Viral Suppression Trajectories Destabilized After Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among US People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis.

We examined changes in the proportion of people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) with virologic suppression (VS) in a multisite US cohort before and since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Overall, prior gains in VS slowed during COVID-19, with disproportionate impacts on Black PWH and PWH who inject drugs.

Mpox in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Predictors of Diagnosis, Outcomes, and Vaccine Effectiveness in a Multisite Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Since its global reemergence in 2022, monkeypox (mpox) has demonstrated increased incidence and severity among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV [PWH]). Predictors of mpox diagnosis, vaccination, and outcomes among PWH are limited. METHODS: We included PWH with primary care visits after 1 January 2022 at 9 US sites participating in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinic Systems Network. We identified mpox diagnosed between 1 June 2022 and 31 May 2023, through a combination of polymerase chain reaction result, diagnosis code, and/or tecovirimat receipt. We examined validated clinical diagnoses, laboratory results, vaccine data, and patient reported outcomes. We evaluated relative risks (RR) of mpox diagnosis, hospitalization, tecovirimat treatment, and vaccine receipt. FINDINGS: Among 19 777 PWH in care, 413 mpox cases (all male sex at birth) occurred (2.2 cases/100 person-years). Age <40 years, geographic region, Hispanic/Latine ethnicity, lack of antiretroviral therapy, detectable HIV viral load, and recent bacterial sexually transmitted infection predicted mpox diagnosis. PWH with CD4 200-349 cells/mm3 were most likely to be hospitalized (adjusted RR, 3.20; 95% confidence interval: 1.44-7.09) compared to CD4 ≥500, but half as likely as those with CD4 <200 to receive tecovirimat. Overall, smallpox/mpox vaccine effectiveness of ≥1 vaccine was 71% (adjusted RR, 0.29; 95% confidence interval: .14-.47) at preventing mpox, and 86% or better with CD4 ≥350 or HIV viral suppression. Non-Hispanic Black PWH were less likely to be vaccinated than other racial/ethnic identities. INTERPRETATION: PWH not on antiretroviral therapy or with unsuppressed HIV were more likely to be diagnosed with, and hospitalized for, mpox. Mpox/smallpox vaccine effectiveness was high, inclusive of those with low CD4 count and HIV viremia.

Sexual risk characteristics, social vulnerability, and anal cancer screening uptake among men living with HIV in the deep south.

ABSTRACTWithout standard guidelines, there is a critical need to examine anal cancer screening uptake in the South which has the highest HIV incidence in the U.S. We identified factors associated with screening among men living with HIV (MLHIV) at a large academic HIV outpatient clinic in Alabama. Relationships between sociodemographic, clinical, sexual risk characteristics and screening were examined using T-tests, Fisher's exact, Chi-square, and logistic regression analyses. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were computed to estimate the odds of screening. Among 1,114 men, 52% had received annual anal cytology (pap) screening. Men who were screened were more likely to have multiple sexual partners compared to men who were not screened (22.8% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.002). Among men with one partner, the youngest were almost five times more likely to be screened compared to middle-aged men (AOR = 4.93, 95% CI: 2.34-10.39). Heterosexual men had lower odds and men who reported unprotected anal sex had higher odds of screening. Our findings suggest a racial disparity, with older black MLHIV being the least likely to be screened. In the South, MLHIV who are older, black, heterosexual, or live in high social vulnerability counties may be less likely to receive annual anal cancer screening.

Contribution of alcohol use in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection to all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A collaboration of cohort studies.

Among persons with HIV (PWH), higher alcohol use and having hepatitis C virus (HCV) are separately associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We investigated whether the association between alcohol use and mortality among PWH is modified by HCV. Data were combined from European and North American cohorts of adult PWH who started antiretroviral therapy (ART). Self-reported alcohol use data, collected in diverse ways between cohorts, were converted to grams/day. Eligible PWH started ART during 2001-2017 and were followed from ART initiation for mortality. Interactions between the associations of baseline alcohol use (0, 0.1-20.0, >20.0 g/day) and HCV status were assessed using multivariable Cox models. Of 58,769 PWH, 29,711 (51%), 23,974 (41%) and 5084 (9%) self-reported alcohol use of 0 g/day, 0.1-20.0 g/day, and > 20.0 g/day, respectively, and 4799 (8%) had HCV at baseline. There were 844 deaths in 37,729 person-years and 2755 deaths in 443,121 person-years among those with and without HCV, respectively. Among PWH without HCV, adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for mortality were 1.18 (95% CI: 1.08-1.29) for 0.0 g/day and 1.84 (1.62-2.09) for >20.0 g/day compared with 0.1-20.0 g/day. This J-shaped pattern was absent among those with HCV: aHRs were 1.00 (0.86-1.17) for 0.0 g/day and 1.64 (1.33-2.02) for >20.0 g/day compared with 0.1-20.0 g/day (interaction p < .001). Among PWH without HCV, mortality was higher in both non-drinkers and heavy drinkers compared with moderate alcohol drinkers. Among those with HCV, mortality was higher in heavy drinkers but not non-drinkers, potentially due to differing reasons for not drinking (e.g. illness) between those with and without HCV.

The Association Between Objectively-Measured Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning in Middle-Aged and Older People Living with HIV.

Middle-aged and older people living with HIV (PWH) are at higher risk for cognitive impairment and engage in lower levels of physical activity (PA) than seronegative counterparts. Research examining the association between objectively-measured PA and cognitive function in this population is scarce. This cross-sectional study examined the association between accelerometry-measured PA and cognitive functioning among 75 PWH (mean age 55.63). Light PA was the PA variable with the most consistent associations with cognition, with more minutes per week of light PA (performed in bouts of ≥ 10 min) being associated with better executive function, working memory/attention, and speed of processing performance, adjusted for age and current CD4 count. Findings suggest that although middle-aged and older PWH engage in more light than moderate-to-vigorous PA, light PA may be beneficial to cognition. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand PA dose-response associations with cognitive trajectories, cognitive domain specificity of PA effects, and underlying neural mechanisms of PA.

Current Antiretroviral Treatment Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States: Findings from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinic Systems Cohort.

Among 14 049 people with human immunodeficiency virus in care in 2019-2020, 96% were treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current antiretroviral treatment patterns highlight high uptake of guideline-recommended ART regimens including second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (dolutegravir and bictegravir) and tenofovir alafenamide, especially in antiretroviral-naive individuals initiating ART.

Tobacco smoking and binge alcohol use are associated with incident venous thromboembolism in an HIV cohort.

BACKGROUND: People with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk of cardiovascular comorbidities and substance use is a potential predisposing factor. We evaluated associations of tobacco smoking and alcohol use with venous thromboembolism (VTE) in PWH. METHODS: We assessed incident, centrally adjudicated VTE among 12 957 PWH within the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort between January 2009 and December 2018. Using separate Cox proportional hazards models, we evaluated associations of time-updated alcohol and cigarette use with VTE, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. Smoking was evaluated as pack-years and never, former, or current use with current cigarettes per day. Alcohol use was parameterized using categorical and continuous alcohol use score, frequency of use, and binge frequency. RESULTS: During a median of 3.6 years of follow-up, 213 PWH developed a VTE. One-third of PWH reported binge drinking and 40% reported currently smoking. In adjusted analyses, risk of VTE was increased among both current (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.02-2.03) and former (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.99-2.07) smokers compared to PWH who never smoked. Additionally, total pack-years among ever-smokers (HR: 1.10 per 5 pack-years; 95% CI: 1.03-1.18) was associated with incident VTE in a dose-dependent manner. Frequency of binge drinking was associated with incident VTE (HR: 1.30 per 7 days/month, 95% CI: 1.11-1.52); however, alcohol use frequency was not. Severity of alcohol use was not significantly associated with VTE. CONCLUSIONS: Current smoking and pack-year smoking history were dose-dependently associated with incident VTE among PWH in CNICS. Binge drinking was also associated with VTE. Interventions for smoking and binge drinking may decrease VTE risk among PWH.

HSV-infection-related herpetic anogenital ulcer disease among PLWH in southeastern US: electronic medical record based analysis.

ObjectivesThe southeastern US is a domestic epicentre for incident HIV with high prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) coinfection. We estimated the incidence rates (IR) of symptomatic herpetic anogenital ulcer disease (HAUD) and assessed its associations with demographic and clinical characteristics, specifically with immunological markers using median, nadir and trajectory CD4 counts. METHODS: Electronic medical records (EMR) of over 7000 people living with HIV (PLWH) attending one of the leading HIV clinics in the southeastern US between 2006 and 2018 were reviewed and analysed. IR of HSV-related HAUD were estimated per 10 000 person years. Joinpoint regressions were performed to examine temporal changes in the trends of IR. All IR and trends were stratified by gender and race. Six CD4 trajectory groups were constructed using the group-based trajectory modelling. Multivariable logistic models were conducted to assess the associations of CD4 counts (nadir, median CD4 and newly defined CD4 trajectory), separately with HAUD. RESULTS: Of the 4484 PLWH eligible individuals (3429 men, 1031 women and 24 transgender), we observed 425 patients with HSV-related HAUD. The mean log10viral load was higher in HAUD than HAUD-free groups, whereas the median nadir CD4 count (cells/uL) was higher in the non-cases than the case groups (p<0.05). HAUD were more frequent in women than men. Median CD4 (<200 cell/uL) was associated with HAUD (OR=2.1), but there were no significant associations with nadir CD4. Significant associations with declining and sustained low CD4 counts trajectory patterns were observed with HAUD. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences between men and women with incident HAUD among PLWH. EMR-based studies can provide innovative trajectory models that can potentially be helpful in guiding screening and clinical care of HAUD among high-risk PLWH.

COVID Community-Engaged Testing in Alabama: Reaching Underserved Rural Populations Through Collaboration.

Rural communities are often underserved by public health testing initiatives in Alabama. As part of the National Institutes of Health's Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics‒Underserved Populations initiative, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, along with community partners, sought to address this inequity in COVID-19 testing. We describe the participatory assessment, selection, and implementation phases of this project, which administered more than 23 000 COVID-19 tests throughout the state, including nearly 4000 tests among incarcerated populations. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(10):1399-1403. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306985).

Self-Management Model fails to Predict Quality of Life for People Living with Dual Diagnosis of HIV and Diabetes.

The objective of this study was to test a self-management model for self-management in people living with HIV and type 2 diabetes (PLWH + T2DM). We conducted a predictive, longitudinal study of data from a national research cohort of PLWH using lag analysis to test short- and long-term health outcomes for PLWH + T2DM. We used a dataset from the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinic Systems (CNICS), a nation-wide research network of 8 clinics that serves PLWH. Patient-reported outcomes, collected at clinic visit, included depression, adherence, CD4 cell count, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We computed summary statistics to describe the sample. Using lag analysis, we then modeled the three variables of adherence, CD4 count, and HRQoL as a function of their predecessors in our conceptual model. In the final model, an increase of in medication adherence corresponded to a small increase in HRQoL. An increase in CD4 count corresponded to a small increase in HRQoL. An increase in lagged depression was associated with a small decrease in HRQoL. The model was not sufficient to predict short- or long-term outcomes in PLWH + T2DM. Although depression had a moderate impact, the final model was not clinically significant. For people with a dual diagnosis of HIV and T2DM, variables other than those traditionally addressed in self-management interventions may be more important.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio era evaluar un modelo de autocontrol para el autocontrol en aquellas personas que viven con VIH y diabetes de tipo 2 (PLWH + T2DM). Llevamos a cabo un estudio predictivo y longitudinal de la información proveniente de un estudio nacional de una población base de PLWH usando un análisis de retraso para evaluar los resultados en la salud a corto y largo plazo para PLWH + T2DM. Utilizamos un conjunto de datos del Center for AIDS Research [Instituto para la Investigación del SIDA] (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinic Systems [Red de Sistemas de Clínicas Integradas] (CNICS), una red de investigación nacional que cuenta con ocho clínicas al servicio de PLWH. Los resultados que los pacientes reportaron, recolectados en una visita médica, incluyen depresión, adherencia, conteo de células CD4 y la calidad de vida relacionado con la salud (HRQoL). Calculamos el resumen estadístico para describir la muestra. Utilizando análisis de retraso, modelamos luego las tres variables de adherencia, conteo de células CD4 y el HRQoL como función de su antecesor en nuestro modelo conceptual. En el modelo final, un aumento en la adherencia al medicamento correspondió a un aumento en el HRQoL. Un aumento en el conteo de células CD4 correspondió a un aumento en el HRQoL. Se asoció un aumento de depresión retardada con una disminución en el HRQoL. El modelo no fue suficiente como para predecir resultados a corto o largo plazo en PLWH + T2DM. A pesar de que la depresión tenía un impacto moderado, el modelo final no fue clínicamente significativo. Para aquellas personas con un diagnóstico doble de VIH y T2DM, otras variables, además de las que se abordan tradicionalmente en las intervenciones de autocontrol, podrían ser más importantes.

COVID-19 Vaccination and Remdesivir are Associated With Protection From New or Increased Levels of Donor-Specific Antibodies Among Kidney Transplant Recipients Hospitalized With COVID-19.

Alloimmune responses in kidney transplant (KT) patients previously hospitalized with COVID-19 are understudied. We analyzed a cohort of 112 kidney transplant recipients who were hospitalized following a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result during the first 20 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found a cumulative incidence of 17% for the development of new donor-specific antibodies (DSA) or increased levels of pre-existing DSA in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected KT patients. This risk extended 8 months post-infection. These changes in DSA status were associated with late allograft dysfunction. Risk factors for new or increased DSA responses in this KT patient cohort included the presence of circulating DSA pre-COVID-19 diagnosis and time post-transplantation. COVID-19 vaccination prior to infection and remdesivir administration during infection were each associated with decreased likelihood of developing a new or increased DSA response. These data show that new or enhanced DSA responses frequently occur among KT patients requiring admission with COVID-19 and suggest that surveillance, vaccination, and antiviral therapies may be important tools to prevent alloimmunity in these individuals.

HIV Viremia and Risk of Stroke Among People Living with HIV Who Are Using Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Rates of stroke are higher in people living with HIV compared with age-matched uninfected individuals. Causes of elevated stroke risk, including the role of viremia, are poorly defined. METHODS: Between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2014, we identified incident strokes among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy at five sites across the United States. We considered three parameterizations of viral load (VL) including (1) baseline (most recent VL before study entry), (2) time-updated, and (3) cumulative VL (copy-days/mL of virus). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for stroke risk comparing the 75th percentile ("high VL") to the 25th percentile ("low VL") of baseline and time-updated VL. We used marginal structural Cox models, with most models adjusted for traditional stroke risk factors, to estimate HRs for stroke associated with cumulative VL. RESULTS: Among 15,974 people living with HIV, 139 experienced a stroke (113 ischemic; 18 hemorrhagic; eight were unknown type) over a median follow-up of 4.2 years. Median baseline VL was 38 copies/mL (interquartile interval: 24, 3,420). High baseline VL was associated with increased risk of both ischemic (HR: 1.3; 95% CI = 0.96-1.7) and hemorrhagic stroke (HR: 3.1; 95% CI = 1.6-5.9). In time-updated models, high VL was also associated with an increased risk of any stroke (HR: 1.8; 95% CI = 1.4-2.3). We observed no association between cumulative VL and stroke risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated HIV VL may increase stroke risk, regardless of previous VL levels.

Etiology and pathophysiology of heart failure in people with HIV.

HIV-associated cardiomyopathy is a well-established sequela in people infected with HIV (PHIV). Despite significant advances in HIV management through the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), PHIV on HAART continue to have elevated risk of cardiomyopathy and heart failure, even when accounting for known cardiovascular risk factors. This review article will explore the proposed mechanisms by which chronic HIV infection induces cardiomyopathy and heart failure in the setting of HAART. Evaluation, work-up, and management of cardiomyopathy in PHIV will also be briefly discussed. The advent of HAART has altered the pathophysiology HIV-associated cardiomyopathy from a rapidly progressive cardiomyopathy, often with pericardial involvement, into a chronic process involving inflammation and persistent immune dysregulation. With the significant decrease in AIDS-related deaths, the prevalence of cardiomyopathy and the mortality associated with heart failure in PHIV have increased. Multiple immune-related and inflammatory mechanisms have been proposed, which may provide insight into evaluation and management of cardiomyopathy in PHIV.

Human papillomavirus sequencing reveals its usefulness for the management of HIV-infected women at risk for developing cervical cancer.

AIM: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is able to describe the composition of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) as percent (%) reads rather than positive/negative results. Therefore, we used this unique approach to assess the prevalence of cervical HPVs of HIV infected (HIV+) in order to understand the determinants of being infected with higher % reads of high risk (HR)-HPVs and cervical abnormalities of atypical squamous cells of unknown significance or higher (ASCUS+). METHODS: Study included 66 women characterized for relevant risk factors/cytology. Receiver-operating curve curve was used to derive the optimal % read cut point to identify ASCUS+ in relation to any HR-HPV genotype or other specific HPV genotypes. The determinants of ASCUS+ and HR-HPVs were tested using logistic regression. RESULTS: Women with >20% reads of any HR-HPV or >12% any HR-HPV other than HPV 16/18 were 5.7 and 12.6 times more likely to be diagnosed with ASCUS+, respectively. Lower CD4 count was a significant determinant of >20% reads of HR-HPV (odds ratio [OR] = 4.1) or >12% any HR-HPV other than HPV 16/18 (OR = 4.5). CONCLUSION: We envision that the NGS-based HPV detection will be more accurate for screening and management of HIV+ at risk for developing cervical cancer (CC). We raise concerns regarding the limitations of 16/18-based HPV testing for triage and the efficacy of current HPV vaccines for preventing CC in HIV+.

Healthcare is a Team Sport: Stress, Resilience, and Correlates of Well-Being Among Health System Employees in a Crisis.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: While the COVID-19 pandemic has added stressors to the lives of healthcare workers, it is unclear which factors represent the most useful targets for interventions to mitigate employee distress across the entire healthcare team. A survey was distributed to employees of a large healthcare system in the Southeastern United States, and 1,130 respondents participated. The survey measured overall distress using the 9-item Well-Being Index (WBI), work-related factors, moral distress, resilience, and organizational-level factors. Respondents were also asked to identify major work, clinical, and nonwork stressors. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate associations between employee characteristics and WBI distress score. Overall, 82% of employees reported high distress (WBI ≥ 2), with nurses, clinical support staff, and advanced practice providers reporting the highest average scores. Factors associated with higher distress included increased job demands or responsibilities, heavy workload or long hours, higher frequency of moral distress, and loneliness or social isolation. Factors associated with lower distress were perceived organizational support, work control, perceived fairness of salary cuts, and resilience. Most factors significantly associated with distress-heavy workloads and long hours, increased job demands, and moral distress, in particular-were work-related, indicating that efforts can be made to mitigate them. Resilience explained a small portion of the variance in distress relative to other work-related factors. Ensuring appropriate staffing levels may represent the single largest opportunity to significantly move the needle on distress. However, the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare system may represent a barrier to addressing these stressors.

CD4 Trajectory Models and Onset of Non-AIDS-Defining Anal Genital Warts, Precancer, and Cancer in People Living With HIV Infection-1.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear how the characteristics of CD4 counts predict non-AIDS-defining human papillomavirus-related anogenital warts (AGWs) and anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions/cancer (HSIL) in people living with HIV infection-1 (PLWH). We compared the associations between 3 CD4 counts measures and these disease outcomes in the study. METHODS: Retrospective sociobehavioral and clinical data from electronic health records of 4803 PLWH from 2006 to 2018 were included. Three different measurements of CD4 counts-(a) nadir, (b) median, and (c) trajectory-were estimated. Six CD4 trajectory groups were constructed using the group-based trajectory modeling from all patients older than 18 years with ≥3 clinical visits. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations with AGW and HSIL, separately. RESULTS: A total of 408 AGW, 102 anal HSIL (43 HSIL, 59 cancer), 4 penile cancer, and 15 vaginal cancer cases were observed. Median CD4 (<200 cell/µL) was associated with AGW (odds ratio [OR], 2.2 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.6-3.0]), and anal HSIL (OR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.5-5.0]; each, P < 0.001). Low nadir CD4 (<200 cell/µL) was associated with AGW (OR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.3-2.6]) and anal HSIL (OR, 2.4 [95% CI, 1.2-4.7]; each, P ≤ 0.001). Different patterns (declining and sustained low CD4 counts) of CD4 trajectories showed the strongest associations with onset of both AGW (OR, 1.8-3.1) and HSIL (OR, 2.7-6.7). CONCLUSIONS: People living with HIV infection-1 with the same median CD4 could have very different CD4 trajectories, implying different dynamics of immune status. CD4 trajectory could be a better predictor of incident AGW and HSIL among PLWH.

Racial disparities and factors associated with prescription for smoking cessation medications among smokers receiving routine clinical care for HIV.

Factors associated with prescription of smoking cessation medication (SCM), including the impact of race, have not been well described among a large population of people living with HIV (PLWH) engaged in routine clinical care. Our study investigated whether there are racial differences between African-American and White PLWH regarding SCM prescription and sought to identify other factors associated with these prescriptions at a large HIV clinic in the Southeastern United States. Among 1899 smokers, 38.8% of those prescribed SCMs were African-American and 61.2% were White. Factors associated with lower odds of SCM prescription included African-American race (AOR, 0.63 [95% CI: 0.47, 0.84]) or transferring care from another HIV provider during the study period (AOR, 0.63 [95% CI: 0.43, 0.91]). Whereas major depression (AOR, 1.54 [95% CI: 1.10, 2.15]), anxiety symptoms (AOR, 1.43 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.94]), and heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes/day) (OR, 3.50 [95% CI: 2.11, 5.98]) were associated with increased likelihood of SCM prescription. There were racial disparities in the prescription of SCM in African Americans with HIV. These findings underscore the need to increase pharmacotherapy use among African Americans to improve smoking cessation outcomes across racial groups among PLWH.

Comorbidities associated with HPV infection among people living with HIV-1 in the southeastern US: a retrospective clinical cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The southeastern US is an epicenter for incident HIV in the US with high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) co-infections. However, epidemiologies of HPV-associated clinical conditions (CC) among people living with HIV-1 infection (PLWH) are not fully known. METHODS: Electronic medical records (EMR) of PLWH attending one of the leading HIV clinics in the southeastern US between 2006 and 2018 were reviewed and analyzed. The retrospective study was nested within the University of Alabama at Birmingham HIV clinical cohort, which has electronically collected over 7000 PLWH's clinical and sociobehavioral data since 1999. Incidence rates of HPV-related CC including anogenital warts, penile, anal, cervical, and vaginal/vulvar low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL) were estimated per 10,000 person years. Joinpoint regressions were performed to examine temporal changes in the trends of incident CC. All rates and trends were stratified by gender and race. RESULTS: Of the 4484 PLWH included in the study (3429 men, 1031 women, and 24 transgender), we observed 1038 patients with HPV-related CC. The median nadir CD4 count (cells/uL) was higher in the HPV-condition free group than the case groups (P < 0.0001). Anogenital warts, anal LSIL, HSIL, and cancer were more likely to be diagnosed among HIV-infected men than women. White men presented more frequently with anal LSIL and anal and penile cancers than black men (P < 0.03). White women were also more likely to be diagnosed with cervical HSIL (P = 0.023) and cancer (P = 0.037) than black women. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences between gender and race with incidence of HPV-related CC among HIV patients. EMR-based studies provide insights on understudied HPV-related anogenital conditions in PLWH; however, large-scale studies in other regions are needed to generalize current findings and draw public health attention to co-infection induced non-AIDS defining comorbidities among PLWH.

Mortality following myocardial infarction among HIV-infected persons: the Center for AIDS Research Network Of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS).

BACKGROUND: Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher risks for myocardial infarction (MI) than the general population. This is driven in part by higher type 2 MI (T2MI, due to coronary supply-demand mismatch) rates among persons with HIV (PWH). In the general population, T2MI has higher mortality than type 1 MI (T1MI, spontaneous and generally due to plaque rupture and thrombosis). PWH have a greater burden of comorbidities and may therefore have an even greater excess risk for complication and death in the setting of T2MI. However, mortality patterns after T1MI and T2MI in HIV are unknown. METHODS: We analyzed mortality after MI among PWH enrolled in the multicenter, US-based Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort (N = 28,186). Incident MIs occurring between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2014, were centrally adjudicated and classified as T1MI or T2MI. We first compared mortality following T1MI vs. T2MI among PWH. Cox survival analyses and Bayesian model averaging were then used to evaluate pre-MI covariates associated with mortality following T1MI and T2MI. RESULTS: Among the 596 out of 28,186 PWH who experienced MI (2.1%; 293 T1MI and 303 T2MI), mortality rates were significantly greater after T2MI (22.2/100 person-years; 1-, 3-, and 5-year mortality 39%, 52%, and 62%) than T1MI (8.2/100 person-years; 1-, 3-, and 5-year mortality 15%, 22%, and 30%). Significant mortality predictors after T1MI were higher HIV viral load, renal dysfunction, and older age. Significant predictors of mortality after T2MI were low body-mass index (BMI) and detectable HIV viral load. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality is high following MI for PWH and substantially greater after T2MI than T1MI. Predictors of death after MI differed by type of MI, reinforcing the different clinical scenarios associated with each MI type and the importance of considering MI types separately.

Cumulative Human Immunodeficiency Viremia, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Incident Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: People living with HIV are at risk of increased myocardial infarction (MI). Cumulative HIV viral load (VL) has been proposed as a better measure of HIV inflammation than other measures of VL, like baseline VL, but its associations with MI are not known. METHODS: The multisite Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort includes clinical data and centrally adjudicated MI with distinction between atheroembolic MI (type 1) and MI related to supply-demand mismatch (type 2). We examined CNICS participants who were not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at enrollment. Cumulative VL (copy-days of virus) from 6 months after enrollment was estimated with a time-weighted sum using the trapezoidal rule. We modeled associations of cumulative and baseline VL with MI by type using marginal structural Cox models. We contrasted the 75% percentile of the VL distribution with the 25% percentile. RESULTS: Among 11,324 participants, 218 MIs occurred between 1996 and 2016. Higher cumulative VL was associated with risk of all MI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26, 2.36), type 1 MI (HR = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.78, 1.96), and type 2 MI (HR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.74, 3.66). While off ART, cumulative VL had a stronger association with type 1 MI (HR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.15, 3.94) than type 2 MI (HR = 1.25; 95% CI = 0.70, 2.25). Baseline VL was associated with all MI (HR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.28, 2.01), type 1 MI (HR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.26, 2.38), and type 2 MI (HR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.10, 2.08). CONCLUSIONS: Higher cumulative and baseline VL is associated with all MI, with a particularly strong association between cumulative VL and type 2 MI.