Encouraging Science Communication through Deliberative Pedagogy: A Study of a Gene Editing Deliberation in a Nonmajors Biology Course.

Deliberative pedagogy encourages productive science communication and learning through engagement and discussion of socio-scientific issues (SSI). This article examines a two-day deliberation module on gene editing that took place in an introductory nonmajors biology course, furthering research on integrating deliberative discussion into the biology classroom. The results demonstrate the benefits of a single, episodic deliberation in the classroom, which can positively encourage active discussion and critical awareness of connections between biology and real-world issues, thus contributing to the development of scientific citizenship. Additionally, the findings show that gene editing is an apt SSI topic for the deliberative process because it encourages productive communication practices of scientific citizenship, including discussion, perspective taking, questioning, and consideration of different types of evidence when coming to a decision.

Cytokine-activated natural killer cells exert direct killing of hepatoma cells harboring hepatitis C virus replicons.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific impairments in host immunity have been described at multiple levels of the innate and adaptive response, which may lead to viral persistence in the majority of infections. Understanding of HCV-associated immune defects could lead to novel therapeutic advances. Natural killer (NK) cells, the major effector cells of the innate immune system, are functionally impaired in chronic HCV infection. It has been suggested that this phenotype is a result of virus-specific defects in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that regulate NK cell activity, as normal NK function is restored when they are stimulated ex vivo. In this study, we used human NK cell cytotoxicity assays to evaluate the activation-induced effects of NK cells on the HCV replicon-containing hepatic cells. We found that cytokine-activated NK cells were capable of inducing an HCV-associated, perforin/granzyme-dependent lysis of human hepatoma cells and that this required direct cellular contact and was independent of MHC class I expression levels. In contrast, on removal of cytokine stimulation, NK cells failed to exert any direct cytolytic effect on replicon targets. These findings suggest an important underlying mechanism by which NK cells control HCV infection and, with appropriate understanding of HCV-associated immune defects, could lead to novel therapeutic advances.

Cytoskeletal requirements for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA synthesis in the HCV replicon cell culture system.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces microtubule aggregates in infected hepatocytes. To determine if cytoskeletal elements are important for HCV RNA synthesis, we examined the effect of cytoskeleton inhibitors on HCV replicon transcription in Huh7 cells. The data demonstrate that HCV replication complex-mediated RNA synthesis requires microtubule and actin polymerization.