Spectral broadband anastigmatic Wadsworth imaging spectrometer.

A new advanced optical design based on the Wadsworth mounting for a broadband stigmatic, coma-free practical spectrometer with high imaging quality is presented. By the addition of an inclined cylindrical lens with a wedge angle, the stigmatic imaging conditions in a broad waveband have been obtained by our analysis. An example which presents excellent optical performances over a spectral broadband of 380nm centered at 570nm has been designed to certify the analysis.

Planning skills moderate the intention-planning cognitions-behaviour relation: a longitudinal study on physical activity in Chinese adolescents.

Our objective is to examine the role of planning skills for translating intentions into physical activity via planning cognitions. A study with 534 adolescents was conducted. Over 4 weeks, intention, planning cognitions (prospective anticipation of when, where, and how to perform activities), planning skills (successful past planning experiences), and physical activity were assessed. The results were that skills correlated with intention, planning cognitions, and subsequent physical activity. Planning cognitions were found to mediate the intention-behavior relation, whereas skills moderated the mediating role of planning cognitions: If students reported high skills, they were more likely to translate their intentions into plans and behavior. We conclude that having more skills makes it more likely that adolescents successfully translate their intentions into plans. Promotion of physical activity should improve planning cognitions but also planning skills. Only with planning cognitions and skills might adolescents better be able to act in accordance with their intentions and perform physical activity.

The Importance of Autonomous Regulation for Students' Successful Translation of Intentions into Behavior Change via Planning.

Physical activity has a high prevention potential in adolescents. This study investigated the relations between physical activity and intention, autonomous regulation, and planning. We hypothesized that planning mediates the relationship between intention and behavior and that this mediation should depend on the level of autonomous regulation. Stratified randomization sampling method was administered to assemble a sample of N = 534 students among two schools in China. To test the hypothesis, autonomous regulation, intention, and physical activity were assessed at baseline as well as planning and follow-up physical activity four weeks after the pretest. A moderated mediation model confirmed that planning mediated the intention-behavior relation with the effect of planning being moderated by autonomous regulation. Study results demonstrated that autonomous regulation facilitated the translation of intention into behavior change via planning. To promote physical activity among adolescents, interventions targeting planning and autonomous regulation might facilitate successful translation of intentions into behavior change.

Stage-matched minimal interventions to enhance physical activity in Chinese adolescents.

PURPOSE: Interventions to improve physical activity (PA) might be successful when treatments are matched to the requirements of the recipients, in particular to their stage of change. This intervention study examines PA in Chinese high school students whose stage of change at the beginning of the study was identified. METHODS: Two minimal interventions (1 hour) were provided: resource communication and strategic planning. We assumed that preintenders would benefit in terms of PA frequency mainly from resource communication, and intenders would benefit from planning. Adolescents were assigned to an experimental and a control group. Moreover, they were divided according to stage (preintender, intender, actor). In the experimental group, each stage group received interventions. The data were analyzed with repeated measures analyses of variance (N = 534). Stage groups and treatment (resource communication, planning, and controls) were chosen as between-subjects factors. PA frequency was the dependent variable measured at two points in time 4 weeks apart (pre-post measures). RESULTS: Preintenders in the resource communication condition improved their activity levels, whereas intenders increased their PA not only in the planning but also in resource communication conditions. Actors maintained their activity independently of the treatment they received, which was in line with the hypotheses. CONCLUSIONS: Matching PA interventions for adolescents to at least two stages of change might be a promising approach. Those who are not motivated to exercise benefit from resource-based messages, whereas those who have behavioral intentions benefit from planning.