Evolutionary development and co-phylogeny of primate-associated bifidobacteria.

In recent years, bifidobacterial populations in the gut of various monkey species have been assessed in several ecological surveys, unveiling a diverse, yet unexplored ecosystem harbouring novel species. In the current study, we investigated the species distribution of bifidobacteria present in 23 different species of primates, including human samples, by means of 16S rRNA microbial profiling and internal transcribed spacer bifidobacterial profiling. Based on the observed bifidobacterial-host co-phylogeny, we found a statistically significant correlation between the Hominidae family and particular bifidobacterial species isolated from humans, indicating phylosymbiosis between these lineages. Furthermore, phylogenetic and glycobiome analyses, based on 40 bifidobacterial species isolated from primates, revealed that members of the Bifidobacterium tissieri phylogenetic group, which are typical gut inhabitants of members of the Cebidae family, descend from an ancient ancestor with respect to other bifidobacterial taxa isolated from primates.

Demodicosis in a Free-Ranging Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) Cub in the Endangered Cantabrian Population, Spain.

A free-living female Cantabrian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) cub severely affected by mange in Asturias (northern Spain) represented the first report of demodicosis for this species. After antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic therapy it recovered and was released back into the wild to the eastern Cantabrian brown bear subpopulation.

Brown bear sperm double freezing: Effect of elapsed time and use of PureSperm(®) gradient between freeze-thaw cycles.

The use of sexed spermatozoa has great potential to captive population management in endangered wildlife. The problem is that the sex-sorting facility is a long distance from the semen collection place and to overcome this difficulty two freeze-thaw cycles may be necessary. In this study, effects of refreezing on brown bear electroejaculated spermatozoa were analyzed. We carried out two experiments: (1) to assess the effects of the two freezing-thawing cycles on sperm quality and to analyze three different elapsed times between freezing-thawing cycles (30, 90 and 180 min), and (2) to analyze the use of PureSperm between freezing-thawing cycles to select a more motile and viable sperm subpopulation which better survived first freezing. The motility, viability and undamaged acrosomes were significantly reduced after the second thawing respect to first thawing into each elapsed time group, but the elapsed times did not significantly affect the viability and acrosome status although motility was damaged. Our results with the PureSperm gradient showed higher values of viability in freezability of select sample (pellet) respect to the rest of the groups and it also showed a significant decrease in the number of acrosome damaged. In summary, the double freezing of bear semen selected by gradient centrifugation is qualitatively efficient, and thus could be useful to carry out a sex-sorting of frozen-thawed bear spermatozoa before to send the cryopreserved sample to a biobank. Given the low recovery of spermatozoa after applying a selection gradient, further studies will be needed to increase the recovery rate without damaging of the cell quality.

Seasonal changes in sperm chromatin condensation in ram (Ovis aries), Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), and brown bear (Ursus arctos).

The effect of seasonality (temperate environment, Spain) on the chromatin status of ovine (Churra breed), Iberian red deer, and brown bear spermatozoa was studied. This work aims to improve genetic resource banks (GRBs) by enhancing existing knowledge of the effect of season on sperm quality. Samples were obtained by electroejaculation in Iberian red deer and brown bear and by artificial vagina in ram. We used the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) to study the level of chromatin condensation of the spermatozoa in each studied period. These periods were: ram, breeding season (from September to January), nonbreeding season (from February to June), and summer (July and August); red deer, breeding season (September and October), postbreeding (November and December), and nonbreeding (the rest of the year); brown bear, prebreeding (March and April), breeding (May and June), postbreeding (July and August), and nonbreeding (September to February). Chromatin in ram was more decondensated in summer, and no differences were observed between the breeding and nonbreeding season. However, in red deer, spermatozoa obtained during the nonbreeding season showed more condensed chromatin than those obtained in the rut and postrut periods. Similarly, brown bear rendered sperm with loose chromatin in the prebreeding and breeding seasons. Less condensed chromatin in the breeding season may be related to faster epididymal transit due to enhanced spermatogenesis.