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1.
Proc Biol Sci ; 291(2019): 20232519, 2024 Mar 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38503331

RESUMEN

Despite decades of research, surprisingly little is known about the mechanism(s) by which an individual's genotype is encoded in odour. Many studies have focused on the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) owing to its importance for survival and mate choice. However, the salience of MHC-mediated odours compared to chemicals influenced by the rest of the genome remains unclear, especially in wild populations where it is challenging to quantify and control for the effects of the genomic background. We addressed this issue in Antarctic fur seals by analysing skin swabs together with full-length MHC DQB II exon 2 sequences and data from 41 genome-wide distributed microsatellites. We did not find any effects of MHC relatedness on chemical similarity and there was also no relationship between MHC heterozygosity and chemical diversity. However, multilocus heterozygosity showed a significant positive association with chemical diversity, even after controlling for MHC heterozygosity. Our results appear to rule out a dominant role of the MHC in the chemical encoding of genetic information in a wild vertebrate population and highlight the need for genome-wide approaches to elucidate the mechanism(s) and specific genes underlying genotype-odour associations.


Asunto(s)
Lobos Marinos , Animales , Lobos Marinos/genética , Genotipo , Heterocigoto , Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad/genética , Odorantes , Regiones Antárticas
2.
Microb Ecol ; 87(1): 55, 2024 Mar 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38530469

RESUMEN

Reproducibility is a fundamental principle in science, ensuring reliable and valid findings. However, replication studies are scarce, particularly in ecology, due to the emphasis on novelty for publication. We explored the possibility of replicating original findings in the field of microbial and chemical ecology by conducting a conceptual replication of a previous study analysing the sex-specific differences in the microbial communities inhabiting the wing sacs, a scent organ with crucial functions in olfactory communication, of greater sac-winged bat (Saccopteryx bilineata). In the original study, the skin swabs from the antebrachial wing sacs of the males and wing sac rudiments of the females were analysed using culture-dependent methods to test sex-specific differences. The authors demonstrated that males have lower microbial richness and different microbial composition than females. We attempted to reproduce these findings using 16S rRNA sequencing, which offers improved accuracy in pinpointing microbial members than culture-dependent methods because of advanced statistical methods. Our study validated the original study's findings: Males had a lower microbial richness, and the community composition differed between the sexes. Furthermore, in the current study, males had an increased abundance of bacteria that might potentially be involved in odour production and degradation of malodorous substances and antimicrobial production. Our conceptual replication study corroborated that microbes can play a role in shaping their host's olfactory phenotype and consequently influence sexual selection. Furthermore, the current study emphasises the importance of replication efforts and hopefully encourages a culture that values replication studies in scientific practice.


Asunto(s)
Quirópteros , Microbiota , Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Odorantes , Olfato , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Bacterias , Feromonas/metabolismo , Microbiota/genética
3.
Anal Bioanal Chem ; 2024 Aug 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39158630

RESUMEN

In recent decades, the compositions of preen oil and feathers have been studied to achieve insights into the chemistry of avian odours, which play a significant role in birds' social behaviour. Fewer studies are available regarding volatiles originating from other sources, such as faeces, eggs or a bird's whole body. The aims of this study were (i) to identify odour-active and further volatile compounds in zebra finch whole body odour and (ii) to semi-quantify selected volatiles and use the information to evaluate two different adsorbents for their suitability for whole body odour sampling. Volatiles from the headspace above zebra finches were sampled using an open loop system equipped with either activated charcoal or Tenax® TA. Samples were analysed by olfactory-guided approaches as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using activated charcoal as sorbent, 26 odour-active and 73 further volatile compounds were detected, whereas with Tenax® TA 27 odour-active and 81 further volatile compounds were detected. In total, 104 compounds were (tentatively) identified, of which 22 had not been identified previously in zebra finch odour and 12 had not been described in any birds. Hints towards a chemical sex signature became evident for qualitative but not for quantitative differences. With the exception of some compounds, notably carboxylic acids and alkanes, relative peak areas obtained with the two adsorbent types were comparable. The approach described herein is proposed for future studies aiming to determine volatiles emitted by birds when, for example, parent birds are approaching the nest.

4.
BMC Ecol ; 20(1): 58, 2020 11 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33187490

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: So far, large numbers of studies investigating the microbiome have focused on gut microbiota and less have addressed the microbiome of the skin. Especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has recently received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterised the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age and group composition on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities. RESULTS: Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found no effect of age, sex and family on bacterial diversity (alpha diversity). However, when comparing the composition (beta diversity), we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Within families, closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. In addition, we found that age (adults vs. nestlings) affected bacterial composition. Finally, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiota similarity. CONCLUSIONS: Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment seem to be the influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.


Asunto(s)
Pinzones , Microbiota , Animales , Bacterias/genética , Femenino , Masculino , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Piel
5.
Mol Ecol ; 28(9): 2406-2422, 2019 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30849214

RESUMEN

Despite an increasing appreciation of the importance of host-microbe interactions in ecological and evolutionary processes, the factors shaping microbial communities in wild populations remain poorly understood. We therefore exploited a natural experiment provided by two adjacent Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) colonies of high and low social density and combined 16S rRNA metabarcoding with microsatellite profiling of mother-offspring pairs to investigate environmental and genetic influences on skin microbial communities. Seal-associated bacterial communities differed profoundly between the two colonies, despite the host populations themselves being genetically undifferentiated. Consistent with the hypothesis that social stress depresses bacterial diversity, we found that microbial alpha diversity was significantly lower in the high-density colony. Seals from one of the colonies that contained a stream also carried a subset of freshwater-associated bacteria, indicative of an influence of the physical environment. Furthermore, mothers and their offspring shared similar microbial communities, in support of the notion that microbes may facilitate mother-offspring recognition. Finally, a significant negative association was found between bacterial diversity and heterozygosity, a measure of host genetic quality. Our study thus reveals a complex interplay between environmental and host genetic effects, while also providing empirical support for the leash model of host control, which posits that bacterial communities are driven not only by bottom-up species interactions, but also by top-down host regulation. Taken together, our findings have broad implications for understanding host-microbe interactions as well as prokaryotic diversity in general.


Asunto(s)
Lobos Marinos/microbiología , Microbiota/genética , Piel/microbiología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Regiones Antárticas , Conducta Animal , Femenino , Variación Genética , Heterocigoto , Masculino , Madres , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Factores Sexuales , Conducta Social
6.
Microb Ecol ; 76(2): 518-529, 2018 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29282519

RESUMEN

An animals' body is densely populated with bacteria. Although a large number of investigations on physiological microbial colonisation have emerged in recent years, our understanding of the composition, ecology and function of the microbiota remains incomplete. Here, we investigated whether songbirds have an individual-specific skin microbiome that is similar across different body regions. We collected skin microbe samples from three different bird species (Taeniopygia gutatta, Lonchura striata domestica and Stagonopleura gutatta) at two body locations (neck region, preen gland area). To characterise the skin microbes and compare the bacterial composition, we used high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. This method proved suitable for identifying the skin microbiome of birds, even though the bacterial load on the skin appeared to be relatively low. We found that across all species, the two evaluated skin areas of each individual harboured very similar microbial communities, indicative of an individual-specific skin microbiome. Despite experiencing the same environmental conditions and consuming the same diet, significant differences in the skin microbe composition were identified among the three species. The bird species differed both quantitatively and qualitatively regarding the observed bacterial taxa. Although each species harboured its own unique set of skin microbes, we identified a core skin microbiome among the studied species. As microbes are known to influence the host's body odour, our findings of an individual-specific skin microbiome might suggest that the skin microbiome in birds is involved in the odour production and could encode information on the host's genotype.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias/clasificación , Pinzones/microbiología , Especificidad del Huésped , Microbiota , Filogenia , Piel/microbiología , Animales , Bacterias/genética , Carga Bacteriana , Biodiversidad , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Microbiota/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
7.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 112(36): E5005-12, 2015 Sep 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26261311

RESUMEN

Chemical communication underpins virtually all aspects of vertebrate social life, yet remains poorly understood because of its highly complex mechanistic basis. We therefore used chemical fingerprinting of skin swabs and genetic analysis to explore the chemical cues that may underlie mother-offspring recognition in colonially breeding Antarctic fur seals. By sampling mother-offspring pairs from two different colonies, using a variety of statistical approaches and genotyping a large panel of microsatellite loci, we show that colony membership, mother-offspring similarity, heterozygosity, and genetic relatedness are all chemically encoded. Moreover, chemical similarity between mothers and offspring reflects a combination of genetic and environmental influences, the former partly encoded by substances resembling known pheromones. Our findings reveal the diversity of information contained within chemical fingerprints and have implications for understanding mother-offspring communication, kin recognition, and mate choice.


Asunto(s)
Lobos Marinos/genética , Variación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Piel/química , Comunicación Animal , Animales , Regiones Antárticas , Teorema de Bayes , Señales (Psicología) , Ambiente , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Genética de Población , Genotipo , Geografía , Feromonas/química , Reconocimiento en Psicología
8.
Nurs Econ ; 34(2): 66-71, 89, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27265947

RESUMEN

There is a growing body of evidence of the relationship of nurse staffing to patient, nurse, and financial outcomes. With the advent of big data science and developing big data analytics in nursing, data science with the reuse of big data is emerging as a timely and cost-effective approach to demonstrate nursing value. The Nursing Management Minimum Date Set (NMMDS) provides standard administrative data elements, definitions, and codes to measure the context where care is delivered and, consequently, the value of nursing. The integration of the NMMDS elements in the current health system provides evidence for nursing leaders to measure and manage decisions, leading to better patient, staffing, and financial outcomes. It also enables the reuse of data for clinical scholarship and research.


Asunto(s)
Análisis Costo-Beneficio/estadística & datos numéricos , Conjuntos de Datos como Asunto , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital/economía , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital/provisión & distribución , Admisión y Programación de Personal/economía , Admisión y Programación de Personal/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud/economía , Humanos , Investigación en Administración de Enfermería , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos
9.
Nurs Adm Q ; 39(4): 297-303, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26340240

RESUMEN

Nurse leaders and researchers are challenged by the need for sharable and comparable data on the nursing workforce and the processes of patient care. This is significant, as nursing is the largest health care workforce, with significant operational costs. The Nursing Management Minimum Data Set provides a core set of data elements to compare nursing practice across time, diverse health care settings, and geographical areas. Nursing leaders from practice, association, academic, consulting, and industry settings were interviewed to provide perspectives on how the use of standardized data sets can be useful for the profession.


Asunto(s)
Sistemas de Apoyo a Decisiones Administrativas/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermeras Administradoras , Atención de Enfermería/organización & administración , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Relaciones Interprofesionales , Minnesota , Modelos Teóricos , Investigación en Administración de Enfermería
10.
Mol Ecol ; 23(1): 239-50, 2014 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24168518

RESUMEN

Although classically thought to be rare, female polyandry is widespread and may entail significant fitness benefits. If females store sperm over extended periods of time, the consequences of polyandry will depend on the pattern of sperm storage, and some of the potential benefits of polyandry can only be realized if sperm from different males is mixed. Our study aimed to determine patterns and consequences of polyandry in an amphibian species, the fire salamander, under fully natural conditions. Fire salamanders are ideal study objects, because mating, fertilization and larval deposition are temporally decoupled, females store sperm for several months, and larvae are deposited in the order of fertilization. Based on 18 microsatellite loci, we conducted paternity analysis of 24 female-offspring arrays with, in total, over 600 larvae fertilized under complete natural conditions. More than one-third of females were polyandrous and up to four males were found as sires. Our data clearly show that sperm from multiple males is mixed in the female's spermatheca. Nevertheless, paternity is biased, and the most successful male sires on average 70% of the larvae, suggesting a 'topping off' mechanism with first-male precedence. Female reproductive success increased with the number of sires, most probably because multiple mating ensured high fertilization success. In contrast, offspring number was unaffected by female condition and genetic characteristics, but surprisingly, it increased with the degree of genetic relatedness between females and their sires. Sires of polyandrous females tended to be genetically similar to each other, indicating a role for active female choice.


Asunto(s)
Reproducción/genética , Salamandra/genética , Conducta Sexual Animal , Animales , Femenino , Fertilización/fisiología , Aptitud Genética , Alemania , Larva/genética , Masculino , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Reproducción/fisiología , Salamandra/fisiología , Espermatozoides
11.
Nurs Econ ; 32(3 Suppl): 3-35, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25144948

RESUMEN

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, 2010) and the Institute of Medicine's (IOM, 2011) Future of Nursing report have prompted changes in the U.S. health care system. This has also stimulated a new direction of thinking for the profession of nursing. New payment and priority structures, where value is placed ahead of volume in care, will start to define our health system in new and unknown ways for years. One thing we all know for sure: we cannot afford the same inefficient models and systems of care of yesterday any longer. The Data-Driven Model for Excellence in Staffing was created as the organizing framework to lead the development of best practices for nurse staffing across the continuum through research and innovation. Regardless of the setting, nurses must integrate multiple concepts with the value of professional nursing to create new care and staffing models. Traditional models demonstrate that nurses are a commodity. If the profession is to make any significant changes in nurse staffing, it is through the articulation of the value of our professional practice within the overall health care environment. This position paper is organized around the concepts from the Data-Driven Model for Excellence in Staffing. The main concepts are: Core Concept 1: Users and Patients of Health Care, Core Concept 2: Providers of Health Care, Core Concept 3: Environment of Care, Core Concept 4: Delivery of Care, Core Concept 5: Quality, Safety, and Outcomes of Care. This position paper provides a comprehensive view of those concepts and components, why those concepts and components are important in this new era of nurse staffing, and a 3-year challenge that will push the nursing profession forward in all settings across the care continuum. There are decades of research supporting various changes to nurse staffing. Yet little has been done to move that research into practice and operations. While the primary goal of this position paper is to generate research and innovative thinking about nurse staffing across all health care settings, a second goal is to stimulate additional publications. This includes a goal of at least 20 articles in Nursing Economic$ on best practices in staffing and care models from across the continuum over the next 3 years.


Asunto(s)
Modelos Organizacionales , Admisión y Programación de Personal/organización & administración , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital/provisión & distribución , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Admisión y Programación de Personal/normas , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Estados Unidos
12.
Ecol Evol ; 14(4): e11211, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38571785

RESUMEN

Tonic immobility is an antipredator defence in which the prey animal remains motionless after physical contact with the predator, pretending to be dead. This behaviour has been observed among a variety of taxa but has received only little attention in amphibian larvae. During our field studies with fire salamander larvae, we observed that larvae from different habitats display tonic immobility after handling. In our study site, we find larvae in pond and stream habitats, that differ in several aspects such as their stress response and their risk-taking behaviour, likely caused by the very different habitat conditions. We measured the time that the tonic immobility behaviour was displayed but found no difference between larvae from the two habitat types. Likewise, we also found no correlation between the size of the larvae and the duration of displaying the behaviour. In conclusion, we found that fire salamander larvae show tonic immobility, but found no evidence that the different habitat conditions influence the tonic immobility behaviour.

13.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc ; 99(3): 1085-1099, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38303487

RESUMEN

For a long time birds were assumed to be anosmic or at best microsmatic, with olfaction a poorly understood and seldom investigated part of avian physiology. The full viability of avian olfaction was first discovered through its functions in navigation and foraging. Subsequently, researchers have investigated the role of olfaction in different social and non-social contexts, including reproduction, kin recognition, predator avoidance, navigation and foraging. In parallel to the recognition of the importance of olfaction for avian social behaviour, there have been advances in the techniques and methods available for the sampling and analysis of trace volatiles and odourants, leading to insights into the chemistry underlying chemical communication in birds. This review provides (i) an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the volatile chemical composition of preen oil and feathers, its phylogenetic coverage, chemical signatures and their potential functions, and (ii) a discussion of current methods used for the isolation and detection of volatiles. Finally, lines for future research are proposed.


Asunto(s)
Aves , Plumas , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Animales , Plumas/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Aves/fisiología
14.
Curr Zool ; 70(3): 361-370, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39035752

RESUMEN

Urbanization occurs at a global scale, imposing dramatic and abrupt environmental changes that lead to biodiversity loss. Yet, some animal species can handle these changes, and thrive in such artificial environments. One possible explanation is that urban individuals are equipped with better cognitive abilities, but most studies have focused on birds and mammals and yielded varied results. Reptiles have received much less attention, despite some lizard species being common city dwellers. The Italian wall lizard, Podarcis siculus, and the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, are two successful lizards in anthropogenic habitats that thrive in urban locations. To test for differences in a cognitive skill between urban and semi-natural environments, we investigated inhibitory control through a detour task in syntopic populations of the two species, across 249 lizards that were tested in partially artificial field settings. Sophisticated inhibitory control is considered essential for higher degrees of cognitive flexibility and other higher-level cognitive abilities. In this task, we confronted lizards with a transparent barrier, separating them from a desired shelter area that they could only reach by controlling their impulse to go straight and instead detour the barrier. We found no differences between lizards in urban and semi-natural environments, nor between species, but females overall performed better than males. Moreover, 48% of the lizards in our study did not perform a correct trial in any of the 5 trials, hinting at the difficulty of the task for these species. This study is among the first to address lizard cognition, through their inhibitory control, as a potential explanation for success in cities and highlights one should be careful with assuming that urban animals generally have enhanced cognitive performance, as it might be taxa, task, or condition dependent.

15.
PeerJ ; 12: e17243, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38737740

RESUMEN

Preen oil, the secretion from the uropygial gland of birds, may have a specific function in incubation. Consistent with this, during incubation, the chemical composition of preen oil is more likely to differ between sexes in species where only one sex incubates than in species where both sexes incubate. In this study, we tested the generality of this apparent difference, by investigating sex differences in the preen oil composition of a shorebird species, the Kentish plover (Anarhynchus, formerly Charadrius, alexandrinus). As both sexes incubate in this species, we predicted the absence of sex differences in preen oil composition during incubation. In the field, we sampled preen oil from nine females and 11 males during incubation, which we analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Consistent with predictions, we found no sex difference in preen oil composition, neither in beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarities) nor in alpha diversity (Shannon index and number of substances). Based on these results, we cannot conclude whether preen oil has a function during incubation in Kentish plovers. Still, we discuss hypothetical roles, such as olfactory crypsis, protection against ectoparasites or olfactory intraspecific communication, which remain to be tested.


Asunto(s)
Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Femenino , Masculino , Animales , Factores Sexuales , Caracteres Sexuales
16.
R Soc Open Sci ; 11(4): 231304, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38577214

RESUMEN

The larvae of the European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) can inhabit two different habitats: streams and ponds. Streams are characterized by lower predation risks and higher food availability. Thus, ponds are considered a less suitable habitat. To investigate the differential impacts of these two habitats on larval physiology, we measured the stress response of larvae. After successfully validating the measure of water-borne corticosterone release rates in fire salamander larvae, we measured the baseline and stress-induced corticosterone of 64 larvae from ponds and streams in the field. We found that larvae in ponds have a higher baseline and stress-induced corticosterone levels. Additionally, we performed a reciprocal transplant experiment (RTE) and tested whether larvae can adapt their stress responses to changing habitats. After two weeks, we did not find an increase in corticosterone levels when comparing stress-induced corticosterone values with baseline corticosterone values in larvae transferred into ponds, irrespective of their habitat of origin. However, larvae transferred into streams still exhibited an increase in the stress-induced corticosterone response in comparison with the baseline values. These results show that non-invasive hormone measurements can provide information on the habitat quality and potential adaptation and thus emphasize the potential for its use in conservation efforts.

17.
PLoS One ; 19(4): e0298285, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38573887

RESUMEN

For many species, population sizes are unknown despite their importance for conservation. For population size estimation, capture-mark-recapture (CMR) studies are often used, which include the necessity to identify each individual, mostly through individual markings or genetic characters. Invasive marking techniques, however, can negatively affect the individual fitness. Alternatives are low-impact techniques such as the use of photos for individual identification, for species with stable distinctive phenotypic traits. For the individual identification of photos, a variety of different software, with different requirements, is available. The European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is a species in which individuals, both at the larval stage and as adults, have individual specific patterns that allow for individual identification. In this study, we compared the performance of five different software for the use of photographic identification for the European fire salamander: Amphibian & Reptile Wildbook (ARW), AmphIdent, I3S pattern+, ManderMatcher and Wild-ID. While adults can be identified by all five software, European fire salamander larvae can currently only be identified by two of the five (ARW and Wild-ID). We used one dataset of European fire salamander larval pictures taken in the laboratory and tested this dataset in two of the five software (ARW and Wild-ID). We used another dataset of European fire salamander adult pictures taken in the field and tested this using all five software. We compared the requirements of all software on the pictures used and calculated the False Rejection Rate (FRR) and the Recognition Rate (RR). For the larval dataset (421 pictures) we found that the ARW and Wild-ID performed equally well for individual identification (99.6% and 100% Recognition Rate, respectively). For the adult dataset (377 pictures), we found the best False Rejection Rate in ManderMatcher and the highest Recognition Rate in the ARW. Additionally, the ARW is the only program that requires no image pre-processing. In times of amphibian declines, non-invasive photo identification software allowing capture-mark-recapture studies help to gain knowledge on population sizes, distribution, movement and demography of a population and can thus help to support species conservation.


Asunto(s)
Salamandra , Humanos , Animales , Larva , Fenotipo , Fotograbar , Programas Informáticos
18.
Anim Microbiome ; 6(1): 27, 2024 May 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38745254

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Exploring the dynamics of gut microbiome colonisation during early-life stages is important for understanding the potential impact of microbes on host development and fitness. Evidence from model organisms suggests a crucial early-life phase when shifts in gut microbiota can lead to immune dysregulation and reduced host condition. However, our understanding of gut microbiota colonisation in long-lived vertebrates, especially during early development, remains limited. We therefore used a wild population of common buzzard nestlings (Buteo buteo) to investigate connections between the early-life gut microbiota colonisation, environmental and host factors. RESULTS: We targeted both bacterial and eukaryotic microbiota using the 16S and 28S rRNA genes. We sampled the individuals during early developmental stages in a longitudinal design. Our data revealed that age significantly affected microbial diversity and composition. Nest environment was a notable predictor of microbiota composition, with particularly eukaryotic communities differing between habitats occupied by the hosts. Nestling condition and infection with the blood parasite Leucocytozoon predicted microbial community composition. CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasise the importance of studying microbiome dynamics to capture changes occurring during ontogeny. They highlight the role of microbial communities in reflecting host health and the importance of the nest environment for the developing nestling microbiome. Overall, this study contributes to understanding the complex interplay between microbial communities, host factors, and environmental variables, and sheds light on the ecological processes governing gut microbial colonisation during early-life stages.

19.
Nurs Adm Q ; 37(2): 95-104, 2013.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23454987

RESUMEN

With the health care environment shifting to a value-based payment system, Catholic Health Initiatives nursing leadership spearheaded an initiative with 14 hospitals to establish best nursing care at a lower cost. The implementation of technology-enabled business processes at point of care led to a new model for best value nursing care: Value-Based Resource Management. The new model integrates clinical patient data from the electronic medical record and embeds the new information in care team workflows for actionable real-time decision support and predictive forecasting. The participating hospitals reported increased patient satisfaction and cost savings in the reduction of overtime and improvement in length of stay management. New data generated by the initiative on nursing hours and cost by patient and by population (Medicare severity diagnosis-related groups), and patient health status outcomes across the acute care continuum expanded business intelligence for a value-based population health system.


Asunto(s)
Sistemas de Apoyo a Decisiones Administrativas , Servicio de Enfermería en Hospital/organización & administración , Asignación de Recursos/organización & administración , Control de Costos , Costos de Hospital , Humanos , Modelos Organizacionales , Servicio de Enfermería en Hospital/economía , Servicio de Enfermería en Hospital/normas , Estándares de Referencia , Estados Unidos , Compra Basada en Calidad
20.
Biol Lett ; 8(3): 327-9, 2012 Jun 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22219391

RESUMEN

The ability to recognize close relatives in order to cooperate or to avoid inbreeding is widespread across all taxa. One accepted mechanism for kin recognition in birds is associative learning of visual or acoustic cues. However, how could individuals ever learn to recognize unfamiliar kin? Here, we provide the first evidence for a novel mechanism of kin recognition in birds. Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) fledglings are able to distinguish between kin and non-kin based on olfactory cues alone. Since olfactory cues are likely to be genetically based, this finding establishes a neglected mechanism of kin recognition in birds, particularly in songbirds, with potentially far-reaching consequences for both kin selection and inbreeding avoidance.


Asunto(s)
Señales (Psicología) , Pinzones/fisiología , Olfato , Animales , Conducta Animal , Pinzones/genética , Pinzones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Conducta Social
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