus on the potential functions of the molecules that express blood group antigens.

Dez anos de experiência em controle de qualidade em imuno-hematologia / Ten years of experience of quality control in immunohematology

A medicina transfusional tem como objetivo garantir a qualidade e quantidade do sangue, componentes e serviços oferecidos à comunidade, e, dentro desse contexto, a análise dos reagentes imuno-hematológicos é crítica para a realização dos testes pré-transfusionais e, consequentemente, uma transfusão segura. É responsabilidade do controle de qualidade o constante aperfeiçoamento de testes que analisam a qualidade dos reagentes e equipamentos utilizados. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados alcançados em dez anos de experiência do Departamento de Controle de Qualidade em Imuno-hematologia da Fundação Pró-Sangue / Hemocentro de São Paulo. No período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2007 foram realizadas análises em 3.417 reagentes imuno-hematológicos por ocasião da aquisição do reagente e por solicitação de reavaliação (durante o uso). As análises incluíram desde a inspeção visual no recebimento a testes laboratoriais específicos para cada tipo de reagente. Dos 3.417 lotes analisados (média=310/ano, mediana=252/ano), 94 (2,7 por cento) foram reprovados (média=8,54/ano, mediana=7,00 ± 7,79/ano). Uma vez aprovado pelo controle de qualidade à aquisição, nenhum reagente imunohematológico foi reprovado durante o uso desde 2004. Podemos concluir que, para implementação de um sistema de controle de qualidade de reagentes imuno-hematológicos, não é necessário uso de reagentes ou equipamentos altamente especializados, pois os mesmos são utilizados na rotina laboratorial, como também não envolvem alta complexidade na execução das análises. Podemos enfim considerar que a implementação do controle de qualidade em Imuno-hematologia contribui para o aumento da segurança transfusional e é factível de realização nos mais diferentes níveis de complexidade dos serviços hemoterápicos.

Transfusion medicine has the purpose of guaranteeing the quality and quantity of blood, blood derivatives and services offered to the community. Thus, the analysis of serological reagents is critical in pre-transfusion testing and, consequently, reliable transfusions. A constant improvement in the tests that analyze the quality of reagents and equipment utilized is the responsibility of quality control. This paper aims at presenting the results and experience achieved over 10 years in the Department of Quality Control in Immunohematology at Fundação Pró-Sangue / Hemocentro de São Paulo. In the period of January 1997 to December 2007 we carried out analyses of 3,417 serological reagents at acquisition and/or during their use. The analyses included from visual inspection to specific laboratory tests for each kind of reagent. Of the 3,417 lots analyzed (mean = 310/year, median = 252/year), 94 (2.7 percent - median=8.54/year) failed the tests. From 2004 to date, once the reagents were approved, none failed during use. The implementation of a quality control system with standardized techniques is important for the adequate utilization of serological reagents. This system accomplished by retroactive control of the reagents, contributed to the safety and reliability of results in immunohematology testing.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-U

Anti-U is a rare red blood cell alloantibody that has been found exclusively in blacks. It can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn and hemolytic transfusion reactions. We describe the case of a female newborn presenting a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test due to an IgG antibody in cord blood. Anti-U was recovered from cord blood using acid eluate technique. Her mother presented positive screening of antibodies with anti-U identified at delivery. It was of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses and showed a titer of 32. Monocyte monolayer assay showed moderate interaction of Fc receptors with maternal serum with a positive result (3.1 percent). The newborn was treated only with 48 hours of phototherapy for mild hemolytic disease. She recovered well and was discharged on the 4th day of life. We conclude that whenever an antibody against a high frequency erythrocyte antigen is identified in brown and black pregnant women, anti-U must be investigated