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1.
Mutagenesis ; 32(2): 257-266, 2017 03 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27671865

RESUMEN

The buccal micronucleus cytome (BMNcyt) assay in uncultured exfoliated epithelial cells from oral mucosa is widely applied in biomonitoring human exposures to genotoxic agents and is also proposed as a suitable test for prescreening and follow-up of precancerous oral lesions. The main limitation of the assay is the large variability observed in the baseline values of micronuclei (MNi) and other nuclear anomalies mainly related to different scoring criteria. The aim of this international collaborative study, involving laboratories with different level of experience, was to evaluate the inter- and intra-laboratory variations in the BMNcyt parameters, using recently implemented guidelines, in scoring cells from the same pooled samples obtained from healthy subjects (control group) and from cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (treated group). The results indicate that all laboratories correctly discriminated samples from the two groups by a significant increase of micronucleus (MN) and nuclear bud (NBUD) frequencies and differentiated binucleated (BN) cells, associated with the exposure to ionizing radiation. The experience of the laboratories was shown to play an important role in the identification of the different cell types and nuclear anomalies. MN frequency in differentiated mononucleated (MONO) and BN cells showed the greatest consistency among the laboratories and low variability was also detected in the frequencies of MONO and BN cells. A larger variability was observed in classifying the different cell types, indicating the subjectivity in the interpretation of some of the scoring criteria while reproducibility of the results between scoring sessions was very good. An inter-laboratory calibration exercise is strongly recommended before starting studies with BMNcyt assay involving multiple research centers.


Asunto(s)
Pruebas de Micronúcleos/métodos , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de la radiación , Neoplasias/radioterapia , Adulto , Anciano , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Laboratorios/normas , Masculino , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/normas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados
2.
Contact Dermatitis ; 76(2): 89-95, 2017 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27757963

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Henna has a very low allergic potential, and severe allergenic contact dermatitis is mainly caused by p-phenylenediamine (PPD), which is added to temporary black 'henna tattoos', and potentially also by some heavy metals. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of, and quantify, Lawsone, PPD and heavy metal contaminants (cobalt, nickel, lead, and chromium) in commercial temporary black henna tattoo mixtures (n = 25) sold in Turkey. METHODS: Lawsone and PPD concentrations were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography, and heavy metal quantification was performed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: PPD was found in all 25 black henna tattoo samples purchased from tattoo shops; levels varied between 3.37% and 51.6%. Lawsone was detected (0.002-88.2%) in 21 of the 25 temporary black henna tattoo samples analysed. Heavy metal contaminant levels were 0.44-3.11 ppm for Co, 1.13-2.20 ppm for Ni, 1.59-17.7 ppm for Pb, and 35.0-76.9 ppm for Cr. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that commercial temporary black henna mixtures containing PPD levels up to 51.6% pose a risk of contact sensitization and severe allergic contact dermatitis among users. It is important to identify both the additives and metallic contaminants of black henna tattoo products; the significance of metal contaminants has still to be assessed.


Asunto(s)
Cosméticos/química , Metales Pesados/análisis , Naftoquinonas/análisis , Fenilendiaminas/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cromo/efectos adversos , Cromo/análisis , Cobalto/efectos adversos , Cobalto/análisis , Colorantes/efectos adversos , Colorantes/análisis , Cosméticos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Humanos , Plomo/efectos adversos , Plomo/análisis , Metales Pesados/efectos adversos , Naftoquinonas/efectos adversos , Níquel/efectos adversos , Níquel/análisis , Fenilendiaminas/efectos adversos , Tatuaje , Turquía
3.
Toxicol Mech Methods ; 26(6): 414-8, 2016 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27278718

RESUMEN

The popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is rapidly increasing in many countries. These devices are designed to imitate regular cigarettes, delivering nicotine via inhalation without combusting tobacco but currently, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the presence or absence of nicotine exposure. Such research relies on evidence from e-cigarette users urine samples. In this study, we aimed to determine the levels and compare the amount of nicotine to which e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers and passive smokers are exposed. Therefore, urine samples were collected from e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, passive smokers, and healthy nonsmokers. The urinary cotinine levels of the subjects were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mean (±SD) urinary cotinine levels were determined as 1755 ± 1848 ng/g creatinine for 32 e-cigarette users, 1720 ± 1335 ng/g creatinine for 33 cigarette smokers and 81.42 ± 97.90 ng/g creatinine for 33 passive smokers. A significant difference has been found between cotinine levels of e-cigarette users and passive smokers (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers (p > 0.05). This is a seminal study to demonstrate the e-cigarette users are exposed to nicotine as much as cigarette smokers.


Asunto(s)
Cotinina/orina , Creatinina/orina , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina/efectos adversos , Nicotina , Fumar/orina , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/análisis , Adulto , Biomarcadores/orina , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Humanos , Masculino , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Nicotina/farmacocinética , Fumar/efectos adversos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
4.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38821667

RESUMEN

Hairdressers are constantly occupationally exposed to many chemicals have the potential to cause allergies and carcinogenic effects, act as skin and eye irritants and induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. This study aimed to evaluate occupation-induced genotoxicity based on the presence of micronucleus (MN) and other nuclear anomalies in urothelial cells and measure oxidative DNA damage based on the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level in the urine of Turkish hairdressers. Originality of this study comes from that there was no study on MN and other nuclear anomalies frequencies and oxidative DNA damage in urine samples of hairdressers in the literature. The mean±standard deviation frequency (‰) of micronucleated (MNed) cells was higher in the hairdresser group (n=56) (4.81±7.87, p<0.001) than in the control group (n=56) (0.93±1.85). Nuclear buds were not observed in either group. While the frequency of basal cells was higher in the control group (446.6±106.21) than in the hairdresser group (367.78±101.51, p<0.001), the frequency of binuclear, karyolytic, pycnotic and karyorrhectic cells were higher in the hairdresser group (0.41±0.80, p<0.001; 438.02±118.27, p<0.001; 0.43±0.76, p<0.001; and 47.27±28.40, p<0.001) than in the control group (0.04±0.27, 358.57±95.71, 0.05±0.23 and 24.41±14.50). Condensed chromatins were observed only in the hairdresser group. Specific gravity adjusted 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level was statistically lower in the hairdresser group (908.21±403.25 ng/mL-SG) compared to the control group (1003.09±327.09 ng/mL-SG) (p=0.024). No significant correlation was found between the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level and the frequency MN. The amount of formaldehyde released during Brazilian keratin treatment was higher than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH-TLV; 0.1 ppm). Similarly, the amount of ethyl acetate released in three salons was above the recommended limit (400 ppm). These findings suggest that hairdressers have an increased risk of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity owing to occupational exposure, regardless of age, working hours, smoking and alcohol consumption.


Asunto(s)
8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxicoguanosina , Daño del ADN , Desoxiguanosina , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Exposición Profesional , Urotelio , Humanos , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxicoguanosina/orina , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Adulto , Turquía , Urotelio/efectos de los fármacos , Urotelio/patología , Urotelio/metabolismo , Urotelio/citología , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Desoxiguanosina/orina , Masculino , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico/inducido químicamente , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Núcleo Celular/efectos de los fármacos
5.
Chemosphere ; 304: 135277, 2022 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35688195

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There is no human data regarding the exposure, metabolism and potential health effects of arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. METHODS: Residents in ten villages with drinking water of total As (T-As) level >50 µg L-1 and 10-50 µg L-1 were selected as an exposed group (n = 420) and <10 µg L-1 as an unexposed group (n = 185). Time-weighted average-As (TWA-As) intake was calculated from T-As analysis of drinking water samples. Concentrations of T-As in urine and hair samples, urinary As species [i.e., As(III), As(V), MMA(V) and DMA(V], and some micronutrients in serum samples of residents of the study area were determined. Primary and secondary methylation indices (PMI and SMI, respectively) were assessed from urinary As species concentrations and the presence of skin lesion was examined. RESULTS: TWA-As intake was found as 75 µg L-1 in the exposed group. Urinary and hair T-As and urinary As species concentrations were significantly higher in the exposed group (P < 0.05). The PMI and SMI values revealed that methylation capacities of the residents were efficient and that there was no saturation in As metabolism. No significant increase was observed in the frequency of skin lesions (hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, keratosis) of the exposed group (P > 0.05). Only frequency of keratosis either at the hand or foot was higher in individuals with hair As concentration >1 µg g-1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals living in the study area were chronically exposed to low-to-moderate As due to geological contamination in drinking water. No significant increase was observed in the frequency of skin lesions. Because of the controversy surrounding the health risks of low-to-moderate As exposure, it is critical to initiate long-term follow-up studies on health effects in this region.


Asunto(s)
Arsénico , Agua Potable , Queratosis , Enfermedades de la Piel , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Arsénico/análisis , Agua Potable/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Humanos , Población Rural , Enfermedades de la Piel/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de la Piel/epidemiología , Turquía/epidemiología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis
6.
Mutagenesis ; 26(1): 231-8, 2011 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21164207

RESUMEN

Genotoxicity experiments with exfoliated nasal mucosa cells are a promising minimally invasive approach for the detection of DNA-damaging compounds in ambient air. Results of single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays with individual cells and organ cultures from bioptic material show that DNA damage caused by compounds such as nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides can be detected. Biochemical studies indicate that enzymes involved in the metabolism of environmental mutagens are represented in nasal cells. Several protocols for experiments with nasal cells have been developed and it was shown that formaldehyde, metals, styrene and crystalline silica induce DNA damage in SCGE and/or in micronucleus studies; furthermore, it was also found that polluted urban air causes DNA instability in nasal epithelial cells. Comparisons of these data with results obtained in lymphocytes and buccal cells indicate that nasal cells are in general equally sensitive. Broad variations in the baseline levels, differences of results obtained in various studies as well as the lack of information concerning the impact of confounding factors on the outcome of experiments with these cells indicate the need for further standardisation of the experimental protocols.


Asunto(s)
Daño del ADN , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Mucosa Nasal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ensayo Cometa , Humanos , Inactivación Metabólica , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Mucosa Nasal/enzimología , Mucosa Nasal/ultraestructura , Nariz/citología , Nariz/enzimología , Roedores
7.
Mutagenesis ; 26(2): 351-6, 2011 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21248276

RESUMEN

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer type worldwide. Even though it is known that the most important environmental aetiological factors for head and neck cancer (HNC) development are tobacco and alcohol, genetic susceptibility is also thought to be important. The use of biomarkers of chromosomal damage due to genetic instability in order to predict risk of cancer as well as to identify high-risk individuals is imperative. We have investigated genetic damage in patients having HNC (n = 59) and their first-degree relatives (FDRs) (n = 34) with a biomarker in two different tissues; the micronucleus (MN) test in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in exfoliated buccal cells. The mean (standard deviation) levels of MN frequencies (‰) in lymphocytes of patients, relatives and controls were 27.10 (9.52), 14.09 (5.13) and 9.00 (6.87), respectively. The mean (standard deviation) levels of MN frequencies (‰) in exfoliated buccal cells of patients, relatives and controls were 2.87 (1.16), 1.38 (0.85) and 1.23 (0.93), respectively. Our results indicated that spontaneous genetic damage in lymphocytes of patients having HNC was significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.01) and thus genetic instability appeared to exist in lymphocytes of cancer patients. Similar findings were obtained for exfoliated buccal cell MN frequencies of cancer patients (P < 0.01). We observed that the FDRs of patients having HNC showed significantly higher chromosomal damage in terms of MN frequencies in lymphocytes when compared with those of controls (P < 0.05), thus reflecting an increased susceptibility to HNC in FDRs. However, for buccal cell MN frequencies, we could not demonstrate enhanced genetic instability in the FDRs of patients having HNC.


Asunto(s)
Células Epiteliales/patología , Familia , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Linfocitos/patología , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico , Mucosa Bucal/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Citocalasina B/toxicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico/estadística & datos numéricos , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven
8.
Mutagenesis ; 26(1): 239-45, 2011 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21164208

RESUMEN

The International Human Micronucleus (HUMN) Project (www.humn.org) was founded in 1997 to coordinate worldwide research efforts aimed at using micronucleus (MN) assays to study DNA damage in human populations. The central aims were to (i) collect databases on baseline MN frequencies and associated methodological, demographic, genetic and exposure variables, (ii) determine those variables that affect MN frequency, (iii) establish standardised protocols for performing assays so that data comparisons can be made more reliably across laboratories and countries and (iv) evaluate the association of MN frequency with disease outcomes both cross-sectionally and prospectively. In the first 10 years of the HUMN project, all of these objectives were achieved successfully for the MN assay using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and the findings were published in a series of papers that are among the most highly cited in the field. The CBMN protocol and scoring criteria are now standardised; the effect of age, gender and smoking status have been defined, and it was shown prospectively using a database of almost 7000 subjects that an increased MN frequency in lymphocytes predicts cancer risk. More recently in 2007, the HUMN coordinating group decided to launch an equivalent project focussed on the human MN assay in buccal epithelial cells because it provides a complementary method for measuring MN in a tissue that is easily accessible and does not require tissue culture. This new international project is now known as the human MN assay in exfoliated cells (HUMN(xL)). At present, a database for >5000 subjects worldwide has been established for the HUMN(xL) project. The inter-laboratory slide-scoring exercise for the HUMN(xL) project is at an advanced stage of planning and the analyses of data for methodological, demographic, genetic, lifestyle and exposure variables are at a final stage of completion. Future activities will be aimed at (i) defining the genetic variables that affect MN frequencies, (ii) validation of the various automated scoring systems based on image analysis, flow cytometry and laser scanning cytometry, (iii) standardisation of protocols for scoring micronuclei (MNi) in cells from other tissues, e.g. erythrocyte and nasal cells and (iv) prospective association studies with pregnancy complications, developmental defects, childhood cancers, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases.


Asunto(s)
Daño del ADN , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de los fármacos , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Bases de Datos Factuales , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Linfocitos/ultraestructura , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/tendencias , Mucosa Bucal/ultraestructura , Neoplasias/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Fumar
9.
Mutagenesis ; 26(5): 643-50, 2011 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21669938

RESUMEN

One of the crucial adverse effects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its treatment is an elevated cancer risk. There are no data on cytogenetic effects in children with CKD or children undergoing dialysis or those who have received a transplant. In this study, cytogenetic effects in children with CKD in pre-dialysis (PreD) stage, on regular haemodialysis (HD) and transplanted (Tx) compared with a control group of healthy children has been investigated using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) combined with CBMN (CBMN-FISH) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results revealed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in micronucleus (MN) frequencies [mean ± SD (n)] in the PreD, HD and Tx groups versus the control group [CBMN assay; 9.19 ± 2.61 (16), 9.07 ± 4.86 (15), 6.12 ± 5.33 (17) versus 1.60 ± 0.99 (20), respectively]. Moreover, centromere negative micronucleus (C- MN) and centromere positive micronucleus (C+ MN) frequencies were significantly higher in each subgroup children (PreD, HD and Tx) than in the control group (P < 0.01) although children in Tx group had lower C- MN frequencies than PreD and lower C+ MN frequencies than PreD and HD groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, MN frequencies in mononuclear cells, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds in binucleated cells were increased in children with CKD (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P > 0.05, respectively). The nuclear division index significantly decreased in Tx group relative to the control, PreD and HD groups (P < 0.001). Associations between cytogenetic parameters and creatinine or blood urea nitrogen were found (P < 0.05). To provide longer and better life expectancy of children with CKD and treatment modes, further research is needed to better understand and avoid these effects.


Asunto(s)
Fallo Renal Crónico/genética , Linfocitos/patología , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico , Adolescente , Adulto , Centrómero/genética , Niño , Preescolar , Citocalasina B/farmacología , Citocinesis/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Fallo Renal Crónico/patología , Masculino , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Adulto Joven
10.
Mutat Res ; 725(1-2): 22-8, 2011 Oct 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21784169

RESUMEN

One consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an elevated risk for cancer. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there is an increased incidence of at least some cancers in kidney-dialysis patients. Cancer risk after kidney transplantation has mainly been attributed to immunosuppressive therapy. There are no data evaluating DNA damage in children with CKD, in dialysis patients, or following kidney transplantation. In this study, the comet assay and the enzyme-modified comet assay - with the use of endonuclease III (Endo III) and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) enzymes - were conducted to investigate the basal damage and the oxidative DNA damage as a result of treatment in peripheral blood lymphocytes of children. Children at various stages of treatment for kidney disease, including pre-dialysis patients (PreD) (n=17), regular hemodialysis patients (HD) (n=15), and those that received kidney transplants (Tx) (n=17), comprised the study group. They were compared with age- and gender-matched healthy children (n=20) as a control group. Our results show that the %DNA intensity, a measure of basal damage, was significantly increased in children with CKD (mean ± SD) (5.22 ± 1.57) and also in each of the PreD, HD, and Tx groups [(4.92 ± 1.23), (4.91 ± 1.35), and (5.79 ± 1.94), respectively, vs the healthy children (2.74 ± 2.91) (p<0.001). Significant increases in oxidative DNA damage were only found in the FPG-sensitive sites for the PreD and Tx groups, compared with control and HD groups (p<0.05), suggesting that basal DNA damage was more evident for the PreD, HD, and Tx groups. The findings of the present study indicate a critical need for further research on genomic damage with different endpoints and also for preventive measures and improvements in treatment of pediatric patients, in order to improve their life expectancy.


Asunto(s)
Ensayo Cometa/métodos , Daño del ADN , Enfermedades Renales/genética , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedades Renales/terapia , Trasplante de Riñón , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo , Diálisis Renal
11.
Mutat Res ; 728(3): 88-97, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21763453

RESUMEN

The human buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) is one of the most widely used techniques to measure genetic damage in human population studies. Reducing protocol variability, assessing the role of confounders, and estimating a range of reference values are research priorities that will be addressed by the HUMN(XL) collaborative study. The HUMN(XL) project evaluates the impact of host factors, occupation, life-style, disease status, and protocol features on the occurrence of MN in exfoliated buccal cells. In addition, the study will provide a range of reference values for all cytome endpoints. A database of 5424 subjects with buccal MN values obtained from 30 laboratories worldwide was compiled and analyzed to investigate the influence of several conditions affecting MN frequency. Random effects models were mostly used to investigate MN predictors. The estimated spontaneous MN frequency was 0.74‰ (95% CI 0.52-1.05). Only staining among technical features influenced MN frequency, with an abnormal increase for non-DNA-specific stains. No effect of gender was evident, while the trend for age was highly significant (p<0.001). Most occupational exposures and a diagnosis of cancer significantly increased MN and other endpoints frequencies. MN frequency increased in heavy smoking (≥40cig/day, FR=1.37; 95% CI 1.03-.82) and decreased with daily fruit consumption (FR=0.68; 95% CI 0.50-0.91). The results of the HUMN(XL) project identified priorities for validation studies, increased the basic knowledge of the assay, and contributed to the creation of a laboratory network which in perspective may allow the evaluation of disease risk associated with MN frequency.


Asunto(s)
Pruebas de Micronúcleos/métodos , Mucosa Bucal/citología , Factores de Edad , Mejilla , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Exposición Profesional , Estándares de Referencia , Factores Sexuales
12.
Mutagenesis ; 25(2): 163-9, 2010 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19939883

RESUMEN

Mining, crushing, grinding, sandblasting and construction are high-risk activities with regard to crystalline silica exposure, especially in developing countries. Respirable crystalline silica (quartz and cristobalite) inhaled from occupational sources has been reclassified as a human carcinogen in 1997 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the biological activity of crystalline silica has been found to be variable among different industries, and this has formed the basis for further in vivo/in vitro mechanistic research and epidemiologic studies. This study was conducted for genotoxicity evaluation in a population of workers (e.g. glass industry workers, sandblasters, and stone grinders) mainly exposed to crystalline silica in four different workplaces in Turkey. The micronucleus (MN) assay was applied both in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as a surrogate tissue and in nasal epithelial cells (NEC) as a target tissue of the respiratory tract. Our study revealed significantly higher MN frequencies in the workers (n = 50) versus the control group (n = 29) (P < 0.001) and indicated a significant effect of occupational exposure on MN induction in both of the tissues. For the NEC target tissue, the difference in MN frequencies between the workers and control group was 3-fold, whereas in peripheral tissue, it was 2-fold. Respirable dust and crystalline silica levels exceeding limit values and mineralogical/elemental dust composition of the dust of at least 70% SiO(2) were used as markers of crystalline silica exposure in each of the workplaces. Moreover, 24% of the current workers were found to have early radiographical changes (profusion category of 1). In conclusion, although the PBL are not primary target cells for respiratory particulate toxicants, an evident increase in MN frequencies in this surrogate tissue was observed, alongside with a significant increase in NEC and may be an indicator of the accumulated genetic damage associated with crystalline silica exposure.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ocupacionales del Aire/análisis , Polvo/análisis , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Nasal/efectos de los fármacos , Dióxido de Silicio/efectos adversos , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Exposición por Inhalación , Masculino , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Turquía , Lugar de Trabajo
13.
Mutagenesis ; 24(2): 199-201, 2009 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19056855

RESUMEN

This report describes the aims, discussion and outcomes of the first Human Micronucleus collaborative project workshop on the buccal micronucleus assay. It was agreed at the workshop that three activities should be initiated as soon as possible namely (i) a method for collection of databases, (ii) writing of a protocol based on the most commonly used and best validated procedures and (iii) an inter-laboratory slide-scoring exercise in this order. A follow-up workshop is planned at the 10th International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Florence in 2009.


Asunto(s)
Pruebas de Micronúcleos/métodos , Mucosa Bucal/metabolismo , Humanos , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de los fármacos , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Turquía
14.
Mutagenesis ; 24(4): 295-302, 2009 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19477934

RESUMEN

The study of DNA damage in exfoliated buccal cells is a minimally invasive method for monitoring populations for exposure to genotoxic agents. The presence of micronuclei (MN) and other nuclear anomalies within these cells has been shown to be associated with genetic defects in genome maintenance, accelerated ageing, genotoxic damage and some degenerative diseases. To identify important information gaps regarding these biomarkers, a new initiative was launched within the framework of the HUman MicroNucleus (HUMN) collaborative programme, the HUMN(XL) project ('XL' designating eXfoLiated cell). An invitation to join the project was sent out together with a questionnaire to all laboratories that have published on the buccal micronucleus assay. Overall, 188 messages were delivered and 58 laboratories from 25 countries agreed to participate (43 contributing data). The questionnaire was designed to collect methodological information regarding the laboratory's performance of the assay and to assess the extent and type of epidemiological data that are routinely collected. The results provide an overview of the most commonly used methods for buccal cell collection and preparation, slide preparation, staining, scoring criteria and an evaluation of epidemiological data, including demographics, genetic background, gender, health status, occupation, exposure, lifestyle and dietary habit. According to this survey, a potential base of 15 103 subjects can be included in future pooled analyses. A number of protocol discrepancies emerged, implying that method standardization is a major priority. The results of this survey will contribute to (i) identify technical and epidemiological key variables that impact on buccal MN frequency in human populations, (ii) drive the design of future intra- and interlaboratory validation studies and (iii) determine the role of MN frequency and other biomarkers, in monitoring genomic damage and predicting cancer and other degenerative diseases.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/métodos , Mucosa Bucal/citología , Daño del ADN , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/normas , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/tendencias , Mutágenos , Manejo de Especímenes , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31255223

RESUMEN

Even though the outdoor air pollution and its major component Particulate Matter (PM) are recently classified as human carcinogen, attempts to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PM toxicity are still crucial and continuing with in vitro approaches in various environmental circumstances. Present study investigated the genotoxicity (Comet assay) and the cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assays) of 30 daily PM2.5 samples collected in the Kütahya province, to address their daily variability in effects with season (i.e. winter versus summer) and location (i.e. rural versus urban) using A549 human lung cancer epithelial cell line, as well as in relation to their chemical composition, specifically trace elements, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The genotoxicity, measured by the percentage tail intensity (TI), of the daily PM2.5 samples at the traffic dense urban station was higher than that of the rural site for 80% of the parallel days. The genotoxicity was significant in the winter at the urban and in the summer at the rural site. Cytotoxicity was the highest for the winter urban samples. The PM2.5 mass, OC, and EC concentrations were not correlated to DNA damage, while there were correlations with Mn, Fe, Cu and Ba at the rural PM2.5 samples, and Mn, Co and Ni at the urban samples, respectively. The present study is confirming that the complex composition of PM2.5 originating from spatial and temporal changes can cause differences in the health effects.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Citotoxinas/toxicidad , Material Particulado/toxicidad , Células A549 , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Carbono/toxicidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ensayo Cometa/métodos , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Humanos , Tamaño de la Partícula , Estaciones del Año
16.
Arh Hig Rada Toksikol ; 67(4): 317-325, 2016 Dec 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28033104

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to reveal the likely genomic instability in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) using micronucleus (MN) assay on buccal epithelial cells (BEC). We investigated the frequencies of micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies, such as nuclear buds, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin, and karyorrhectic and pyknotic cells in BEC. Children with CKD were grouped as follows: children in the pre-dialysis (PreD) stage (N=17), children on regular haemodialysis (HD) (N=14), and children who have undergone transplantation (Tx) (N=17). As a control group, twenty age- and gender-matched healthy children were selected. The MN frequency in BEC of all groups of children with CKD was significantly elevated (5- to 7-fold) as compared to the control group (p<0.001). In contrast, the frequencies of nuclear buds were not significantly higher in the study groups compared to the control group. The frequencies of binucleated cells and condensed chromatin cells were significantly higher in all subgroups of children with CKD relative to the control group (p<0.001). Our results show that the BEC of pediatric PreD, HD, and Tx patients with CKD display increased cytogenetic, cytokinetic, and cytotoxic effects. They also point to the sensitivity and usefulness of the BEC MN assay in the assessment of genetic susceptibility of patients with CKD.


Asunto(s)
Núcleo Celular/genética , Células Epiteliales/patología , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico , Mucosa Bucal/patología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Núcleo Celular/patología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/patología , Adulto Joven
17.
Mutat Res ; 521(1-2): 47-56, 2002 Nov 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12438003

RESUMEN

Dental laboratory technicians may be exposed to metal alloys that are used in the production of crowns, bridges and removable partial dentures. These alloys consist of 35-65% cobalt, 20-30% chromium, 0-30% nickel, and small amounts of molybdenum, silica, beryllium, boron and carbon. The aim of this study was to assess whether dental technicians are occupationally exposed to chromium, cobalt and nickel, by analyzing urinary excretion levels of these metals and to investigate the genotoxic effects of occupational exposure associated with dental prostheses production operations by analyzing cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CB-MN) frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes and micronucleus (MN) frequencies in exfoliated nasal cells from 27 dental laboratory technicians and 15 control subjects. The differences in the urinary excretion of metals between technicians and controls were statistically significant. The mean (+/-S.D.) CB-MN frequencies ( per thousand ) in peripheral lymphocytes were 4.00 (+/-2.98) among the dental technicians and 1.40 (+/-1.30) among the controls, a statistically significant difference (P<0.005). The mean (+/-S.D.) MN frequencies ( per thousand ) in nasal cells were 3.50 (+/-1.80) among the dental technicians and 1.19 (+/-0.53) among the controls, which was also a statistically significant difference (P<0.005). There was a significant correlation between duration of exposure and MN frequencies in lymphocytes (r=0.642, P<0.01), but not in nasal cells of technicians. Our data reveal that in vivo exposure to chromium, nickel and cobalt metals is evident and that this occupational exposure may contribute to the observed genotoxic damage in two types of cells, e.g. lymphocytes and exfoliated nasal cells. However, it cannot be determined which compound(s) are responsible for the genotoxic damage observed in this study.


Asunto(s)
Aleaciones Dentales/efectos adversos , Aleaciones Dentales/análisis , Técnicos Dentales , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Nasal/efectos de los fármacos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Cromo/efectos adversos , Cromo/orina , Cobalto/efectos adversos , Cobalto/orina , Análisis Citogenético , Prótesis Dental/efectos adversos , Diseño de Prótesis Dental , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Humanos , Laboratorios Odontológicos , Recuento de Linfocitos , Linfocitos/patología , Masculino , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mucosa Nasal/patología , Níquel/efectos adversos , Níquel/orina , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Valores de Referencia , Recursos Humanos
18.
Chemosphere ; 47(1): 57-64, 2002 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11996136

RESUMEN

Urban air contains a diversity of chemical compounds, some of which are genotoxins. An increased risk of cancer has also been reported in occupations with heavy exposure to traffic-related pollution. The aim of this study was to assess the cytogenetic effects of urban air pollution by analyzing the chromosomal aberration (CA) frequencies in lymphocytes and to estimate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure by measuring urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels. A total of 15 traffic policemen and 17 taxi drivers working in the city of Ankara were the exposed groups and 23 healthy men working in the office departments were the control group. The overall mean +/- S.D. values of 1-OHP excretions of traffic policemen, taxi drivers and control subjects were 0.59 +/- 0.40 micromol/mol creatinine, 0.32 +/- 0.25 micromol/mol creatinine and 0.57 +/- 0.36 micromol/mol creatinine, respectively. Urinary 1-OHP levels of non-smoking policemen were significantly greater than those of nonsmoking control subjects (p < 0.05). The overall mean +/- S.D. values for CA frequencies (%) from policemen, taxi drivers and control group were 1.29 +/- 1.59, 1.81 +/- 1.79, and 0.26 +/- 0.73, respectively. There was a significantly greater frequency of CAs in exposed groups relative to the matched control population (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). Age, sex and smoking habits have not influenced the cytogenetic end-point in this study. Our results demonstrate that occupational exposure to urban air pollutants leads to a significant induction of cytogenetic damage in peripheral lymphocytes of traffic policemen and taxi drivers.


Asunto(s)
Aberraciones Cromosómicas/inducido químicamente , Mutágenos/análisis , Exposición Profesional , Policia , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efectos adversos , Pirenos/análisis , Emisiones de Vehículos/efectos adversos , Adulto , Humanos , Linfocitos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Transportes , Población Urbana
19.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 21(2): 1197-207, 2014 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23884878

RESUMEN

There is an increasing attempt in the world to determine the exposures of children to environmental chemicals. To analyze the genotoxic effect of air pollution, micronucleus (MN) assay was carried out in buccal epithelial cells (BECs) of children living in an urban city of Turkey. Children from two schools at urban-traffic and suburban sites were investigated in summer and winter seasons for the determination of BEC-MN frequency (per mille) and frequency of BEC with MN (per mille). The same children were also recruited for lung function measurements within a MATRA project ("Together Towards Clean Air in Eskisehir and Iskenderun") Measured NO2 and SO2 concentrations did not exceed the European Union (EU) limit levels either in urban-traffic or suburban regions. Higher O3 concentrations were measured in the suburban site especially in the summer period. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) levels which did not differ statistically between two regions were above the EU limits in general. Although BEC-MN frequencies of children living in the suburban sites were higher in general, the difference between two regions was not significant either in the summer or winter periods. BEC-MN frequencies of the urban-traffic children were found to be significantly higher in summer period (mean ± SD, 2.68 ± 1.99) when compared to winter period (1.64 ± 1.59; p = 0.004). On the other hand, no seasonality was observed for the suburban children. Similar results have been obtained in the BEC frequency with MN in our study. In summer, BEC-MN frequencies were significantly increased with the decrease in pulmonary function levels based on forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) levels (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, children living in urban-traffic and suburban areas in the city of Eskisehir exhibited similar genotoxicity. Seasonal variation in genotoxicity may be interpreted as relatively high ozone levels and increasing time spent at outdoors in the summer.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Adolescente , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Ciudades/estadística & datos numéricos , Clima , Citogenética , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Células Epiteliales/química , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de los fármacos , Ozono/análisis , Ozono/toxicidad , Material Particulado/análisis , Instituciones Académicas , Estaciones del Año , Turquía
20.
Arh Hig Rada Toksikol ; 64(3): 359-69, 2013 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24084344

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and cytochalasin-blocked micronuclei (CBMN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Turkish coke oven workers and the influence of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on these biomarkers. Cytogenetic analysis showed that occupational exposure significantly increased the CA and CBMN frequencies. Gene polymorphisms, on the other hand, did not affect CA or CBMN in either exposed or control subjects. However, due to the limited sample size, our findings need to be verified in future studies with a larger sample.


Asunto(s)
Aberraciones Cromosómicas/inducido químicamente , Minas de Carbón , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/efectos de los fármacos , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efectos adversos , Polimorfismo Genético/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Citocromo P-450 CYP1B1/efectos de los fármacos , Citocromo P-450 CYP1B1/genética , Epóxido Hidrolasas/efectos de los fármacos , Epóxido Hidrolasas/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes/efectos de los fármacos , Gutatión-S-Transferasa pi/efectos de los fármacos , Gutatión-S-Transferasa pi/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/efectos de los fármacos , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Humanos , Masculino
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