The association between chiropractic integration in an Ontario community health centre and continued prescription opioid use for chronic non-cancer spinal pain: a sequential explanatory mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that access to chiropractic care may reduce the likelihood of initiating an opioid prescription for spinal pain; however, the impact of chiropractic care for patients already prescribed opioids is uncertain. We undertook a sequential explanatory mixed methods study to evaluate the association between initiating chiropractic care and continued opioid use among adult patients attending an Ontario community health centre (CHC) and receiving opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer spinal pain. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 210 patient records between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2020. We used generalized estimating equations, adjusted for patient demographics, co-morbidities, visit frequency, and calendar year, to evaluate the association between receipt versus non-receipt of chiropractic services and continued opioid use (e.g., unique opioid fills, number of refills, and dosages) up to one year following the index chiropractic visit. We also completed follow-up interviews with 14 patients and nine general practitioners from the CHC and integrated these data with our quantitative findings. RESULTS: Over 12-month follow-up, there were lower rates of opioid fills (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.83) and refills (IRR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.17-0.42) among chiropractic recipients (n = 49) versus non-recipients (n = 161). Although patients who did and did not receive chiropractic care began the study with the same dose of opioids, recipients were less likely to be prescribed higher-dose opioids (i.e., ≥ 50 mg morphine equivalents daily) compared to non-recipients at three months (odds ratio [OR] = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.47), six months (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.40), nine months (OR = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07-0.57), and 12 months (OR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08-0.62). Interviews suggested that patient self-efficacy, limited effectiveness of opioids for chronic pain, stigma regarding use of opioids, and access to chiropractic treatment were important influencing factors. CONCLUSION: We found that continued prescription opioid use among patients with chronic non-cancer spinal pain who received chiropractic care was lower than in patients who did not receive chiropractic care. Four themes emerged in our qualitative interviews to help provide a richer understanding of this association. Randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the effect of chiropractic care on opioid use for chronic spinal pain.

Association of Chiropractic Care With Receiving an Opioid Prescription for Noncancer Spinal Pain Within a Canadian Community Health Center: A Mixed Methods Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between receipt of chiropractic services and initiating a prescription for opioids among adult patients with noncancer spinal pain in a Canadian community health center. METHODS: In this sequential explanatory mixed methods analysis, we conducted a retrospective study of 945 patient records (January 2014 to December 2020) and completed interviews with 14 patients and 9 general practitioners. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, adjusted for patient demographics, comorbidities, visit frequency, and calendar year to evaluate the association between receipt of chiropractic care and time to first opioid prescription up to 1 year after presentation. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and integrated with our quantitative findings. RESULTS: There were 24% of patients (227 of 945) with noncancer spinal pain who received a prescription for opioids. The risk of initiating a prescription for opioids at 1 year after presentation was 52% lower in chiropractic recipients vs nonrecipients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.48; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.77) and 71% lower in patients who received chiropractic services within 30 days of their index visit (HR, 0.29; 99% CI, 0.13-0.68). Patients whose index visit date was in a more recent calendar year were also less likely to receive opioids (HR, 0.86; 99% CI, 0.76-0.97). Interviews suggested that self-efficacy, access to chiropractic services, opioid stigma, and treatment impact were influencing factors. CONCLUSION: Patients with noncancer spinal pain who received chiropractic care were less likely to obtain a prescription for opioids than patients who did not receive chiropractic care.

MiR-455-3p, miR-150 and miR-375 are aberrantly expressed in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) are included among the most common salivary gland cancers. They share clinical and histological characteristics, making their diagnosis challenging in specific cases. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short, non-coding RNA sequences of 19-25 nucleotides in length that are involved in post-transcriptional protein expression. They have been shown to play important roles in neoplastic and non-neoplastic processes and have been suggested as diagnostic and prognostic markers. METHODS: This study, using quantitative RT-PCR, investigated miR-150, miR-455-3p and miR-375 expression, in order to identify a possible molecular distinction between AdCC and PAC. RESULTS: miRNA-150 and miRNA-375 expression was significantly decreased in AdCC and PAC compared with salivary gland tissue controls, whilst miRNA-455-3p showed significantly increased expression in AdCC when compared to PAC, (P < 0.05). miR-150, miR-357 and miR-455-3p expression in AdCC, PAC and control was not associated with age, gender nor with anatomic site (major and minor salivary glands) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: MiR-455-3p could be used as a complimentary tool in the diagnosis of challenging AdCC cases.

The Impact of Victim Alcohol Consumption and Perpetrator Use of Force on Perceptions in an Acquaintance Rape Vignette.

Research suggests that victims of incapacitated rape (when someone has sex with a person who is unable to consent to or resist sexual activity, usually because of intoxication) face higher levels of victim blame than do victims of forcible rape (Krahé, Temkin, & Bieneck, 2007). However, it is not clear whether blame is the result of victim alcohol consumption or the lack of force and resistance present during incapacitated rape; both of these factors have been shown to increase victim blame. The current vignette study crossed victim alcohol consumption and perpetrator use of force. We found main effects of both independent variables on judgments of victim responsibility, but no interaction, suggesting that the effects of alcohol and force are additive rather than interactive. These results indicate that victims of incapacitated rape may indeed face challenges upon disclosing their assaults.

Management of Back Pain-related Disorders in a Community With Limited Access to Health Care Services: A Description of Integration of Chiropractors as Service Providers.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a chiropractic service for back pain patients integrated within a publicly funded, multidisciplinary, primary care community health center in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Patients consulting for back pain of any duration were referred by their medical doctor or nurse practitioner for chiropractic treatment at the community health center. Patients completed questionnaires at baseline and at discharge from the service. Data were collected prospectively on consecutive patients between January 2014 and January 2016. RESULTS: Questionnaire data were obtained from 93 patients. The mean age of the sample was 49.0 ± 16.27 years, and 66% were unemployed. More than three-quarters (77%) had had their back pain for more than a month, and 68% described it as constant. According to the Bournemouth Questionnaire, Bothersomeness, and global improvement scales, a majority (63%, 74%, and 93%, respectively) reported improvement at discharge, and most (82%) reported a significant reduction in pain medication. More than three-quarters (77%) did not visit their primary care provider while under chiropractic care, and almost all (93%) were satisfied with the service. According to the EuroQol 5 Domain questionnaire, more than one-third of patients (39%) also reported improvement in their general health state at discharge. CONCLUSION: Implementation of an integrated chiropractic service was associated with high levels of improvement and patient satisfaction in a sample of patients of low socioeconomic status with subacute and chronic back pain.

Fitting in a workgroup in unique ways: A latent profile analysis of perceived person-group fit characteristics.

Research has identified seven characteristics-value congruence, shared interests, perceived demographic similarity, needs-supplies match, goal similarity, common workstyle, and complementary attributes-on which group members simultaneously evaluate their perceived person-group (PG) fit. Most of extant research has focused on how each characteristic or them as a composite predicts outcomes. However, these variable-centered approaches fail to address how there may be subpopulations of members who differentially combine the PG fit characteristics and how such conjunctive effects differentially relate to various work outcomes. To address these issues, we adopt a profile-based approach using latent profile analysis to understand how group members are similar to and different from each other on more holistic configurations of perceived PG fit experiences. With two widely different samples of employees working in group settings, we found seven unique profiles of PG fit: perfect fits, comfortable fits, surface-level misfits, out of syncs, social misfits, lone wolves, and total misfits. We also found in Sample 2 that these profiles differentially predicted group member outcomes commonly studied in the PG fit literature, including attitudes (satisfaction and cohesion), performance behaviors (task performance and citizenship behaviors of helping and voice), and withdrawal (social loafing and turnover). Complementing research that used variable-centered approaches, our profile-based results reveal new theoretical and practical insights of perceived PG fit, suggesting that different group members have distinct configurations of PG fit, and that higher levels of PG fit are not universally positive, and neither is every type of misfit universally negative. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Complications in brief: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

When performing reconstruction of the ACL, the major complications that can arise include missed concomitant injuries, tunnel malposition, patellar fracture, knee stiffness, and infection. We review the complications that can occur as a result of errors made before, during, and after surgery.

Bystander perceptions: implications for university sexual assault prevention programs.

The college party environment comprises a risk factor for unwanted sexual activity but may also provide a safety net, given the presence of bystanders who can potentially intervene in risky situations. Sexual assault prevention programs are increasingly incorporating bystander education into their designs. This article presents findings intended to inform these programs. Qualitative data from single-sex focus groups about typical college party behavior was analyzed for common themes. Analysis of these themes suggests that although some sexual behavior is visible at college parties, most sexual behavior is assumed to occur behind closed doors. In addition, intervention and prevention methods may vary by gender. Multiple factors appear to promote or dissuade bystander intervention in college party situations.

The Theory of Planned Behavior & Bystander Intention: Differences Based on Gender and Heavy Episodic Drinking.

Research indicates that people who engage in heavy episodic drinking (HED) report less intention to intervene and intervention behavior to prevent sexual violence. Researchers have also found gender differences across bystander intention, bystander confidence, and intervention behavior. However, research in this area could benefit from use of an evidence-based health behavior theory. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) posits that personal attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) predict behavioral intention. Substantial evidence supports the utility of the TPB for predicting behavioral intention in a variety of health-related behaviors, yet few researchers have applied this theory when predicting bystander intention to prevent sexual violence. Undergraduate students (N = 395) from a southern university (77% female; 70% White, Non-Hispanic) completed a modified Sexual Assault Bystander Behavior Questionnaire and the Daily Drinking Questionnaire. Our findings did not reveal significant differences in attitudes, subjective norms, PBC, nor intention based on HED; however, there were significant differences based on gender, with women indicating more positive attitudes and supportive subjective norms regarding bystander intervention. Multiple regression analysis indicated that theoretical antecedents of intention positively predicted bystander intention, however, the relations were not moderated by prior engagement in HED. These findings support the utility of the TPB for predicting bystander intention to intervene; however, they do not support previous research examining how HED influences bystanders' intention to engage in prosocial actions.

Alcohol Priming and Attribution of Blame in an Acquaintance Rape Vignette.

Research on nonpharmacological effects of alcohol shows that exposure to alcohol-related cues (i.e., alcohol priming) can increase behaviors associated with actual alcohol consumption. Attributions of responsibility to female victims in sexual assault scenarios are affected by whether or not alcohol was consumed by a victim and/or perpetrator. Victims often receive higher levels of blame if they consume alcohol prior to the assault. This work extends the research on nonpharmacological effects of alcohol into a novel domain of blame attribution toward rape victims. In two studies, participants in lab settings (Study 1; N = 184) and online (Study 2; N = 421) were primed with alcohol or neutral beverage advertisements as part of a purportedly separate ad-rating task and then were presented with a vignette depicting an acquaintance rape where the characters consumed beer or soda. Participants subsequently completed a questionnaire assessing victim blame and perpetrator blame. Across both studies, participants blamed the victim most when they were exposed to both contextual (story) and noncontextual (ads) alcohol cues; this effect was especially prominent in males in Study 1. Findings for perpetrator blame were inconsistent across studies. Implications of nonpharmacological effects of alcohol on blame attribution toward rape victims are discussed in the context of courtroom situations and bystander intervention.

Distinct functions of airway epithelial nuclear factor-kappaB activity regulate nitrogen dioxide-induced acute lung injury.

Reactive oxidants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) injure the pulmonary epithelium, causing airway damage and inflammation. We previously demonstrated that nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) activation within airway epithelial cells occurs in response to NO(2) inhalation, and is critical for lipopolysaccharide-induced or antigen-induced inflammatory responses. Here, we investigated whether manipulation of NF-κB activity in lung epithelium affected severe lung injuries induced by NO(2) inhalation. Wild-type C57BL/6J, CC10-IκBα(SR) transgenic mice with repressed airway epithelial NF-κB function, or transgenic mice expressing a doxycycline-inducible, constitutively active I κ B kinase ß (CC10-rTet-(CA)IKKß) with augmented NF-κB function in airway epithelium, were exposed to toxic levels of 25 ppm or 50 ppm NO(2) for 6 hours a day for 1 or 3 days. In wild-type mice, NO(2) caused the activation of NF-κB in airway epithelium after 6 hours, and after 3 days resulted in severe acute lung injury, characterized by neutrophilia, peribronchiolar lesions, and increased protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and inflammatory cytokines. Compared with wild-type mice, neutrophilic inflammation and elastase activity, lung injury, and several proinflammatory cytokines were significantly suppressed in CC10-IκBα(SR) mice exposed to 25 or 50 ppm NO(2). Paradoxically, CC10-rTet-(CA)IKKß mice that received doxycycline showed no further increase in NO(2)-induced lung injury compared with wild-type mice exposed to NO(2), instead displaying significant reductions in histologic parameters of lung injury, despite elevations in several proinflammatory cytokines. These intriguing findings demonstrate distinct functions of airway epithelial NF-κB activities in oxidant-induced severe acute lung injury, and suggest that although airway epithelial NF-κB activities modulate NO(2)-induced pulmonary inflammation, additional NF-κB-regulated functions confer partial protection from lung injury.

Strain-dependent activation of NF-kappaB in the airway epithelium and its role in allergic airway inflammation.

NF-kappaB activation in the airway epithelium has been established as a critical pathway in ovalbumin (Ova)-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice (Poynter ME, Cloots R, van Woerkom T, Butnor KJ, Vacek P, Taatjes DJ, Irvin CG, Janssen-Heininger YM. J Immunol 173: 7003-7009, 2004). BALB/c mice are susceptible to the development of allergic airway disease, whereas other strains of mice, such as C57BL/6, are considered more resistant. The goal of the present study was to determine the proximal signals required for NF-kappaB activation in the airway epithelium in allergic airway disease and to unravel whether these signals are strain-dependent. Our previous studies, conducted in the BALB/c mouse background, demonstrated that transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative version of IkappaBalpha in the airway epithelium (CC10-IkappaBalpha(SR)) were protected from Ova-induced inflammation. In contrast to these earlier observations, we demonstrate here that CC10-IkappaBalpha(SR) transgenic mice on the C57BL/6 background were not protected from Ova-induced allergic airway inflammation. Consistent with this finding, Ova-induced nuclear localization of the RelA subunit of NF-kappaB was not observed in C57BL/6 mice, in contrast to the marked nuclear presence of RelA in BALB/c mice. Evaluation of cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrated elevated expression of TNF-alpha in BALB/c mice compared with C57BL/6 mice after an acute challenge with Ova. Finally, neutralization of TNF-alpha by a blocking antibody prevented nuclear localization of RelA in BALB/c mice after Ova challenge. These data suggest that the mechanism of response of the airway epithelium of immunized C57BL/6 mice to antigen challenge is fundamentally different from that of immunized BALB/c mice and highlight the potential importance of TNF-alpha in regulating epithelial NF-kappaB activation in allergic airway disease.

c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 is required for the development of pulmonary fibrosis.

Collagen deposition is observed in a diverse set of pulmonary diseases, and the unraveling of the molecular signaling pathways that facilitate collagen deposition represents an ongoing area of investigation. The stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), is activated by a large variety of cellular stresses and environmental insults. Recent work from our laboratory demonstrated the critical role of JNK1 in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The goal of the present study was to examine the involvement of JNK1 in subepithelial collagen deposition in mice subjected to models of allergic airways disease and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Activation of JNK was slightly enhanced in lungs from mice subjected to sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (Ova), and predominant localization of phospho-JNK was observed in the bronchial epithelium. While mice lacking JNK1 (JNK1-/- mice) displayed enhanced lung inflammation and cytokine production compared with wild-type (WT) mice, JNK1-/- mice accumulated less subepithelial collagen deposition in response to antigen, and showed decreased expression of profibrotic genes compared with WT animals. Furthermore, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 content in the bronchoalveolar lavage was diminished in JNK1-/- mice compared with WT animals subjected to antigen. Finally, we demonstrated that mice lacking JNK1 were protected against TGF-beta1 and bleomycin-induced pro-fibrotic gene expression and pulmonary fibrosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate an important requirement for JNK1 in promoting collagen deposition in multiple models of fibrosis.

Nuclear factor-kappaB activation in airway epithelium induces inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.

RATIONALE: Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is a prominent proinflammatory transcription factor that plays a critical role in allergic airway disease. Previous studies demonstrated that inhibition of NF-kappaB in airway epithelium causes attenuation of allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine if selective activation of NF-kappaB within the airway epithelium in the absence of other agonists is sufficient to cause allergic airway disease. METHODS: A transgenic mouse expressing a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible, constitutively active (CA) version of inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) kinase-beta (IKKbeta) under transcriptional control of the rat CC10 promoter, was generated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After administration of Dox, expression of the CA-IKKbeta transgene induced the nuclear translocation of RelA in airway epithelium. IKKbeta-triggered activation of NF-kappaB led to an increased content of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and concomitant production of proinflammatory mediators, responses that were not observed in transgenic mice not receiving Dox, or in transgene-negative littermate control animals fed Dox. Unexpectedly, expression of the IKKbeta transgene in airway epithelium was sufficient to cause airway hyperresponsiveness and smooth muscle thickening in absence of an antigen sensitization and challenge regimen, the presence of eosinophils, or the induction of mucus metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that selective activation NF-kappaB in airway epithelium is sufficient to induce airway hyperresponsiveness and smooth muscle thickening, which are both critical features of allergic airway disease.

Substance use and PTSD symptoms impact the likelihood of rape and revictimization in college women.

The present study utilized a mixed retrospective and prospective design with an 8-month follow-up period to test a model of revictimization that included multiple childhood (i.e., child sexual, physical, and emotional abuse) and situational variables (i.e., substance use, sexual behavior) for predicting rape among 276 college women. It was of particular interest to determine whether traumatic responses (e.g., posttraumatic symptomatology or risky behavior) increased vulnerability for revictimization. During the 8-month follow-up period, 9% of participants were raped; 88% of assaults involved substance use by the victim. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology predicted rape, substance use, and sexual behavior. Substance use, but not sexual behavior, mediated the relation between PTSD symptomatology and rape during the follow-up period. Sexual behavior indirectly impacted risk for rape via substance use. Results suggest that college women with PTSD symptomatology may be at greater risk for rape if they use substances to reduce distress.

Psychological consequences of sexual victimization resulting from force, incapacitation, or verbal coercion.

Recently, incapacitated rape has emerged as a distinct type of sexual victimization. However, little is known about its longer-term psychological consequences. Two studies compare the psychological consequences of incapacitated rape to those of forcible rape and verbal coercion. Generally, the traumatic impact of incapacitated rape was intermediate to that of verbal coercion and forcible rape; however, there were domains (e.g., current perceived trauma and emotional impact) in which incapacitated and forcible rape had a similar impact and other domains (e.g., attributions of responsibility) in which incapacitated rape was similar to verbal coercion. This research suggests that sexual assault researchers might benefit from separately examining forcible and incapacitated rape.

The Effects of Exposure to Negative Social Reactions and Participant Gender on Attitudes and Behavior Toward a Rape Victim.

Research has shown that judgments of a rape victim could be influenced by exposure to negative social reactions: students indicated less willingness to provide sympathy and support to a hypothetical rape victim when they learned she had been blamed and stigmatized. The current study, which utilized a sample of 100 college students, replicated and extended these results and showed that men were affected by others' negative social reactions in their hypothetical judgments and in their behavioral responses to a rape victim (sitting farther away). This study demonstrates the potentially far-reaching detrimental influence of negative social reactions.

Chiropractic integration within a community health centre: a cost description and partial analysis of cost-utility from the perspective of the institution.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate costs and consequences of a new back pain service provided by chiropractors integrated into a Community Health Centre in Cambridge, Ontario. The study sample included 95 consecutive patients presenting between January 2014 to January 2016 with a mixture of sub-acute and chronic back pain. METHODS: A secondary cost-utility analysis was performed and conducted from the perspective of the healthcare institution. Cost-utility was calculated as cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained over a time horizon of 90 days. RESULTS: According to the EuroQol 5 Domain questionnaire, nearly 70% of patients improved. The mean number of treatment sessions was 8.4, and an average of 0.21 QALYs were gained at an average cost per QALY of $1,042. Seventy-seven percent of patients did not visit their primary care provider over the 90-day period, representing potential cost savings to the institution of between $2,022.23 and $6,135.82. CONCLUSION: Adding chiropractic care to usual medical care was associated with improved outcomes at a reasonable cost in a sample of complex patients with sub-acute and chronic back pain. Future comparative cost-effectiveness studies are needed.

OBJECTIF: Évaluer les coûts et les conséquences d'un nouveau service pour soulager les maux de dos offert par des chiropraticiens intégrés à un centre de santé communautaire à Cambridge, en Ontario. L'échantillon de l'étude comprenait 95 patients qui se sont présentés consécutivement entre janvier 2014 et janvier 2016 et qui étaient atteints de diverses douleurs dorsales subaiguës et chroniques. MÉTHODES: Une analyse coût-utilité secondaire a été effectuée du point de vue de l'établissement de santé. Le coût-utilité a été calculé en tant que coût par année de vie ajustée en fonction de la qualité (AVAQ) obtenu sur une période de 90 jours. RÉSULTATS: Selon les résultats du questionnaire EuroQol 5 Domain, près de 70 % des patients ont observé une amélioration de leurs symptômes. Le nombre moyen de séances de traitement était de 8,4 et une moyenne de 0,21 AVAQ a été obtenue à un coût moyen par AVAQ de 1 042 $. Soixante-dix-sept pour cent des patients n'ont pas consulté leur fournisseur de soins primaires au cours de la période de 90 jours, ce qui représente des économies potentielles de l'ordre de 2 022,23 $ à 6 135,82 $ pour l'établissement. CONCLUSION: L'ajout de soins chiropratiques aux soins médicaux habituels a entraîné une amélioration des résultats à un coût raisonnable pour un échantillon de patients ayant des besoins complexes et présentant des douleurs dorsales subaiguës et chroniques. De futures études comparatives coût-efficacité sont nécessaires.

Highly conducting transmembrane pores formed by aromatic oligoamide macrocycles.

Oligoamide macrocycles 1d and 1e, which carry membrane-compatible side chains and contain a hydrophilic, noncollapsible cavity, were found to mediate high ion flux across a lipid bilayer, as demonstrated by results from (23)Na NMR and planar bilayer conductance measurements. The measured transmembrane single channel currents are very high, rivaling those typically associated with pore-forming protein toxins. The obtained results have demonstrated the promise of developing large, highly conducting channels based on nanopores formed by oligoamide macrocycles.

The role of self-objectification and women's blame, sympathy, and support for a rape victim.

Sexual aggression is prevalent and damaging in our culture, and sources of support or blame following an attack of this kind can be important influences on the recovery process. This pair of studies investigate the nature of women's blame reactions towards survivors of sexual aggression, as well as the potential for provision of sympathy and support. Specifically, we focused on the previously neglected role of female self-objectification. It was expected that increased self-objectification would lead to decreased sympathy and support, and more rape victim blame. However, results of Study 1 showed that chronic self-objectification was actually related to higher levels of sympathy and support for a rape victim. Study two built upon the limitations of study one, and examined similar questions. It was expected that women who engaged in greater self-objectification would again show greater sympathy and support for the victim, replicating study one's results, and this was supported with a different scale. The overall relationship between self-objectification and sympathy and support was driven by body-relevant control beliefs. Implications and future directions are discussed.