The sufficient multidisciplinary specialists under a government-led health care system associated with the downward mortality trend of Fournier's gangrene in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the trends in Fournier's gangrene (FG) incidence and mortality rate in Taiwan and to investigate the contributing factors to such changes. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2016, hospitalized FG patients who underwent subsequent surgical intervention were included in this retrospective study. Incidence, outcomes, age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (ACCI), hospitalization cost, surgical timing, and the number of multidisciplinary specialists involved in the first-line management of FG in each year were collected. Simple linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used for the subsequent analysis. RESULTS: The national cohort enrolled 2183 FG patients from 2002 to 2016 in Taiwan. The age-standardized incidence rate of FG was between 0.4 and 0.8 per 100 000 population, and overall mortality was 7.8% in these 15 years. We illustrated the downward trendline of FG mortality with a 0.62 coefficient of determination. The mortality of FG patients who underwent surgery within 24 h and after 24 h were found to be 8.3 ± 3.9% and 14.6 ± 25.2%, respectively (p = 0.02). The numbers of urologists, anesthesiologists, emergency doctors, and physicians per 100 000 population had a strong negative linear correlation with FG mortality (r = 0.8, p < 0.001). ACCI score had a moderate linear relationship with FG mortality (r = 0.57, p = 0.027). The hospitalization cost showed a weak linear correlation with FG mortality (r = -0.03, p = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the downward trend of the FG mortality rate in Taiwan from 2002 to 2016. Besides underlying comorbidities and surgical timing, sufficient multidisciplinary specialists are essential for the survival benefit of FG patients in Taiwan experience.

Analysis of the Pathogenicity and Phylogeny of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Brown Blight of Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Taiwan.

Brown blight, a destructive foliar disease of tea, has become a highly limiting factor for tea cultivation in Taiwan. To understand the population composition of the causal agents (Colletotrichum spp.), the fungal diversity in the main tea-growing regions all over Taiwan was surveyed from 2017 to 2019. A collection of 139 Colletotrichum isolates was obtained from 14 tea cultivars in 86 tea plantations. Phylogenic analysis using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, glutamine synthetase gene, Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer, ß-tubulin, actin, calmodulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes together with morphological characterization revealed three species associated with brown blight of tea; namely, Colletotrichum camelliae (95.6% of all isolates), C. fructicola (3.7%), and C. aenigma (0.7%). This is the first report of C. aenigma in Taiwan. The optimal growth temperatures were 25°C for C. camelliae and 25 and 30°C for C. fructicola and C. aenigma. Although C. fructicola and C. aenigma were more adapted to high temperature, C. camelliae was the most pathogenic across different temperatures. Regardless of whether spore suspensions or mycelial discs were used, significantly larger lesions and higher disease incidences were observed for wounded than for nonwounded inoculation and for the third and fourth leaves than for the fifth leaves. Wounded inoculation of detached third and fourth tea leaves with mycelial discs was found to be a reliable and efficient method for assessing the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. within 4 days. Preventive application of fungicides or biocontrol agents immediately after tea pruning and at a young leaf stage would help control the disease.

The Impact of Sildenafil on Ischemic Outcomes in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension - A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Background: Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). It improves exercise capacity, symptoms and hemodynamics in patients with PH by lowering pulmonary pressures. Preclinical studies have indicated a possible protective effect of sildenafil on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nevertheless, evidence showing the impact of sildenafil on ischemic disorders in patients with PH is lacking. Methods: Using the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database and Cause of Death databases, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the hazard ratio (HR) with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) of sildenafil for the development of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), including new-onset acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic stroke in patients with PH. The follow-up period was 7 years. In addition, we performed sensitivity analysis by limiting the studied population to those who received right heart catheterization and excluding those with a history of coronary arterial disease. Results: After adjusting for age, sex and comorbidities, the patients receiving sildenafil had a significantly lower risk of subsequent AMI [adjusted HR with IPTW: 0.42; confidence interval (CI): 0.20-0.86] and a trend of less ischemic stroke (adjusted HR with IPTW: 0.72; CI: 0.51-1.02). Interestingly, among the sildenafil users, those who were older, had chronic kidney disease, and took cardiovascular medications showed the most significant reductions in the risk of MACCEs. The sensitivity analysis showed similar results. Conclusions: The use of sildenafil in patients with PH was associated with a lower risk of long-term MACCEs. More evidence is needed to validate our findings.

Structural analysis of chloroplast tail-anchored membrane protein recognition by ArsA1.

In mammals and yeast, tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins destined for the post-translational pathway are safely delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by a well-known targeting factor, TRC40/Get3. In contrast, the underlying mechanism for translocation of TA proteins in plants remains obscure. How this unique eukaryotic membrane-trafficking system correctly distinguishes different subsets of TA proteins destined for various organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts and the ER, is a key question of long standing. Here, we present crystal structures of algal ArsA1 (the Get3 homolog) in a distinct nucleotide-free open state and bound to adenylyl-imidodiphosphate. This approximately 80-kDa protein possesses a monomeric architecture, with two ATPase domains in a single polypeptide chain. It is capable of binding chloroplast (TOC34 and TOC159) and mitochondrial (TOM7) TA proteins based on features of its transmembrane domain as well as the regions immediately before and after the transmembrane domain. Several helices located above the TA-binding groove comprise the interlocking hook-like motif implicated by mutational analyses in TA substrate recognition. Our data provide insights into the molecular basis of the highly specific selectivity of interactions of algal ArsA1 with the correct sets of TA substrates before membrane targeting in plant cells.

Reproducible and Bendable SERS Substrates with Tailored Wettability Using Block Copolymers and Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates.

Surface properties are essential for substrates exhibiting high sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. In this work, novel SERS hybrid substrates using polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) and anodic aluminum oxide templates is presented. The hybrid substrates not only possess hierarchical porous nanostructures but also exhibit superhydrophilic surface properties with the water contact angle ≈0°. Such surfaces play an important role in providing uniform enhanced intensities over large areas (relative standard deviation ≈10%); moreover, these substrates are found to be highly sensitive (limit of detection ≈10-12 m for rhodamine 6G (R6G)). The results show that the hybrid SERS substrates can achieve the simultaneous detection of multicomponent mixtures of different target molecules, such as R6G, crystal violet, and methylene blue. Furthermore, the bending experiments show that about 70% of the SERS intensities are maintained after bending from ≈30° to 150°.

Childhood encephalitis: relationship between diffusion abnormalities and clinical outcome.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of restricted diffusion on clinical outcome has not been well studied in childhood encephalitis. We hypothesized that the patients with lesions with restricted diffusion (LRD) would have worse clinical outcome. METHODS: We reviewed the MR studies of 83 children with encephalitis for LRD. An MRI scoring system (0-12) based on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging was created to evaluate the extent of imaging abnormality. Clinical outcome was graded by using Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) (1-5) in 1st and 12th month: 1 for death and five for full recovery. With respect to diffusion, the correlation between imaging score and GOS was assessed. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the impact of diffusion and imaging score on clinical outcome. The patients were divided into three subgroups regarding imaging score: I, 0-4; II, 5-8; and III, 9-12. RESULTS: LRD was found in 28 patients. Negative significant correlation was found between imaging score and GOS in the group with LRD in both 1st month (R = -0.67, P < 0.001) and 12th month (R = -0.56, P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that LRD (P < 0.001) and age (P = 0.026) were significant independent risk factors for unfavorable outcome in 1st month, and both LRD (P = 0.001) and imaging score (P = 0.043) were significant risk factors for unfavorable outcome in 12th month. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LRD have a worse clinical outcome than those without LRD. In patients with LRD, those with a greater extent of abnormality have a poorer outcome.

Differentiation Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma Concentrations on Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Pigs Cultivated in Alginate Complex Hydrogel.

This article studied the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the potential of synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cells (SF-MSCs) to differentiate. The PRP and SF-MSCs were obtained from the blood and knees of pigs, respectively. The identification of SF-MSCs and their ability to differentiate were studied by histological and surface epitopes, respectively. The SF-MSCs can undergo trilineage mesenchymal differentiation under osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipocyte induction. The effects of various PRP concentrations (0%, 20% and 50% PRP) on differentiation were evaluated using the SF-MSCs-alginate system, such as gene expression and DNA proliferation. A 50% PRP concentration yielded better differentiation than the 20% PRP concentration. PRP favored the chondrogenesis of SF-MSCs over their osteogenesis in a manner that depended on the ratios of type II collagen/type I collagen and aggrecan/osteopontin. Eventually, PRP promoted the proliferation of SF-MSCs and induced chondrogenic differentiation of SF-MSCs in vitro. Both PRP and SF-MSCs could be feasibly used in regenerative medicine and orthopedic surgeries.

Speckle reduction in laser imaging applications using rotating magneto-optical disk.

Effective methods for speckle reduction are essential in improving the image quality of laser imaging applications. Accordingly, the present study proposes a novel technique for reducing the speckle contrast in laser imaging applications by means of the magneto-optic Kerr effect induced by a rotating magneto-optical (MO) disk. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated experimentally using a laboratory-built prototype model. The experimental results show that the rotating MO disk can reduce the speckle contrast of the captured image by 60% of the previous value. As a result, the proposed method yields an effective improvement in image quality. Overall, the proposed method provides a promising solution for improving the performance of a wide range of laser imaging applications.

Assessing the effectiveness of targeted agents in adjuvant therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer undergoing surgical resection: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Primary tumor resection and metastasectomy may be beneficial for many patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Objective: To assess the differences in postoperative survival outcomes between adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus targeted agents (TAs). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Patients with mCRC who underwent surgical resection for primary colorectal tumor and distant metastases and received adjuvant therapy from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017 were enrolled in the Taiwan Cancer Registry. We analyzed the overall survival of patients with resectable or initially unresectable mCRC who received adjuvant chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus TAs. Results: We enrolled 1124 and 542 patients with resectable and initially unresectable mCRC, respectively. Adjuvant chemotherapy plus TAs and chemotherapy alone resulted in similar mortality rates among patients with resectable mCRC [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93-1.36]; however, it marginally reduced the mortality rate among patients with initially unresectable mCRC who underwent conversion surgery after neoadjuvant therapy (aHR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.62-1.06). The subgroup analysis of patients who received more than nine cycles of TAs preoperatively and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor agents revealed aHRs of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.27-0.87) and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.18-0.60), respectively. Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy plus TAs may improve survival in patients with initially unresectable tumors who underwent conversion surgery following neoadjuvant therapy with TAs, especially in those who respond well to the targeted therapy. Our study underscores the importance of stratifying patients with mCRC based on tumor resectability when selecting the adjuvant therapy regimen.

Comparative Effectiveness of Adjuvant Therapy on Survival in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Postoperative survival outcomes are crucial in treatment decision making. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC)-alone with that of chemotherapy + targeted agents (CTA) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and to investigate the association between neoadjuvant therapy and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent primary tumor excision and metastasectomy were identified in the Taiwan Cancer Registry from 2010 to 2019. The analysis assessed the influence of adjuvant therapy on survival and examined the interactions between adjuvant therapy types (AC-alone and CTA) and patient characteristics with respect to overall survival. RESULTS: Overall, 1,728 and 757 patients received AC alone and CTA, respectively. Compared to AC alone, adjuvant CTA yielded similar mortality after surgery [hazard ratio (HR)=1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.91-1.17] but resulted in marginally reduced mortality among patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy with targeted agents (HR=0.6; 95%CI=0.34-1.05) after propensity score matching. In patients with mCRC, those who received targeted agents preoperatively and postoperatively in combination with AC had the highest mortality rate (HR=1.75; 95%CI=1.33-2.32). CONCLUSION: Overall survival is comparable between adjuvant CTA and AC alone, but adjuvant CTA may be more beneficial in patients with mCRC who undergo neoadjuvant therapy with targeted agents.

Association Between Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection and Duration of Proton Pump Inhibitor or H2-Receptor Antagonist Use in Hospitalized Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Limited studies have evaluated the association between Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and the duration of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or histamine H2-receptor blocker (H2RA) use and provided a cutoff duration for PPI or H2RA use to mitigate a substantially increased risk of CDI. We aimed to evaluate these associations in hospitalized patients using a nationwide insurance claims database. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study to identify cases with a first ever record of CDI in a study cohort undergoing PPI or H2RA therapy from the National Health Insurance Database from 2012 to 2018. Each case was matched with one control by age, sex, and calendar year. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC). Youden's J statistic was used to identify the optimal cutoff duration in days for PPI or H2RA use. RESULTS: In the main analysis, the AUC ROC was 0.64 (95% CI 0.63-0.66) and optimal cutoff duration was 15 days for PPI users. The AUC ROC was 0.63 (95% CI 0.62-0.64) and optimal cutoff duration was 16 days for H2RA users. In the sensitivity analyses, the results were similar to those of the main analysis, and the optimal cutoff duration was in the range of 14-15 days. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal cutoff duration for PPI and H2RA use was about 2 weeks. It is necessary to be cautious regarding the risk of CDI in patients taking PPIs or H2RAs for longer than 2 weeks.

Simple pretreatment procedure combined with gas chromatography/multiphoton ionization/mass spectrometry for the analysis of dioxins in soil samples obtained after the Tohoku earthquake.

A simple pretreatment procedure was developed for the analysis of dioxins in soil samples using gas chromatography/multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The sample was subjected to a pressurized liquid extraction procedure, followed by separation using a pair of Sulfoxide and Ag-ION columns for cleanup. Due to the high selectivity of laser ionization, the procedure was simplified and the time required for an analysis was decreased to 3 h. The sample collected after the earthquake and tsunami contained relatively high concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs. This simple and rapid pretreatment procedure can be useful for monitoring the environment to prevent unexpected exposure of toxic dioxins for the workers who have to process more than 20 million tons of the wastes in a few years.

Redrawing Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) Signaling with Cancer Driver Genes for Exploring Possible Anti-Cancer Targets and Drugs.

During tumorigenesis, urokinase (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR) play essential roles in mediating pathological progression in many cancers. To understand the crosstalk between the uPA/uPAR signaling and cancer, as well as to decipher their cellular pathways, we proposed to use cancer driver genes to map out the uPAR signaling. In the study, an integrated pharmaceutical bioinformatics approach that combined modulator identification, driver gene ontology networking, protein targets prediction and networking, pathway analysis and uPAR modulator screening platform construction was employed to uncover druggable targets in uPAR signaling for developing a novel anti-cancer modality. Through these works, we found that uPAR signaling interacted with 10 of 21 KEGG cancer pathways, indicating the important role of uPAR in mediating intracellular cancerous signaling. Furthermore, we verified that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) could serve as signal hubs to relay uPAR-mediated cellular functions on cancer hallmarks such as angiogenesis, proliferation, migration and metastasis. Moreover, we established an in silico virtual screening platform and a uPAR-driver gene pair rule for identifying potential uPAR modulators to combat cancer. Altogether, our results not only elucidated the complex networking between uPAR modulation and cancer but also provided a paved way for developing new chemical entities and/or re-positioning clinically used drugs against cancer.

Beta-blockers reduce severe exacerbation in patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with atrial fibrillation: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Beta-blockers (BBs) decrease mortality and acute exacerbation (AE) rates in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease; however, information on their effects in patients with COPD and atrial fibrillation (AF) is limited. We aimed to assess the AE risk in patients with different severities of COPD and AF receiving BBs compared with that in patients receiving calcium channel blockers (CCBs). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database from 2009 to 2018. Outcomes included AE-related emergency room visits and hospitalisation. HRs and 95% CIs were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. COPD severity was classified as mild or severe based on exacerbation history. Sensitivity analyses included treatment and subgroup analyses, and competing risk adjustment. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, 4486 pairs of BB and CCB users from 13 462 eligible patients were included. The exacerbation risk for BB users was lower (HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.89) than that of CCB users. After stratification, BB benefits persisted in the mild COPD group (HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.85), unlike the severe COPD group (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.75 to 1.20). The results of the subgroup analysis showed consistent protective effects even in patients without heart failure or myocardial infarction (adjusted HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.94). CONCLUSION: We found that BB use in patients with mild COPD and AF was associated with a lower exacerbation risk than CCB use, and that close monitoring of BB use in patients with severe COPD and AF is warranted.

Comparative Effectiveness of Cetuximab Versus Panitumumab in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Database Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cetuximab and panitumumab on the survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or those who had undergone conversion surgery and to identify their prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used data from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who received cetuximab or panitumumab as first-line targeted agent-based therapy. Overall survival and conversion surgery rates were evaluated, and the prognostic factors were determined. RESULTS: A total of 1,749 and 318 patients received cetuximab or panitumumab with chemotherapy, respectively. Overall survival and conversion surgery rates were similar between the cetuximab [hazard ratio (HR)=0.96] and panitumumab groups (HR=1.00). The prognostic factors associated with metastasectomy significantly lowered mortality among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (HR=0.61). Older age (≥70 years), tumor stage 4B and 4C, right-sided tumors, mucinous adenocarcinoma, primary tumor resection, and the number of positive lymph nodes were associated with higher mortality and lower conversion surgery rates. CONCLUSION: Though panitumumab- and cetuximab-based therapies showed no differences, several factors, such as age over 70 years old, tumor stage 4B and 4C, undifferentiated carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, right-sided tumor, number of positive lymph nodes, obstruction, and primary tumor resection increased the mortality risk of patients. This study underscores the importance of metastasectomy in current treatment guidelines and future clinical trials.

Suboptimal Outcomes and Retreatment Rate of Patients With Crohn's Disease After Forced Discontinuation of Biologics: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) program forced discontinuation of biologic use in Crohn's disease (CD) after a limited treatment duration, regardless of disease activity. This study investigated the retreatment rate and suboptimal outcomes (i.e., CD-related surgeries, hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and oral steroid flare-ups) after forced discontinuation. This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the NHI Database. Patients who received ≥40 weeks of biologic treatment followed by a forced discontinuation were included. The time of biologic retreatment and the cumulative incidence of suboptimal outcomes after the forced discontinuation as well as related risk factors were analyzed. Included were 215 patients (68% male). At the beginning of biologic therapy, the mean age (±SD) was 35.7 (±13.5) years, and the disease duration was 4.46 (±3.52) years. The median (interquartile range) biologic treatment duration was 57.86 (50.3-83.3) weeks. Within the first year after forced discontinuation, 67% of patients (n = 144) were retreated with a second course of biologics, and 53% of patients (n = 114) experienced at least one suboptimal outcome. The independent risk factors associated with the occurrence of suboptimal outcomes were CD-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations during biologic therapy (hazard ratio: 2.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.59-3.89). More than two-thirds of patients with CD required biological retreatment within 1 year after a forced discontinuation. The substantial proportion of patients with poor disease outcomes highlights the need to continue the biologic.

Mortality of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who received elective or emergent operation after exposure to bevacizumab: A nationwide database study.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment guidelines for colorectal cancer (CRC) indicate that surgical intervention within 4 weeks or 8 weeks after bevacizumab therapy might increase the risk of postoperative complications and mortality, especially in patients who received emergent operation. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association between different surgical timings, emergent or elective surgery, and the risk of postoperative mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database and Taiwan Cancer Registry, we identified patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who underwent surgery within 1 year of receiving bevacizumab between January 2010 and December 2017. The primary outcomes were 30-day, 60-day, and in-hospital mortality; the secondary outcomes were hospital stay, 30-day readmission rate, and surgical complications. Multivariate analysis was used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: This study included 2,047 patients. In the multivariate analysis, patients who underwent emergent operation and had higher Charlson scores had a significantly higher mortality rate. Patients with a longer interval to surgery, more cycles of bevacizumab treatment, and distal metastectomy had the opposite result. In subgroup analysis, patients who received emergent operation within 28 days had the highest surgical mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The interval to operation among mCRC patients who receive bevacizumab treatment should exceed 4 weeks to avoid additional risk of mortality whether patients receiving elective or emergent operation. Patients who received emergent operation within 28 days of bevcizumab infusion had the highest risk of mortality.

Subcellular Distribution of BALF2 and the Role of Rab1 in the Formation of Epstein-Barr Virus Cytoplasmic Assembly Compartment and Virion Release.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicates its genome in the nucleus and undergoes tegumentation and envelopment in the cytoplasm. We are interested in how the single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2, which executes its function and distributes predominantly in the nucleus, is packaged into the tegument of virions. At the mid-stage of virus replication in epithelial TW01-EBV cells, a small pool of BALF2 colocalizes with tegument protein BBLF1, BGLF4 protein kinase, and the cis-Golgi marker GM130 at the perinuclear viral assembly compartment (AC). A possible nuclear localization signal (NLS) between amino acids 1100 and 1128 (C29), which contains positive charged amino acid 1113RRKRR1117, is able to promote yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-LacZ into the nucleus. In addition, BALF2 interacts with the nucleocapsid-associated protein BVRF1, suggesting that BALF2 may be transported into the cytoplasm with nucleocapsids in a nuclear egress complex (NEC)-dependent manner. A group of proteins involved in intracellular transport were identified to interact with BALF2 in a proteomic analysis. Among them, the small GTPase Rab1A functioning in bi-directional trafficking at the ER-Golgi interface is also a tegument component. In reactivated TW01-EBV cells, BALF2 colocalizes with Rab1A in the cytoplasmic AC. Expression of dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I) diminished the accumulation of BALF2 in the AC, coupling with attenuation of gp350/220 glycosylation. Virion release was significantly downregulated by expressing dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I). Overall, the subcellular distribution of BALF2 is regulated through its complex interaction with various proteins. Rab1 activity is required for proper gp350/220 glycosylation and the maturation of EBV. IMPORTANCE Upon EBV lytic reactivation, the virus-encoded DNA replication machinery functions in the nucleus, while the newly synthesized DNA is encapsidated and transported to the cytoplasm for final virus assembly. The single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2 executing functions within the nucleus was also identified in the tegument layer of mature virions. Here, we studied the functional domain of BALF2 that contributes to the nuclear targeting and used a proteomic approach to identify novel BALF2-interacting cellular proteins that may contribute to virion morphogenesis. The GTPase Rab1, a master regulator of anterograde and retrograde endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi trafficking, colocalizes with BALF2 in the juxtanuclear concave region at the midstage of EBV reactivation. Rab1 activity is required for BALF2 targeting to the cytoplasmic assembly compartment (AC) and for gp350/220 targeting to cis-Golgi for proper glycosylation and virion release. Our study hints that EBV hijacks the bi-directional ER-Golgi trafficking machinery to complete virus assembly.

Enhanced Luminous Efficacy and Stability of InP/ZnSeS/ZnS Quantum Dot-Embedded SBA-15 Mesoporous Particles for White Light-Emitting Diodes.

Environmentally friendly quantum dots (QDs) of InP-based materials are widely investigated, but their reliability remains inadequate to realize their full potential and wide application. In this study, InP/ZnSeS/ZnS QDs (pristine QDs) were dispersed and embedded into Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 mesoporous particles (SBA-15 MPs) for the first time. A solvent-free method for preparing QD white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) that is compatible with the WLED packaging process was developed. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of pristine QD powder exhibited cluster states and had huge redshift of approximately 23 nm. By comparison, the PL spectrum of the SBA-15 MP/QD hybrid powder had a slight redshift of approximately 8 nm, only because the pristine QDs were dispersed and embedded well in the SBA-15 MPs. The PL intensity of the SBA-15 MP/QD hybrid powder slightly decreased after heating and cooling compared with that of the pristine QDs. Moreover, the luminous efficacy of the SBA-15 MP/QD hybrid WLEDs was enhanced by approximately 14% compared with that of the pristine QD-WLEDs. Furthermore, reliability analysis revealed that the SBA-15 MPs could improve the stability of the pristine QDs on chips. Thus, these MPs promise good potential for applications in mini-LEDs in the future.

Humanization of a strategic CD3 epitope enables evaluation of clinical T-cell engagers in a fully immunocompetent in vivo model.

T-cell engagers (TCEs) are a growing class of biotherapeutics being investigated in the clinic for treatment of a variety of hematological and solid tumor indications. However, preclinical evaluation of TCEs in vivo has been mostly limited to xenograft tumor models in human T-cell reconstituted immunodeficient mice, which have a number of limitations. To explore the efficacy of human TCEs in fully immunocompetent hosts, we developed a knock-in mouse model (hCD3E-epi) in which a 5-residue N-terminal fragment of murine CD3-epsilon was replaced with an 11-residue stretch from the human sequence that encodes for a common epitope recognized by anti-human CD3E antibodies in the clinic. T cells from hCD3E-epi mice underwent normal thymic development and could be efficiently activated upon crosslinking of the T-cell receptor with anti-human CD3E antibodies in vitro. Furthermore, a TCE targeting human CD3E and murine CD20 induced robust T-cell redirected killing of murine CD20-positive B cells in ex vivo hCD3E-epi splenocyte cultures, and also depleted nearly 100% of peripheral B cells for up to 7 days following in vivo administration. These results highlight the utility of this novel mouse model for exploring the efficacy of human TCEs in vivo, and suggest a useful tool for evaluating TCEs in combination with immuno-oncology/non-immuno-oncology agents against heme and solid tumor targets in hosts with a fully intact immune system.