Replication of Marek's disease vaccines in turkey embryos and their effect on TLR-3 and IFN-γ transcripts.

Understanding the pathogenesis of herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in its natural host is necessary before recombinant HVT (rHVT) can be used efficiently in turkey flocks. The objectives of this study were to evaluate when commercial turkey flocks get infected with wild type HVT, to study replication of HVT (conventional and recombinant rHVT-Newcastle disease, rHVT-ND) and other Marek's disease (MD) vaccines (SB-1 and CVI988) in turkey embryonic tissues, and to evaluate the expression of TLR-3 and IFN-γ in the lung and spleen of one-day-old turkeys after in ovo vaccination with MD vaccines. Our results demonstrated that commercial turkeys got exposed to wild type HVT within the first days of life; therefore, there is a potential of interaction between wild type HVT and rHVT when administered at day of age. On the other hand, all evaluated vaccines (especially HVT and rHVT-ND) replicated very well in turkey embryonic tissues. In ovo vaccination with HVT and CVI988 increased transcription of TLR-3 in the spleen of one-day-old turkeys. However, no effect on the transcription of TLR-3 or IFN-γ in the lungs and IFN-γ in the spleen in newly hatched turkeys was detected in the present study. Because of the limitations of evaluated genes, timepoints, and studied tissues, future studies are warranted to better understand the effect of MD vaccines on the turkey embryo immune responses.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Commercial turkey flocks get infected with wild type HVT within the first days of life.HVT and rHVT replicates readily in turkey embryonic tissues.SB-1 and CVI988 also replicate in turkey embryonic tissues, but at lower rates than HVT and rHVT.HVT and CVI988 increase transcription of TLR-3 in the spleen.

Leptin reduces in vitro cementoblast mineralization and survival as well as induces PGE2 release by ERK1/2 commitment.

OBJECTIVES: Juvenile obesity is a complex clinical condition that is present more and more frequently in the daily orthodontic practice. Over-weighted patients have an impaired bone metabolism, due in part to their increased levels of circulating adipokines. Particularly, leptin has been reported to play a key role in bone physiology. Leptin is ubiquitously present in the body, including blood, saliva, and crevicular fluid. If, and to what extent, it could influence the reaction of cementoblasts during orthodontic-induced forces is yet unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: OCCM-30 cementoblasts were cultivated under compressive forces using different concentrations of leptin. The expression of ObR, Runx-2, Osteocalcin, Rank-L, Sost, Caspase 3, 8, and 9 were analyzed by RT-PCR. Western blots were employed for protein analysis. The ERK1/2 antagonist FR180204 (Calbiochem) was used and cPLA2 activation, PGE2, and cytochrome C release were further evaluated. RESULTS: In vitro, when compressive forces are applied, leptin promotes ERK1/2 phosphorylation, as well as upregulates PGE2 and caspase 3 and caspase 9 on OCCM cells. Blockade of ERK1/2 impairs leptin-induced PGE2 secretion and reduced caspase 3 and caspase 9 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin influences the physiological effect of compressive forces on cementoblasts, exerting in vitro a pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effect. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings indicate that leptin exacerbates the physiological effect of compressive forces on cementoblasts promoting the release of PGE2 and increases the rate of cell apoptosis, and thus, increased levels of leptin may influence the inflammatory response during orthodontically induced tooth movement.

Orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review of the literature.

To systematically review the literature published on orthodontic treatment principles in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Several electronic databases (PubMed, Medpilot, Web of Science, and DIMDI) and orthodontic and rheumatologic literature were systematically searched for studies published until May 2010. The articles were rated by two independent reviewers and included after three selection steps (title-abstract-full text). Articles had to be studies performed on ≥ 5 patients with a disease onset before the age of 16. The selection process resulted in the inclusion of three publications on dentofacial orthopedics and six on combined surgical orthodontic therapy. The three studies on dentofacial orthopedics aimed to improve the mandibular retrusion by means of removable functional appliances (activator). Whereas these orthodontic approaches comprised relatively large and homogeneous patient samples (14, 22, and 72 subjects, aged 6-16), the surgical studies were basically case series with a large age span of the patients (5-12 subjects, aged 10-44). In these surgical treatment approaches, orthodontics was limited to pre-surgical leveling and post-surgical finishing, while the skeletal discrepancy was treated surgically by a variety of techniques (costochondral grafts, bilateral sagittal spilt osteotomy, Le Fort I, and genioplasty). The treatment goals of both approaches were improvement of esthetics and function and/or pain reduction, and both approaches showed satisfactory results. Because of the heterogeneity of the subject material and the low level of evidence of the papers, it is difficult to draw any conclusions on the orthodontic/dentofacial orthopedic management of JIA. It appears as if removable functional appliances may be beneficial in adolescent patients with JIA.

Failure to pentagastrin administration to restore postprandial acid secretion from Heidenhain pouches after antrectomy in dogs.

In four dogs with Heidenhain pouche, acid outputs from the pouch were measured in response to feeding boiled liver with or without simultaneous administration of pentagastrin. Antrectomy was performed and the experiments were repeated. Antrectomy decreased the acid response to feeding by 90 percent. The preantrectomy response was restored by infusing pentagastrin but near maximal doses were needed and the maximal response to feeding plus pentagastrin could not be restored. These results indicate that the decrease of the acid secretory response to feeding from Heidenhain pouches after antrectomy cannot be explained fully through suppression of endogenous gastrin release. Antrectomy probably interferes with the intestinal phase of gastric secretion.

Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery as a cause of hemobilia.

One case of iatrogenic aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery with hemobilia is reported. Surgical treatment consisted of ligature and resection after arteriographic diagnosis. The literature is reviewed.

[A rare tumor of the neck; a hydatid cyst. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of echonococcal disease (author's transl)]. / Une tumeur latéro-cervicale rare: le kyste hydatique. Mise au point physiopathologique et diagnostique de l'échinococcose.

A rare case of hydatid cyst located in the musculature of the neck without any other detectable site is reported. With the cycle of the taenia echinococcus as reminder several pathophysiological hypotheses which might explain the inefficacy of the hepatic and pulmonary filter are discussed. A concise revue of the recent literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of the disease is given.

[Biliary hemorrhage due to a false aneurysm of the hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries (author's transl)]. / Hémobilies postopératoires par faux anévrisme de l'artère hépatique et de l'artère gastroduodénale.

Two cases of biliary hemorrhage due to false aneurysms are presented, one on an abnormal hepatic artery, the other on the gastroduodenal artery. Half of the cases of biliary hemorrhage have an intrahepatic etiology. Extrahepatic cases are equally divided between the main biliary duct and the gallbladder. Among the diagnostic investigations most authors agree on the choice of selective arteriography of the coeliac trunk. Controle of intrahepatic biliary bleeding can be obtained by partial hepatectomy or by ligation of the hepatic artery which is well tolerated. Treatment of extrahepatic bleeding is more diverse and takes into account both anatomical and surgical possibilities.

[Stable elastic nailing applied to diaphyseal fractures of the forearm in children]. / L'enclouage élastique stable appliqué aux fractures diaphysaires de l'avant-bras chez l'enfant.

Elastic stable intramedullary nailing is the ideal internal fixation in children; the technique is not aggressive and the physiological periosteal consolidation is respected. This treatment is complementary to the conservative approach. The authors report their experience in 20 patients, aged 4 to 17 years. Primary instability (16 cases) and repeated fractures (3 cases) were the main indications. The operative technique is described. Open reduction was necessary for one or both forearm bones in 9 children. There were technical problems, but without consequences for the consolidation, which was always complete after 2 1/2 months, without cast immobilization. In all patients, the function was normal after 2 months. There were no serious complications. The fixation material should not be removed during the first postoperative year, in order to prevent refractures.

[Surgical treatment of distal femoral fractures using extra-medullary osteosynthesis]. / Traitement chirurgical des fractures de l'extrémite inférieure du fémur par ostéosynthèse extra-médullaire.

Forty seven fractures of the distal femur treated by internal fixation using a supracondylar compression screw or blade plate were retrospectively evaluated regarding their radiological and functional results. Blade plates were used for all types of distal femoral fractures until 1992; their indications were subsequently restricted to simple supracondylar fractures whereas a compression screw was preferred for other types of fractures. Taking into account the condition of the patients before fracture, 85% good and very good results were achieved with both techniques. Malunions resulted in poor functional outcomes (50% good and very good results). Malunions were mainly observed in patients with complex fractures (90% of cases with malunion), which confirms the poor prognosis of comminuted fractures. Nonunions (65%) and infection (3%) resulted in poor functional results. The presence of a bony defect in the medial femoral cortex increases the risk of nonunion; bone grafting should be used in such cases. The recent use of a long femoro-femoral external distractor in a few patients has proved of value as it allowed to achieve accurate reduction and considerably eased fracture reduction and fixation.

[Surgical treatment of fractures of the radius neck in children using the Métaizeau technic]. / Traitement chirurgical des fractures du col radial chez l'enfant par la technique de Métaizeau.

Fractures of the radial neck in children must be reduced when the angular displacement is superior to 30 degrees. Given that orthopaedic reduction is difficult, internal fixation using closed intramedullary pinning, as described by Métaizeau in 1980, seems to be an elegant solution which preserves the vascularisation of the physis. The authors report their experience with this technique, which has been used to treat fifteen patients, with a mean age of nine years, between 1983 and 1996. A plaster cast was worn for three weeks after operation and sound union was observed at six weeks. Full functional recovery was observed in all patients at six weeks. No complication was encountered and the pins were removed at three months.

Facial-profile attractiveness changes in adult patients treated with the Herbst appliance.

AIM: The goal of this study was to compare facial profile attractiveness changes of adult patients treated with the Herbst appliance assessed by orthodontists and laypeople. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient sample comprised 28 adult Herbst patients. Facial profile photographs of the patients were randomly divided into two evaluation sets (before T0, after treatment T1). Ten members of the Angle Society of Europe (orthodontists) and 10 dental students in their third semester (laymen) rated both sets of photographs using Visual Analog Scales (VAS) with an interval of 1 day between the ratings. RESULTS: On average, both orthodontists and students found an improvement in facial profile attractiveness through Herbst appliance treatment (VAS T1-T0 = 0.3 ± 1.9 cm). However, the interindividual perception of profile attractiveness varied greatly in the two rater groups. For both time periods (T0, T1), lower VAS ratings were given by students than by orthodontists. CONCLUSION: Herbst therapy in adult patients generally improves facial profile attractiveness. Students rated facial profiles more critically than orthodontists.

Correlation between body mass index and orthodontic treatment outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a correlation between body mass index (BMI), patient cooperation, and treatment success during multibracket (MB) appliance therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All adolescent MB patients started and finished between 2007 and 2010 were analyzed. The pretreatment BMI was calculated and negative file entries such as bad oral hygiene, missed appointments, and appliance breakage were recorded. According to the number of negative entries, cooperation was classified as good, bad, or poor. Additionally, the treatment duration and the number of appointments were recorded. For the evaluation of treatment success, the pretreatment and posttreatment PAR (peer assessment rating) scores were measured. RESULTS: Of the 77 subjects, 61 had a normal BMI (79.2%) and 16 were considered overweight (20.8%). Whereas 51.7% of the normal-weight children had a good cooperation, only 25% of the overweight patients cooperated sufficiently. Consequently, the number of patients exhibiting bad or poor cooperation was higher in the overweight group (37.5% bad, 37.5% poor) than in the normal-weight group (30.6% bad, 17.7% poor). Patients with an increased BMI had a slightly longer treatment duration (21.4 months) and needed more appointments (19.9) than their normal-weight peers (18.9 months, 18.1 appointments). The PAR (peer assessment rating) score reduction, however, was comparable (normal BMI: 17.8 points, 64.0%; increased BMI: 15.2 points, 65.3%). CONCLUSION: In the present study, children with increased BMI did not cooperate as well during MB therapy as their normal-weight peers, but the treatment outcome was comparable in the two groups.

[Surgical considerations on the duration of heparin therapy in deep venous thrombosis]. / Considérations chirurgicales sur la durée du traitement hépariné dans la thrombose veineuse profonde

The authors report their experience of the medical treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Certain surgeons have attempted venous thrombectomy at the acute stage, but many have abandoned this technique which appears perfectly sound. The authors have continued to rely on heparin treatment by intravenous injection ; the introduction 5 years ago of phlebographic methods for following the evoluton of thelesions has led the authors progressively to prolong the duration of heparin treatment. The results of this approach to therapy are illustrated in several cases by phlebograms.