Validating an abbreviated version of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVES: A shorter version of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) is needed to promote the use of this measure in research and increase our understanding of cognitive phenomena maintaining obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Additionally, an abbreviated version of the OBQ-44 would encourage frequent monitoring of dysfunctional beliefs in intensive care settings. This study aimed to validate a nine-item version of the questionnaire (OBQ-9). METHOD: Participants seeking intensive/residential treatment for OCD (N = 311) completed relevant measures on a weekly basis and at admission and discharge. RESULTS: A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the OBQ-9's factor structure replicated the three-factor solution of the OBQ-44. The OBQ-9 demonstrated good psychometric properties and convergent validity and was sensitive to treatment effects. Finally, the OBQ-9 subscales predicted specific OCD dimensions over and above depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The OBQ-9 appears to be a psychometrically sound tool for routine outcome monitoring of dysfunctional beliefs in hospital-based settings.

Neurocognitive impairment is associated with lower health literacy among persons living with HIV infection.

This study sought to determine the effects of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) on health literacy, which encompasses the ability to access, understand, appraise, and apply health-related information. Participants included 56 HIV seropositive individuals, 24 of whom met Frascati criteria for HAND, and 24 seronegative subjects who were comparable on age, education, ethnicity, and oral word reading. Each participant was administered a brief battery of well-validated measures of health literacy, including the Expanded Numeracy Scale (ENS), Newest Vital Sign (NVS), Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), and Brief Health Literacy Screen (BHLS). Results revealed significant omnibus differences on the ENS and NVS, which were driven by poorer performance in the HAND group. There were no significant differences on the REALM or the BHLS by HAND status. Among individuals with HAND, lower scores on the NVS were associated with greater severity of neurocognitive dysfunction (e.g., working memory and verbal fluency) and self-reported dependence in activities of daily living. These preliminary findings suggest that HAND hinders both fundamental (i.e., basic knowledge, such as numeracy) and critical (i.e., comprehension and application of healthcare information) health literacy capacities, and therefore may be an important factor in the prevalence of health illiteracy. Health literacy-focused intervention may play an important role in the treatment and health trajectories among persons living with HIV infection.

Persistent neurocognitive decline in a clinic sample of hepatitis C virus-infected persons receiving interferon and ribavirin treatment.

Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (IFN/RBV) can be associated with neuropsychiatric side effects, which may necessitate dose reductions or treatment discontinuation. This study aimed to characterize the time course and predictors of cognitive and affective/mood symptoms after IFN/RBV treatment initiation. Forty individuals enrolled in a longitudinal project underwent comprehensive cognitive, medical, and psychiatric assessment at baseline and 10 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months after treatment initiation. Analyses were conducted to determine the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment over time; explicate the relationship between neurocognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and liver disease at each time point; and identify predictors of neurocognitive decline as well as cognitive effects of viral clearance. By 10 weeks after initiating IFN/RBV, the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment rose from 22.5 to 47.4% (p < 0.05). Infection with genotype 1 and premorbid depression were associated with more severe declines (p < 0.05). After 18 months, 42.5% remained neurocognitively impaired, independent of viral clearance, severity of liver disease, and current depressive symptoms. Undetectable viral load was not associated with improvement 18 months after initiating treatment (p > 0.10). Results of the current study indicate that IFN/RBV treatment-emergent neurocognitive declines are significant, prevalent, and may persist long after treatment cessation. Clinicians should monitor cognition throughout the course of treatment for HCV, noting that early declines may indicate individuals at elevated risk for persistent neurocognitive impairment. Longer-term studies are needed to determine whether lasting declines may remit over longer intervals or with newer direct acting agents.

Relationship of Medication Management Test-Revised (MMT-R) performance to neuropsychological functioning and antiretroviral adherence in adults with HIV.

While performance-based tests of everyday functioning offer promise in facilitating diagnosis and classification of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), there remains a dearth of well-validated instruments. In the present study, clinical correlates of performance on one such measure (i.e., Medication Management Test-Revised; MMT-R) were examined in 448 HIV+ adults who were prescribed antiretroviral therapy. Significant bivariate relationships were found between MMT-R scores and demographics (e.g., education), hepatitis C co-infection, estimated premorbid IQ, neuropsychological functioning, and practical work abilities. MMT-R scores were not related to HIV disease severity, psychiatric factors, or self-reported adherence among participants with a broad range of current health status. However, lower MMT-R scores were strongly and uniquely associated with poorer adherence among participants with CD4 T cell counts <200. In multivariate analyses, MMT-R scores were predicted by practical work abilities, estimated premorbid functioning, attention/working memory, learning, and education. Findings provide overall mixed support for the construct validity of the MMT-R and are discussed in the context of their clinical and research implications for evaluation of HAND.

Elevated neurobehavioral symptoms are associated with everyday functioning problems in chronic methamphetamine users.

Chronic methamphetamine (MA) use is commonly associated with neural injury and neurocognitive deficits. The authors examined the nature and correlates of self-reported neurobehavioral symptoms (e.g., apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction) in 73 individuals with histories of MA dependence (MA+) and 85 comparison participants with comparable demographics and risk histories. MA+ individuals endorsed significantly more severe neurobehavioral symptoms on the Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale, especially those of disinhibition and executive dysfunction. Elevations in neurobehavioral symptoms were independent of common comorbidities, including hepatitis C infection, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders, and other substance-use factors. Notably, the severity of neurobehavioral symptoms was uniquely associated with self-reported decrements in instrumental activities of daily living in the MA-dependent sample. Findings indicate that chronic MA users may experience elevated neurobehavioral symptoms of disinhibition and executive dysfunction, potentially increasing their risk of functional declines.

Healing in Health Care: Mental Health Promotion, Advocacy, and Voluntarism in Response to COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic increased many known risk factors for mental health problems. In the context of overwhelmed health systems and resource and staffing shortages, the mental health needs of frontline health care workers (HCWs) gained attention as a major public health concern and a threat to high-quality care delivery. In response, mental health promotion initiatives were quickly developed to meet the demands of the public health crisis. Two years later, the context for psychotherapy has changed, especially as it pertains to the health care workforce. Particularly salient experiences-grief, burnout, moral injury, compassion fatigue, and racial trauma-have become routinely discussed as part of everyday clinical practice. Service programs have become more responsive to the needs, schedules, and identities of HCWs. In addition, mental health and other HCWs have contributed to advocacy and volunteer initiatives promoting health equity, culturally responsive care, and access to care across a range of settings. In this article, the authors review the benefits of these activities to individuals, organizations, and communities and summarize example programs. Many of these initiatives began in response to the acute public health crisis; however, engaging in these ways and spaces holds promise for increasing connection and prioritizing equity and structural change over the long term.

Tailoring Trauma-Sensitive Yoga for High-Risk Populations in Public-Sector Settings.

Low-income, racial-minority, high-risk populations have limited access to evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and their acceptance of complementary interventions is unknown. Trauma Center Trauma-Sensitive Yoga (TC-TSY), which has demonstrated efficacy in community samples, has not yet been widely used with ethnic minority low-income individuals. This article presents a culturally tailored version of a TC-TSY intervention delivered as a drop-in service in a public hospital-based clinic to patients with histories of interpersonal violence and suicide attempts. TC-TSY was iteratively tailored to meet the unique clinical needs of individuals within this setting. Group facilitator observations are summarized; they describe a successful initial implementation and culturally informed adaptation of the group intervention. The facilitators' observations illustrated that group members accepted the integration of this structured, gentle yoga practice into outpatient behavioral health programming and identified site-specific modifications to inform formal study. The process by which TC-TSY was adapted and implemented for Black individuals with a history of interpersonal trauma at risk for suicidal behavior can serve as a guide for tailoring other complementary, integrative interventions to meet the needs of unique clinical settings. This process is offered as a foundation for future systematic testing of this complementary, integrated, culturally adapted trauma therapy in high-risk clinical populations.

Adaptation and Pilot Testing of the Women's Recovery Group for Young Adults (WRG-YA).

Gender specific substance use disorder treatment has demonstrated promise in adult women, but is relatively unexplored in young adults. To address the specific needs of young adult females, the manual-based Women's Recovery Group (WRG) was adapted for women ages 18-25. Treatment engagement and retention, group cohesiveness, satisfaction, and substance use outcomes were measured during group treatment and at 1-month follow up. This pilot supports the feasibility and initial acceptability of the adapted form of the WRG for young adults. Data from this study may inform future gender specific treatment approaches for substance use disorders in younger populations.

Integrating Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Into an Academic Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.

This article highlights one department's efforts to bolster diversity, equity, and inclusion as an exemplar for other academic departments. It offers an approach for building an infrastructure and leadership group and details accomplishments associated with strategic plan priorities related to visibility, values, stakeholder education, recruitment, retention, promotion, and community engagement. It also delineates challenges encountered in transforming a departmental culture to one that is more diverse, equitable, and inclusive and strategies for overcoming these challenges. Finally, it discusses next steps and recommendations for other academic departments.

Learning to be interprofessional advocates in the public sector.

Engaging in advocacy is an ethical responsibility for behavioral health professionals, as reflected in professional competencies across disciplines and in personal accounts of wanting to affect change at various levels of patients'/clients' and communities' ecologies. However, the literature is replete with examples of barriers to routine advocacy engagement, including lack of an organized structure into which efforts can be embedded. There exists the desire among behavioral health professionals to engage in more advocacy work, yet a shared sense of not knowing how to incorporate this work into existing professional roles. One way to address these barriers is to establish more collaborative advocacy work environments within the public sector settings that employ behavioral health professionals. This article offers the first descriptive account of developing, implementing, and maintaining such a collaborative interprofessional advocacy workgroup. To that end, this case study is one example of such a group, the Atlanta Behavioral Health Advocates, based within the Emory University School of Medicine in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and situated also within Grady Health System, a public health care system. This paper details our experiences forming and engaging in this group, which we believe can serve as a model for others developing similar advocacy workgroups in public sector settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Ecological Framework for Social Justice Advocacy by Behavioral Health Professionals in Public Healthcare.

In recent years, behavioral health professionals have expressed increased interest in engaging in social justice advocacy in public health care systems. In this article, we use an ecological framework to explore opportunities for social justice advocacy in such systems and challenges associated with such efforts. We propose that ecological models are well-suited to conceptualize and address the various contexts that affect behavioral health needs, and we emphasize the importance of considering the multitude of increasingly superordinate systems within which behavioral health professionals work when pursuing advocacy initiatives. We outline the central tenets of ecological models, apply them to social justice advocacy, and provide examples of advocacy within and across ecological systems. Finally, we reflect on future directions for behavioral health professionals interested in using an ecological framework to guide their own advocacy efforts, with and on behalf of patients and communities, in public health care systems and affiliated institutions.

Flattening the emotional distress curve: A behavioral health pandemic response strategy for COVID-19.

This article proposes a framework for managing the behavioral health impacts of the COVID-19 global pandemic. This framework aligns and should be integrated with an existing public health pandemic intervals model. It includes six phases of a behavioral health pandemic response strategy: preplanning, response readiness, response mobilization, intervention, continuation, and amelioration. The ways behavioral health specialists can capitalize on their competence in the leadership, prevention, education, service, research, and advocacy domains within each behavioral health pandemic response phase are articulated. Behavioral health expertise can help ensure a more comprehensive, effective pandemic response that facilitates the flattening of the curve of disease spread, along with the corresponding emotional distress curve. A case illustration, the Caring Communities (CC) initiative, is offered as an exemplar of action steps in the leadership, prevention, education, service, research, and advocacy domains that behavioral health professionals can take within each of the behavioral health pandemic response phases. Key CC action steps include providing support groups, offering virtual wellness breaks, participating in educational outreach, creating and disseminating wellness guides, launching and leading a virtual behavioral health clinic for health care staff, participating in behavioral health research and program evaluation, and engaging in advocacy initiatives aimed at improving behavioral health care and addressing and reducing health disparities. Finally, recommendations for optimizing behavioral health contributions to future pandemic responses are proffered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Incident major depressive episodes increase the severity and risk of apathy in HIV infection.

Apathy and depression are inter-related yet separable and prevalent neuropsychiatric disturbances in persons infected with HIV. In the present study of 225 HIV+ persons, we investigated the role of an incident depressive episode in changes in apathy. Participants completed the apathy subscale of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale during a detailed neuropsychiatric and neuromedical evaluation at visit 1 and again at approximately a 14 month follow-up. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to obtain diagnoses of a new major depressive disorder. At their follow-up visit, participants were classified into four groups depending on their visit 1 elevation in apathy and new major depressive episode (MDE) status. Apathetic participants at baseline with a new MDE (n=23) were at risk for continued, clinically elevated apathy at follow-up, although severity of symptoms did not increase. Of the 144 participants without clinically elevated apathy at visit 1, those who developed a new MDE (n=16) had greater apathy symptomatology at follow-up than those without MDE. These findings suggest that HIV+ individuals, who do not as yet present with elevated apathy, may be at greater risk of elevated psychiatric distress should they experience a new/recurrent depressive episode. Thus, in the context of previous findings, it appears that although apathy and depression are separable constructs, they interact such that a new depressive episode is a risk factor for incident apathy.

Risky decision-making in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).

Individuals infected with HIV show moderate deficits in decision-making, but the ecological relevance of such deficits on everyday functioning has not previously been described. This study sought to examine the magnitude, cognitive correlates, and everyday functioning impact of risky decision-making impairment in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Participants included 68 HIV+ individuals with HAND, 78 HIV+ individuals without HAND, and 51 HIV- comparison participants, who were administered the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) alongside a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and self-report measures assessing aspects of everyday functioning. HIV+ individuals with HAND performed more poorly on the IGT relative to the other two groups, most notably during the last three trial blocks. Within the HIV+ group, IGT performance during the last three trial blocks was most strongly associated with cognitive flexibility, but was not significantly related to declines in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), unemployment, or medication non-adherence. While overall IGT performance across the last three trial blocks may be helpful diagnostically in identifying decision-making impairment in HAND, examination of alternate, more specific metrics (e.g., individual deck selections across trial blocks) may be more useful in delineating the role of poor decision-making in HIV-related disability, and should be examined in future research.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among chronic methamphetamine users: frequency, persistence, and adverse effects on everyday functioning.

AIMS: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is widely regarded as a common comorbidity of methamphetamine (MA) dependence, but the frequency, persistence, and real-world impact of ADHD among MA users are not known. METHODS: Four hundred individuals with MA use disorders within 18months of evaluation and 355 non-MA using comparison subjects completed a comprehensive neuropsychiatric research battery, including self-report measures of everyday functioning. RESULTS: In logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounds, lifetime diagnoses of ADHD as determined by a structured clinical interview were significantly more prevalent among the MA participants (21%) versus comparison subjects (6%), particularly the hyperactive and combined subtypes. MA use was also associated with an increased persistence of combined subtype of ADHD into adulthood. Among the MA users, lifetime ADHD diagnoses were uniquely associated with greater concurrent risk of declines in instrumental activities of daily living, elevated cognitive symptoms in day-to-day life, and unemployment. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that ADHD is prevalent among chronic MA users, who are at increased risk for persistence of childhood diagnoses of ADHD into their adult years. ADHD also appears to play an important role in MA-associated disability, indicating that targeted ADHD screening and treatment may help to improve real-world outcomes for individuals with MA use disorders.

Planning deficits in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: component processes, cognitive correlates, and implications for everyday functioning.

Executive dysfunction remains among the most prevalent cognitive domains impaired in persons with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, little is known specifically about the cognitive architecture or everyday functioning implications of planning, which is an aspect of executive functions involving the identification, organization, and completion of sequential behaviours toward the accomplishment of a goal. The current study examined these issues using the Tower of London(DX) in 53 individuals with HAND, 109 HIV-infected persons without HAND, and 82 seronegative participants. The HAND+ group performed significantly more poorly than HIV-infected individuals without HAND on number of correct moves, total moves, execution time, time violations, and rule violations. Within the HIV+ group as a whole, greater total move scores and rule violations were most strongly associated with executive dysfunction. Of clinical relevance, elevated total moves and rule violations were significant, independent predictors of self-reported declines in instrumental activities of daily living and unemployment status in HIV. These results suggest that planning accuracy, efficiency, and rule-bound control are impaired in HAND and may meaningfully affect more cognitively complex aspects of everyday living.

Construct validity of the item-specific deficit approach to the California verbal learning test (2nd Ed) in HIV infection.

Impairment in list learning and recall is prevalent in HIV-infected individuals and is strongly predictive of everyday functioning outcomes. Consistent with its predominant frontostriatal pathology, the memory profile associated with HIV infection is best characterized as a mixed encoding/retrieval profile. The Item-Specific Deficit Approach (ISDA) was developed by Wright et al. (2009) to elicit indices of Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval from the well-validated California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987, 2000). The current study evaluated construct validity of the ISDA for the CVLT-II in 40 persons with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HIV+/HAND+), 103 HIV-infected persons without HAND (HIV+/HAND-), and 43 seronegative comparison participants (HIV-). Results provided mixed support for the construct validity of ISDA indices. HIV+/HAND+ individuals performed significantly more poorly than persons in the HIV+/HAND- and HIV- groups on ISDA Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval deficit indices, which demonstrated adequate classification accuracy for diagnosing HIV+/HAND+ participants and evidence of both convergent (e.g., episodic memory) and divergent (e.g., motor skills) correlations in the HIV+/HAND+ participants. However, highly intercorrelated ISDA indices and traditional CVLT-II measures showed comparable between-groups effect sizes, classification accuracy, and correlations to other memory tests, thereby raising uncertainties about the incremental value of the ISDA approach in clinical neuroAIDS research.