Parents' Participation in Managing Their Children's Postoperative Pain at Home: An Integrative Literature Review.

OBJECTIVES: This integrative review aimed to synthesize and critically evaluate the methodological quality of the evidence on parent's participation in managing their children's postoperative pain at home. DESIGN: Integrative review. DATA SOURCES: To locate relevant articles, two reviewers independently searched four electronic databases systematically using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS: The methodological quality of 23 eligible studies was critically appraised using published evaluation criteria. A qualitative content analysis was then conducted to synthesize findings of the studies to identify thematic trends and factors on the nature of parents' participation and ability to effectively manage their children's pain at home. RESULTS: Methodological quality of most of the 15 surveys was adequate, whereas shortcomings were identified in 6 of the 7 clinical trials and the 1 qualitative study that were included in this review. The three themes identified pertained to parent use of informational sources, postoperative pain medications, and nonpharmacologic pain treatment approaches. Results indicate parents lack the information they need to effectively make use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic pain treatment approaches. CONCLUSIONS: There is need to improve communication between parents and health professionals before and after the child's surgery and to provide parents with specific verbal and written instructions and strategies on how to assess and manage their children's pain.

Association between the macroscopic characteristics of the umbilical cord, high-risk pregnancy and neonatal repercussions. / Associação entre as características macroscópicas do cordão umbilical, gestação de alto risco e repercussões neonatais.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between the macroscopic characteristics of the umbilical cord, high-risk pregnancy and neonatal repercussions. METHOD: A cross-sectional study carried out from January 2012 to January 2015 in a public maternity hospital in Goiânia/GO. The study population consisted of 126 recent puerperal women with diagnosis of high-risk pregnancy, and 139 clinically normal women (control group). Macroscopic features of the umbilical cord, maternal, fetal and neonatal diseases, gestational age, Apgar score, birth weight, head circumference and parity were evaluated. Data were descriptively analyzed. RESULTS: 265 puerperal women and their respective newborns participated in the study. The most frequent characteristics of the umbilical cord of those with high-risk pregnancy and those from the control group were the absence of true knots (97.6% and 2.4%, respectively), length between 35 and 70 centimeters and paracentral insertion (81.7% and 18.3%). A statistical difference was observed between the high-risk pregnancy group and extremes of maternal age (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: The analysis and description of the characteristics of the umbilical cord carried out by the nurse lend important information about the neonatal prognosis. This evaluation subsidizes clinical practice and seeks to ensure the safety of the (mother-baby) binomial throughout the perinatal period.

Foot length measurements of newborns of high and low risk pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: Comparing foot length measurements of newborns in high and low risk pregnancies at a public hospital in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. METHOD: A cross-sectional study carried out between April, 2013 and May, 2015, with a sample consisting of 180 newborns; 106 infants of women from high-risk pregnancies and 74 of women from low-risk pregnancies. Data were descriptively analyzed. Foot length measurement was performed using a stiff transparent plastic ruler, graduated in millimeters. The length of both feet was measured from the tip of the hallux (big toe) to the end of the heel. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship was found between the foot length and newborn's weight, between the cephalic and thoracic perimeters in the high-risk group and between the cephalic perimeter in the control group. CONCLUSION: There is a need for creating cut-off points to identify newborns with intrauterine growth disorders using foot length. OBJETIVO: Comparar as medidas do comprimento hálux-calcâneo de recém-nascidos em gestações de alto e baixo risco em um hospital público de Goiânia, GO. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, realizado no período de abril de 2013 a maio de 2015, cuja amostra constituiu-se de 180 recém-nascidos, 106 filhos de mulheres com gestação de alto risco e 74 de mulheres com gestação de baixo risco. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. A medida do comprimento hálux-calcâneo foi realizada utilizando-se de régua plástica transparente rígida, graduada em milímetros. Foram medidos ambos os pés, aferindo-se o comprimento da ponta do hálux até a extremidade do calcâneo. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significante entre o comprimento hálux-calcâneo e o peso do recém-nascido, entre os perímetros cefálico e torácico no grupo de alto risco e entre o perímetro cefálico no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Existe necessidade da criação de pontos de corte para identificar recém-nascidos com desvios de crescimento intrauterino utilizando-se do comprimento hálux-calcâneo. OBJETIVO: Comparar las mediciones de la longitud hallux-calcáneo de los recién nacidos en embarazos de alto y bajo riesgo en un hospital público de Goiânia, GO.MÉTODOSEstudio transversal realizado de abril 2013 a mayo 2015, cuya muestra estuvo constituida por 180 recién nacidos, 106 de mujeres con embarazos de alto riesgo y 74 de mujeres con embarazos de bajo riesgo. Los datos se analizaron de manera descriptiva. La medida de la longitud hallux-calcáneo se realizó mediante regla de plástico rígido transparente, graduada en milímetros. Se midieron en ambos pies, las longitudes de la punta del hallux hasta el final del calcáneo. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la longitud hallux-calcáneo y el peso del recién nacido, entre las circunferencias cefálica y torácica en el grupo de alto riesgo y entre la circunferencia cefálica en el grupo control. CONCLUSIÓN: Existe la necesidad de crear puntos de corte para identificar los recién nacidos con desviaciones de crecimiento intrauterino utilizando la longitud desde el hallux hasta el calcáneo.

A Mobile App to Promote Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Preterm Infants' Mothers: Development and Validation.

Improving breastfeeding rates is a global goal. To achieve it, actions targeting modifiable factors that influence the breastfeeding experience, such as maternal self-efficacy, could be a promising path, especially with preterm infants' mothers. Considering the current ubiquitous technology, we developed a mobile application for mothers of preterm infants to constitute a breastfeeding information and support platform. The study was developed in three phases: a survey to determine characteristics and preferences of preterm infants' mothers; the app development by an interdisciplinary team, following the principles of Disciplined Agile Delivery; and the face and content validation by 10 professionals. The app contains 80 screens and 11 strategies to address prematurity, lactation, breastfeeding, peer support, maternal emotions, resilience, and motivation. Nurses can apply their expertise by designing mHealth-based interventions, employing scientific evidence, and considering the interests and preferences of the target population. Future studies will assess the user experience, the effect on breastfeeding self-efficacy, and breastfeeding rates, and develop a culturally adapted English version of the app for women in Canada.

[Handling of preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit]. / A manipulação de prematuros em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal.

While hospitalized in neonatal units, preterm infants undergo various manipulations and procedures that have negative health consequences. The aim of this study was to describe the manipulations that preterm infants are subjected to over a 24-hour period in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). An observational, descriptive, exploratory study was conducted with 20 preterm infants who were filmed continuously in a NICU over a 24-hour period from September 2008 to March 2009. Preterm infants were subjected to an average of 768 manipulations and 1341 procedures. The average duration of the manipulations over the 24-hour period was 2 hours and 26 minutes. Each manipulation included an average of 2.2 procedures, most occurring during the morning shift. Individual manipulations accounted for 65.6% of all manipulations, and most manipulations lasted less than a minute. The results of this study show that preterm infants in the NICU underwent an excessive number of manipulations over the 24-hour period evaluated.

[Human milk for neonatal pain relief during ophthalmoscopy]. / O leite humano no alívio da dor neonatal no exame de fundo de olho.

Ophthalmoscopy performed for the early diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is painful for preterm infants, thus necessitating interventions for minimizing pain. The present study aimed to establish the effectiveness of human milk, compared with sucrose, for pain relief in premature infants subjected to ophthalmoscopy for the early diagnosis of ROP. This investigation was a pilot, quasi-experimental study conducted with 14 premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a university hospital. Comparison between the groups did not yield a statistically significant difference relative to the crying time, salivary cortisol, or heart rate (HR). Human milk appears to be as effective as sucrose in relieving acute pain associated with ophthalmoscopy. The study's limitations included its small sample size and lack of randomization. Experimental investigations with greater sample power should be performed to reinforce the evidence found in the present study.

Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. METHODS: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. RESULTS: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. CONCLUSIONS: the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

Expert assessment of the "Neonatal Pain Assessment Program" online course.

OBJECTIVES: to assess layout quality, visual identity and content of the "Neonatal Pain Assessment Program" (Programa de Avaliação da Dor Neonatal) online course. METHODS: a descriptive exploratory study. The course was assessed by 24 experts in pain, neonatology and education. A form containing 20 questions on technical, interface and educational aspects was used. For each item, the score ranged from 0 to 1. Mean scores above 0.7 were considered indicative of high quality of the items. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. RESULTS: navigation, clarity, ease of localization, content relevance, contextualization, content correction, multiple windows, ease of use, ease of return, ergonomics, esthetics, special brands, audiovisual resources, information and portability were assessed. All aspects obtained a mean ≥ 0.70 and no changes were required. CONCLUSIONS: the Neonatal Pain Assessment Program is considered as quality educational technology and promising strategy for health education.

Exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants and reasons for discontinuation in the first month after hospital discharge. / Aleitamento materno exclusivo de prematuros e motivos para sua interrupção no primeiro mês pós-alta hospitalar.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding premature infants at hospital discharge, and after 15 and 30 days, and to identify the mothers' claims for discontinuation. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 108 premature infants born in two Baby-Friendly Hospitals between April and July 2014. A survey was conducted on medical records and through telephone interviews. A descriptive analysis, Pearson's chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used, with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge was 85.2%, 75% after 15 days, and 46.3% after 30 days. The main claim for the introduction of other foods and/or liquids was insufficient milk. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant reduction in the rates of exclusive breastfeeding after discharge, pointing out the importance of continuity of patient care to reduce early weaning, especially with educational actions that help prevent real and perceived deficits in milk supply.

Hammock and nesting in preterm infants: randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the physiological variables and the sleep-wake pattern presented by preterm in nesting and hammock positions after diaper change. METHOD: This is a crossover randomized controlled trial. It was conducted with 20 preterm infants who, after diaper change, were placed in nests or hammocks. These preterm infants were evaluated for physiological variables (heart rate and oxygen saturation) and behavioral variables (sleep and wakefulness). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the studied variables between nesting and hammock positions. However, regarding the categorical variable sleep, the comparison between the research phases for the hammock position showed differences between the baseline phase and the immediate recovery (p=0.00), baseline and late recovery (p=0.00), response and immediate recovery (p=0.00), response and late recovery (p=0.00). CONCLUSION: No differences were identified between the nest and the hammock; however, the use of the hammock favored the sleep of preterm infants compared to its non-use.

Aleitamento materno exclusivo e uso da bolsa canguru em bebês a termo entre o primeiro e segundo mês de idade / Exclusive breastfeeding and the use of kangaroo slings among full-term infants between their first and second months of age / Amamantamiento materno exclusivo y uso de la bolsa canguro en bebés a término entre el primer y segundo mes de edad

Objetivo: verificar a associação entre o uso da bolsa canguru, desde a maternidade até o domicílio, e aleitamento materno exclusivo, entre o 1o e 2o mês de idade, em bebês a termo saudáveis; identificar o nível de autoeficácia para o aleitamento materno, das mães que utilizaram a bolsa canguru. Métodos: estudo transversal com mães que receberam uma bolsa canguru após o parto, na maternidade, e foram orientadas sobre manterem seus bebês nesta postura, pelo menos uma hora por dia. Entre um e dois meses após o nascimento, foram investigadas a frequência do uso da bolsa canguru, autoeficácia materna da amamentação e tipo de alimentação dos bebês. Para análise foi empregado o teste ꭓ2 ou Exato de Fisher e o coeficiente V de Cramer (p < 0,05). Resultados: participaram 98 mães. Todas utilizaram a bolsa canguru no alojamento conjunto, 39,8% utilizaram três ou mais vezes por semana, no domicílio entre o primeiro e segundo mês após o parto; 70,4% dos bebês permaneceram em Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo (AME), o nível da autoeficácia materna para amamentação foi alto. AME esteve associado ao uso da bolsa canguru no domicílio (p = 0,014). Conclusão: bebês a termo saudáveis podem se beneficiar do uso da bolsa canguru desde a maternidade, estendido até o domicílio.

Objectives: to verify the association between kangaroo slings used from maternity hospital to home, and exclusive breastfeeding among healthy full-term babies between the 1st and 2nd months of age; to identify breastfeeding self-efficacy level of those mothers using a kangaroo sling. Method: this cross-sectional study addressed mothers who received a kangaroo sling after giving birth, at maternity hospital, and were instructed to keep the babies in this posture at least one hour daily. The frequency with which the mothers used the kangaroo sling, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and the type of feeding were investigated between one and two months after delivery. ꭓ2 or Fisher's exact test and Cramer's V coefficient (p < 0.05) were adopted in the analysis. Results: ninety-eight mothers participated in the study. All of them used the kangaroo sling in rooming-in; 39.8% used it three or more times a week at home between the 1st and 2nd months after giving birth; 70.4% of the babies remained on Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF), the level of breastfeeding self-efficacy was high, and EBF was associated with the use of a kangaroo sling at home (p = 0.014). Conclusion: healthy full-term babies can benefit from using a kangaroo sling, starting at the maternity hospital and extending its use to home.

Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre el uso de la bolsa canguro, desde la maternidad hasta el domicilio, y amamantamiento materno exclusivo, entre el 1o e 2o mes de edad, en bebés a término saludables; identificar el nivel de autoeficacia para el amamantamiento materno, de las madres que utilizaron la bolsa canguro. Métodos: estudio transversal con madres que recibieron una bolsa canguro después del parto, en la maternidad, y fueron orientadas sobre mantener sus bebés en esta postura, por lo menos una hora por día. Entre uno y dos meses después del nacimiento, fueron investigadas la frecuencia del uso de la bolsa canguro, autoeficacia materna del amamantamiento y tipo de alimentación de los bebés. Para el análisis fue empleado el test ꭓ2 o Exacto de Fisher y el coeficiente V de Cramer (p < 0,05). Resultados: participaron 98 madres. Todas utilizaron la bolsa canguro en alojamiento conjunto, 39,8% utilizaron tres o más veces por semana, en el domicilio entre el primero y segundo mes después el parto; 70,4%, de los bebés, permaneció en Lactancia Materno Exclusivo (LME); el nivel de la autoeficacia materna para amamantamiento fue alto. El LME estuvo asociado al uso de la bolsa canguro en el domicilio (p = 0,014). Conclusión: bebés a término saludables pueden beneficiarse del uso de la bolsa canguro desde la maternidad, extendido hasta el domicilio.

Predictive factors of the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in premature infants: a prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the incidence of exclusive breastfeeding and the risk factors associated to its interruption in premature infants after hospital discharge. METHOD: this is a prospective cohort with 113 premature infants in a neonatal unit, whom were followed-up from 7 to 15 days after hospital discharge. The outcome was the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal and neonatal exposure variables were evaluated by a regression model and described by the confidence interval (95%) and risk ratio. RESULTS: exclusive breastfeeding rate was 81.4% at discharge and 66.4% at 7 to 15 days after discharge. Double gestation, time of mechanical ventilation and birth weight were associated with higher risks of interruption of exclusive breastfeeding after discharge. CONCLUSION: there is a need for the implementation of actions that promote the early onset and maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants.

Implementação de intervenção de tradução e intercâmbio do conhecimento para manejo da dor do neonato / Implementación de intervención de traducción e intercambio de conocimiento para manejo del dolor del neonato / Implementation of a knowledge translation and exchange intervention for pain management in neonates

Resumo Objetivo Descrever o processo de implementação de uma intervenção multifacetada de tradução e intercâmbio do conhecimento para melhorar as práticas de manejo da dor, e avaliar a adoção desta intervenção pelos profissionais de saúde durante procedimentos dolorosos em neonatos. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental tipo antes e depois, realizado em uma unidade neonatal. A intervenção Evidence-Based Practice for Improving Quality , norteada pela estrutura conceitual The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services , foi implementada em duas etapas (preparação e implementação), e a sua adoção foi mensurada por indicadores clínicos relacionados ao manejo da dor, apresentados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados Após discussão sobre práticas existentes na unidade que necessitavam de mudança; síntese das evidências científicas atuais; e dados do contexto local; os membros do Conselho de Pesquisa e Prática da unidade elaboraram e implementaram metas coerentes e factíveis para mudança da prática no manejo da dor; selecionaram estratégias de tradução e intercâmbio do conhecimento; determinaram o público-alvo e os indicadores e implementaram as intervenções. Houve uma redução em 32,8% no número de procedimentos dolorosos realizados, e aumento entre 26,6 e 50,7% na utilização das escalas de avaliação da dor e de 25,1% na administração da glicose oral. Conclusão A intervenção multifacetada Evidence-Based Practice for Improving Quality é complexa, e possui processos que demandam conhecimento e habilidades, comprometimento dos diversos atores envolvidos, disponibilidade de tempo e investimento financeiro. Os indicadores analisados mostraram que a intervenção resultou em mudanças positivas na prática clínica no manejo da dor do neonato.

Resumen Objetivo Describir el proceso de implementación de una intervención multifacética de traducción e intercambio de conocimiento para mejorar las prácticas de manejo del dolor y evaluar la adopción de esta intervención por profesionales de la salud durante procedimientos dolorosos en neonatos. Métodos Estudio cuasi experimental tipo antes y después, realizado en una unidad neonatal. Se implementó la intervención Evidence-Based Practice for Improving Quality , norteada por la estructura conceptual The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services , en dos etapas (preparación e implementación), y su adopción fue medida mediante indicadores clínicos relacionados con el manejo del dolor, presentados por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados Después de discutir sobre prácticas existentes en la unidad que necesitaba cambios y realizar una síntesis de las evidencias científicas actuales y de datos del contexto local, los miembros del Consejo de Investigación y Práctica de la unidad elaboraron e implementaron metas coherentes y factibles para cambiar la práctica del manejo de dolor, seleccionaron estrategias de traducción e intercambio de conocimiento, determinaron el público destinatario y los indicadores e implementaron las intervenciones. Hubo una reducción del 32,8 % del número de procedimientos dolorosos realizados y un aumento de 26,6 a 50,7 % de utilización de las escalas de evaluación del dolor y del 25,1 % de la administración de glucosa oral. Conclusión La intervención multifacética Evidence-Based Practice for Improving Quality es compleja y contiene procesos que requieren conocimiento y habilidades, compromiso de los diferentes actores involucrados, disponibilidad de tiempo e inversión financiera. Los indicadores analizados mostraron que la intervención produjo cambios positivos en la práctica clínica del manejo del dolor del neonato.

Abstract Objective To describe the implementation process of a multifaceted knowledge translation and exchange intervention to improve pain management practices, and to evaluate the adoption of this intervention by health professionals during painful procedures in neonates. Methods A quasi-experimental before-and-after study developed in a neonatal unit. The Evidence-Based Practice for Improving Quality intervention guided by the conceptual framework The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services was implemented in two stages (preparation and implementation). Its adoption was measured by clinical indicators related to pain management presented through descriptive statistics. Results After discussion on existing practices in the unit that needed to be changed, synthesis of current scientific evidence and local context data, members of the unit's Research and Practice Council developed and implemented coherent and achievable goals for the change of practice in pain management, selected knowledge translation and exchange strategies, determined the target audience and indicators, and implemented the interventions. There was a 32.8% reduction in the number of painful procedures performed, an increase of 26.6-50.7% in the use of pain assessment scales and of 25.1% in the administration of oral glucose. Conclusion The multifaceted Evidence-Based Practice for Improving Quality intervention is complex, and has processes that demand knowledge and skills, commitment from the various actors involved, availability of time and financial investment. The analyzed indicators showed that the intervention resulted in positive changes in clinical practice in the management of pain in neonates.

Newborn self-regulation and mother comfort in kangaroo position versus sucrose during repeated heel punctures: randomized clinical trial / Autorregulação e conforto materno ao recém-nascido em posição canguru versus sacarose submetidos a punções de calcâneo: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Self-regulation is the ability to control mental functions, satisfying physical, social and emotional needs. The objective of this study was to compare self-regulatory actions in newborns submitted to kangaroo position or 25% sucrose for analgesia during two heel punctures in the first hours of life, and to describe the comfort actions offered by mothers to their infants in kangaroo position. METHODS: Randomized equivalence clinical trial with newborns submitted to two heel punctures and their mothers. The kangaroo position group remained in contact with the mother for three minutes before, during and three minutes after the punctures. The sucrose group received 25% sucrose orally two minutes before the punctures and remained in a common crib, without manipulation. The self-regulation actions and maternal comfort were microanalytically analyzed in the two punctures (18 data collection phases). The percentages of self-regulation/comfort actions duration were compared between intragroup and between groups. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 80 newborns (40 per group) and 40 mothers (kangaroo position group). Sucking fingers/fist/tongue was the only self-regulation action that statistically differed in the two punctures (p<0.001), being higher in the sucrose group. In the kangaroo position group, mothers offered comfort actions to the child at all stages of collection, especially rocking and caressing. CONCLUSION: Self-regulation actions of the newborns were observed in all phases of collection in both groups, such as sucking and taking hand to mouth. In the kangaroo position group, there were maternal comfort actions, especially hugging and caressing.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Autorregulação é a habilidade de controlar as funções mentais, satisfazendo necessidades físicas, sociais e emocionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar ações de autorregulação em recém-nascidos submetidos à posição canguru ou a sacarose 25% para analgesia durante duas punções de calcâneo, nas primeiras horas de vida, e descrever as ações de conforto oferecidas pelas mães aos filhos na posição canguru. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico de equivalência randomizado, com recém-nascidos submetidos a duas punções de calcâneo e suas mães. O grupo posição canguru permaneceu em contato materno por três minutos antes, durante e três minutos após as punções. O grupo sacarose recebeu sacarose oral 25% dois minutos antes das punções e permaneceu em berço comum, sem manipulação. As ações de autorregulação e conforto materno foram analisadas microanaliticamente nas duas punções (18 fases de coleta de dados). As porcentagens de duração das ações de autor-regulação/conforto foram comparadas entre as fases intragrupo e entre grupos. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 80 recém-nascidos (40 por grupo) e 40 mães (grupo posição canguru). Sugar dedos/punho/língua foi a única ação de autorregulação que diferiu estatisticamente nas duas punções (p<0,001), sendo maior no grupo sacarose. No grupo posição canguru, as mães ofereceram ações de conforto ao filho em todas as fases da coleta, especialmente embalar e acariciar. CONCLUSÃO: Foram observadas ações de autorregulação dos recém-nascidos em todas as fases da coleta em ambos os grupos, como sugar e levar mão à boca. No grupo posição canguru, houve ações de conforto materno, especialmente abraçar e acariciar.

Percepções maternas sobre o uso da bolsa canguru em bebês a termo saudáveis em maternidade e domicílio: uma investigação apreciativa / Maternal perceptions on the use of baby carriers in healthy full-term infants in maternity hospitals and at home: an appreciative inquiry

Objetivo: conhecer as percepções maternas sobre a experiência do uso da bolsa canguru em bebês a termo saudáveis, desde o nascimento até o quinto mês de vida. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, baseado no referencial metodológico da Investigação Apreciativa, realizado com 23 mães de bebês a termo, saudáveis e que utilizaram a bolsa canguru na maternidade e no domicílio, em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas no domicílio das puérperas. Para análise utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: as mães destacaram que usar a bolsa canguru favorece a amamentação, melhora autonomia da mãe, o conforto e padrão de sono do bebê, e fortalece vínculos familiares. Afirmaram ainda, ser necessário difusão de conhecimento e aprimoramento na habilidade do uso da bolsa canguru. Conclusão: o uso da bolsa canguru foi percebido como vantajoso pelas mães que fizeram uso mais frequente da estratégia, mas enfrenta desafios para sua adoção, incluindo o medo de acidentes e percepção de calor ou desconforto pelas mães, que desencorajam seu uso.

Objective: to learn the perceptions of mothers on the experience of using baby carriers in healthy full-term babies, from birth to the fifth month of life. Methods: qualitative study, based on the methodological framework of Appreciative Inquiry, carried out with 23 mothers of full-term, healthy babies who used baby carriers in the maternity hospital and at home, in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Interviews were carried out at the homes of the post-partum women. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: the mothers highlighted that using the kangaroo bag favors breastfeeding, improves the mothers' autonomy, the babies' comfort and sleep pattern, and strengthens family bonds. They also stated that it is necessary to disseminate knowledge and improve the ability to use the kangaroo bag. Conclusion: the use of the kangaroo bag was perceived as advantageous by mothers who made more frequent use of the strategy, but there are challenges to its adoption, including fear of accidents and perception of warmth or discomfort by mothers, which discourage its use.

Effects of Anhydrous Lanolin versus Breast Milk Combined with a Breast Shell for the Treatment of Nipple Trauma and Pain During Breastfeeding: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of anhydrous lanolin with the effect of breast milk combined with a breast shell for treatment of nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in a maternity ward in a hospital accredited as a Baby-Friendly Hospital located in the middle-western region of Brazil. Breastfeeding women with obvious nipple trauma were randomized into 2 groups. In both groups, breastfeeding education was conducted. For up to 10 days, in Group 1, anhydrous lanolin was applied daily after each breastfeeding session, whereas in Group 2, breast milk combined with a breast shell was applied. Trauma was assessed using the Nipple Trauma Score, and pain was assessed using a numerical scale and sensory descriptors from the McGill Questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred women participated, with 50 women in each of the 2 groups. The healing of nipple trauma was faster in the group treated with breast milk combined with a breast shell, starting on the third day of intervention (P = .032). The intensity of pain was lower in the group treated with breast milk combined with a breast shell starting on the fifth day of treatment (P = .008). The use of anhydrous lanolin had a progressively reduced treatment efficacy, with values of 86.4% on the third day (95% confidence interval [CI], -4.5%-98.2%), 58.3% on the fifth day (95% CI, 20.1%-78.3%), 48.1% on the seventh day (95% CI, 20.1%-66.2%), and 26.9.% on the tenth day (95% CI, 6.4%-43%) of intervention. The resolution of nipple trauma was significantly associated with the use of the nipple shell on all intervention days. DISCUSSION: The intervention with breast milk combined with a breast shell was more effective than anhydrous lanolin for the treatment of nipple trauma and pain in breastfeeding women. This treatment should be encouraged among breastfeeding women to promote healing and reduce pain.

Efeito da estratégia multifacetada EPIQ para melhoria da gestão da dor na vacinação em crianças / The impact of the multifaceted intervention EPIQ on improving pain management in childhood vaccination / Efecto de la estrategia multifacética EPIQ para mejorar el manejo del dolor en la vacunación infantil

Resumo Enquadramento: Knowledge Translation (KT) permite a aplicabilidade eficaz e dinâmica de evidências científicas na prática clínica. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de uma intervenção multifacetada baseada na KT para capacitação de profissionais de saúde na gestão da dor na vacinação em crianças. Metodologia: Estudo quase-experimental realizado entre agosto e dezembro de 2017, com nove profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em salas de vacinação de duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do Distrito Federal. Realizou-se as fases Preparação e Implementação da estratégia multifacetada Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality (EPIQ), na perspectiva da KT. Resultados: As fases da EPIQ permitiram a identificação de barreiras e facilitadores na vacinação em crianças, além do estabelecimento de metas e estratégias e mudança no conhecimento dos profissionais. Houve um acréscimo de 13,9% no percentual médio de respostas corretas no pós-teste (p = 0,036), sendo a temática "gestão da dor" a que apresentou maior efetividade (92,8%). Conclusão: A utilização da estratégia multifacetada EPIQ, baseada na KT, melhorou a aquisição de conhecimentos relacionados à gestão da dor na vacinação em crianças.

Abstract Background: Knowledge Translation (KT) allows the efficient and dynamic use of scientific evidence in clinical practice. Objective: To analyze the impact of a multifaceted KT intervention to train health care professionals in pain management in childhood vaccination. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study was conducted between August and December 2017, with nine nursing professionals working in the vaccination rooms of two Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBSs - Basic Health Units) of the Brazilian Federal District. The "Preparation" and "Implementation" phases of the multifaceted KT intervention Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality (EPIQ) were conducted. Results: The EPIQ phases allowed identifying the barriers to and facilitators of vaccination in children, establishing objectives and strategies, and improving health professionals' knowledge. There was a 13.9% increase in the mean percentage of correct answers in the posttest (p = 0.036), with the topic "Pain management" presenting the highest score of correct answers (92.8%). Conclusion: Implementing the multifaceted KT intervention EPIQ improved the knowledge of pain management in childhood vaccination.

Resumen Marco contextual: Knowledge Translation (KT) permite la aplicación efectiva y dinámica de la evidencia científica en la práctica clínica. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de una intervención multifacética basada en la KT para capacitar a los trabajadores de la salud en el manejo del dolor para la vacunación infantil. Metodología: Estudio cuasi experimental realizado entre agosto y diciembre de 2017, con nueve profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en salas de vacunación de dos Unidades Básicas de Salud del Distrito Federal. Se llevaron a cabo las fases de preparación e implementación de la estrategia multifacética Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality (EPIQ), desde la perspectiva de la KT. Resultados: Las fases de la EPIQ permitieron identificar las dificultades y los facilitadores de la vacunación infantil, además de establecer objetivos, estrategias y cambios en los conocimientos de los profesionales. Hubo un aumento del 13,9% en el porcentaje medio de respuestas correctas en la prueba posterior (p = 0,036), y el tema "tratamiento del dolor" fue el que mostró una mayor eficacia (92,8%). Conclusión: El uso de la estrategia multifacética EPIQ, basada en la KT, mejoró la adquisición de conocimientos relacionados con el manejo del dolor en la vacunación infantil.

[Can breastfeeding promote acute pain relief in newborns?]. / Pode a amamentação promover alívio da dor aguda em recém-nascidos?

This review study aimed to identify the efficacy of breastfeeding and its component aspects (contact, sucking, odor and milk) as nonpharmacological measures for pain relief in newborns. 14 articles from Medline/PubMed were analyzed. We observed methodological differences related to sampling, painful procedures, periods, treatment administration and variables measured. Breastfeeding and its component aspects were perceived as efficient to relieve acute pain. We observed the need for studies to evaluate the analgesic effect of breastfeeding before the painful procedure until recovery. This period is sufficient to achieve the analgesic effect after milk absorption. The interaction between all breastfeeding components must be considered.

Knowledge of healthcare professionals on the evaluation and treatment of neonatal pain. / Conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde na avaliação e tratamento da dor neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: to identify knowledge of healthcare professionals on the management, evaluation and treatment of pain in a neonatal unit in a municipality of Rio de Janeiro. METHOD: descriptive, exploratory study with quantitative analysis. Data were analyzed using the software R. Core Team Results: of the 96 healthcare professionals who participated in the study, 42 nursing aides/technicians responded, along with 22 nurses, 20 physicians and 2 physical therapists. The results showed that 40.5% of the nursing aides/technicians, 50% of the physicians and 50% of the physical therapists confirmed that they coordinate/perform/assist in the care of babies' pain while performing procedures (lumbar puncture, chest tube insertion and central line). There was a significant difference of agreement in relation to the nursing aides/technicians and physicians. Most (69.8%) of the healthcare professionals knew of some non-pharmacological measure effective for relief of acute pain. CONCLUSION: there is a need for an educational intervention program, with participation of those involved, in the process to change professional practice.

Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study / Dor aguda pós-operatória intensa autorreferida por crianças após cirurgias ambulatoriais: um estudo de coorte / Dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado por niños después de cirugías ambulatorias: un estudio de cohort

ABSTRACT Objectives: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. Methods: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. Results: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. Conclusions the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivos: estimar a incidência e os fatores de risco para dor pós-operatória intensa autorreferida no primeiro dia pós-alta. Métodos: estudo de coorte com 279 crianças de ambos os sexos (5-12 anos), com indicação para cirurgia ambulatorial em dois hospitais brasileiros. As crianças foram avaliadas no pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e primeiro dia pós-alta. As Escala de Faces de Dor Revisada e Escala de Ansiedade Pré-operatória de Yale Modificada foram utilizadas. Dor aguda pós-operatória foi definida como pontuação ≥6. Análises de regressão de Cox foram realizadas. Resultados: a incidência de dor pós-operatória foi de 15,8% (IC95%: 10,7%-20,4%) no primeiro dia pós-alta. Ansiedade pré-operatória (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dor préoperatória intensa (HR=2,78; p=0,031) e ter sido submetido a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) foram associados à dor pós-operatória. Conclusões: a incidência de dor intensa autorreferida no pós-operatório foi elevada. Ansiedade, dor pré-operatória intensa e submissão a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos foram confirmados como fatores de risco.

RESUMEN Objetivos: estimar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado el primer día después del alta hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio de cohorte con 279 niños de ambos sexos, 5-12 años, indicados para cirugía ambulatoria en dos hospitales brasileños, evaluados en el preoperatorio, inmediato y el primer día posoperatorio. Se utilizaron: Faces Pain Scale-Revised y Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Dolor posoperatorio agudo fue una puntuación ≥6. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: la incidencia de dolor postoperatorio agudo fue del 15,8% (IC 95%: 10,7%-20,4%) en el primer día postoperatorio. Ansiedad preoperatoria (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dolor preoperatorio agudo (HR=2,78; p=0,031) y haber sido sometido a dos procedimientos quirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) se asociaron con dolor postoperatorio agudo. Conclusiones la incidencia de dolor agudo autoinformado en el postoperatorio después del alta hospitalaria fue alta. Ansiedad, dolor preoperatorio agudo y haber realizado dos intervenciones quirúrgicas al mismo tiempo fueron factores de riesgo.