A Mild PUM1 Mutation Is Associated with Adult-Onset Ataxia, whereas Haploinsufficiency Causes Developmental Delay and Seizures.

Certain mutations can cause proteins to accumulate in neurons, leading to neurodegeneration. We recently showed, however, that upregulation of a wild-type protein, Ataxin1, caused by haploinsufficiency of its repressor, the RNA-binding protein Pumilio1 (PUM1), also causes neurodegeneration in mice. We therefore searched for human patients with PUM1 mutations. We identified eleven individuals with either PUM1 deletions or de novo missense variants who suffer a developmental syndrome (Pumilio1-associated developmental disability, ataxia, and seizure; PADDAS). We also identified a milder missense mutation in a family with adult-onset ataxia with incomplete penetrance (Pumilio1-related cerebellar ataxia, PRCA). Studies in patient-derived cells revealed that the missense mutations reduced PUM1 protein levels by ∼25% in the adult-onset cases and by ∼50% in the infantile-onset cases; levels of known PUM1 targets increased accordingly. Changes in protein levels thus track with phenotypic severity, and identifying posttranscriptional modulators of protein expression should identify new candidate disease genes.

Haploinsufficiency of ZFHX3, encoding a key player in neuronal development, causes syndromic intellectual disability.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) result from impaired development and functioning of the brain. Here, we identify loss-of-function (LoF) variation in ZFHX3 as a cause for syndromic intellectual disability (ID). ZFHX3 is a zinc-finger homeodomain transcription factor involved in various biological processes, including cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. We describe 42 individuals with protein-truncating variants (PTVs) or (partial) deletions of ZFHX3, exhibiting variable intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, recurrent facial features, relative short stature, brachydactyly, and, rarely, cleft palate. ZFHX3 LoF associates with a specific methylation profile in whole blood extracted DNA. Nuclear abundance of ZFHX3 increases during human brain development and neuronal differentiation. ZFHX3 was found to interact with the chromatin remodeling BRG1/Brm-associated factor complex and the cleavage and polyadenylation complex, suggesting a function in chromatin remodeling and mRNA processing. Furthermore, ChIP-seq for ZFHX3 revealed that it predominantly binds promoters of genes involved in nervous system development. We conclude that loss-of-function variants in ZFHX3 are a cause of syndromic ID associating with a specific DNA methylation profile.

A framework for an evidence-based gene list relevant to autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often grouped with other brain-related phenotypes into a broader category of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In clinical practice, providers need to decide which genes to test in individuals with ASD phenotypes, which requires an understanding of the level of evidence for individual NDD genes that supports an association with ASD. Consensus is currently lacking about which NDD genes have sufficient evidence to support a relationship to ASD. Estimates of the number of genes relevant to ASD differ greatly among research groups and clinical sequencing panels, varying from a few to several hundred. This Roadmap discusses important considerations necessary to provide an evidence-based framework for the curation of NDD genes based on the level of information supporting a clinically relevant relationship between a given gene and ASD.

Tunable Single-Photon Emission with Wafer-Scale Plasmonic Array.

Bright, scalable, and deterministic single-photon emission (SPE) is essential for quantum optics, nanophotonics, and optical information systems. Recently, SPE from hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has attracted intense interest because it is optically active and stable at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate a tunable quantum emitter array in h-BN at room temperature by integrating a wafer-scale plasmonic array. The transient voltage electrophoretic deposition (EPD) reaction is developed to effectively enhance the filling of single-crystal nanometals in the designed patterns without aggregation, which ensures the fabricated array for tunable performances of these single-photon emitters. An enhancement of ∼500% of the SPE intensity of the h-BN emitter array is observed with a radiative quantum efficiency of up to 20% and a saturated count rate of more than 4.5 × 106 counts/s. These results suggest the integrated h-BN-plasmonic array as a promising platform for scalable and controllable SPE photonics at room temperature.

The adaptability of the Pulsta valve to the diverse main pulmonary artery shape of native right ventricular outflow tract disease.

BACKGROUND: Pulsta valve is increasingly used for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) in patients with a large native right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). This study aims to elucidate the outcomes of Pulsta valve implantation within the native RVOT and assess its adaptability to various native main pulmonary artery (PA) anatomies. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study included 182 patients with moderate to severe pulmonary regurgitation in the native RVOT who underwent PPVI with Pulsta valves® between February 2016 and August 2023 at five Korean and Taiwanese tertiary referral centers. RESULTS: Pulsta valve implantation was successful in 179 out of 182 patients (98.4%) with an average age of 26.7 ± 11.0 years. The median follow-up duration was 29 months. Baseline assessments revealed enlarged right ventricle (RV) volume (mean indexed RV end-diastolic volume: 163.1 (interquartile range, IQR: 152.0-180.3 mL/m²), which significantly decreased to 123.6(IQR: 106.6-137.5 mL/m2  after 1 year. The main PA types were classified as pyramidal (3.8%), straight (38.5%), reverse pyramidal (13.2%), convex (26.4%), and concave (18.1%) shapes. Pulsta valve placement was adapted, with distal main PA for pyramidal shapes and proximal or mid-PA for reverse pyramidal shapes. Two patients experienced Pulsta valve embolization to RV, requiring surgical removal, and one patient encountered valve migration to the distal main PA, necessitating surgical fixation. CONCLUSIONS: Customized valve insertion sites are pivotal in self-expandable PPVI considering diverse native RVOT shape. The rather soft and compact structure of the Pulsta valve has characteristics to are adaptable to diverse native RVOT geometries.

Risk Factors of Long-Term Sequelae After Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect in Young Children.

BACKGROUND: Complications arising from transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSD) in children, such as residual shunts and aortic regurgitation (AR), have been observed. However, the associated risk factors remain unclear. This study identified risk factors linked with residual shunts and AR following transcatheter closure of pmVSD in children aged 2-12 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: The medical records of 63 children with pmVSD and a pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio <2.0 who underwent transcatheter closure between 2011 and 2018 were analyzed with a minimum 3-year follow-up. The success rate of transcatheter closure was 98.4%, with no emergency surgery, permanent high-degree atrioventricular block, or mortality. Defects ≥4.5 mm had significantly higher odds of persistent residual shunt (odds ratio [OR] 6.85; P=0.03). The use of an oversize device (≥1.5 mm) showed a trend towards reducing residual shunts (OR 0.23; P=0.06). Age <4 years (OR 27.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33-321.68) and perimembranous outlet-type VSD (OR 11.94, 95% CI 1.10-129.81) were independent risk factors for AR progression after closure. CONCLUSIONS: Careful attention is crucial for pmVSDs ≥4.5 mm to prevent persistent residual shunts in transcatheter closure. Assessing AR risk, particularly in children aged <4 years, is essential while considering the benefits of pmVSD closure.

Atrial flutter/fibrillation in adult congenital heart disease: Insights from a large Asian cohort.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter (AF/AFL) in general population is lower in Asia compared to Western countries. It is unclear whether a similar trend exists among adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). We determine the profile, risk factors, and impact of AF/AFL in an Asian ACHD cohort. METHODS: We included all ACHD patients diagnosed in an Asia tertiary care center between 2007 and 2018, analyzing AF (sustained and paroxysmal AF) and AFL, collectively./Purpose. RESULTS: The study encompassed 4391 patients (55.9% women), with 81% having simple, 16.3% moderate and 2.8% severe CHD. AF/AFL was observed in 6.7% of the patients, with 54.6% having paroxysmal AF, 27.3% sustained AF, and 18.1% AFL. Incidence of AF/AFL increased with age and was higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), severe CHD, and metabolic syndrome. We found a progressive trend in the onset age of arrhythmia: AFL at a younger age, followed by paroxysmal and sustained AF. Risk factors for AF/AFL included severe and moderate CHD, PH, previous interventions, and male sex (odds ratio 11.2 and 3.15, 2.03, 1.75, and 1.71, respectively). When stratifying by CHD severity, PH and male sex were significant risk factors in simple CHD, while only PH in severe CHD. Patients with AF/AFL had a significantly lower major adverse cardiovascular events-free survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: This large ACHD cohort from Asia exhibited a high incidence of AF/AFL, similar to Western reports. The risk of AF/AFL was primarily associated with hemodynamic factors such as PH and CHD severity.

Predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after biventricular repair in interrupted aortic arch or aortic coarctation.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) re-intervention is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with coarctation of the aorta (CoA) or interrupted aortic arch (IAA) after aortoplasty. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed data from neonates with IAA/CoA who underwent biventricular repair between 2012 and 2022. LVOTO events were defined by the detection of color Doppler flow acceleration ≥3.0 m/s at the valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular regions via transthoracic echocardiography, and the necessity for surgical or catheter intervention to relieve the obstruction. RESULTS: Among 121 neonates with CoA/IAA, 16 (13.7%) primary aortoplasty patients developed LVOTO. Additionally, one patient (25%) who underwent a staged Yasui operation developed LVOTO due to a narrowed ventricular septal defect-pulmonary atresia tunnel. During follow-up, 58% of patients with a bicuspid valve and 25% of patients with a subaortic ridge developed LVOTO. The combination of either a bicuspid valve, subaortic ridge, or an aortic valve annulus Z-score < -3.0 predicted a high re-intervention rate (7/8 [87.5%]). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with IAA/CoA, the presence of multiple risk factors, including a bicuspid valve, subaortic ridge, and an aortic valve annulus Z-score < -3.0, is associated with a significantly increased rate of re-intervention for LVOTO.

Multicenter registry of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and Paired comparison with Kawasaki disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify clinical characteristics to differentiate multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and Kawasaki disease (KD) in Taiwan, an island with a delayed cluster of MIS-C and a high incidence of KD. Additionally, we studied risk factors for developing severe complications in patients with MIS-C. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter, cohort, and observational study that linked data on patients with MIS-C between May and December 2022 and patients with KD between 2019 and 2021 from 12 medical centers. Hemodynamic compromise, defined as the need for inotropic support or fluid challenge, was recorded in patients with MIS-C. We also evaluated maximal coronary Z-scores before treatment and one month after disease onset. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients with MIS-C and 466 patients with KD were recruited. A 1:1 age and gender-matched comparison of 68 MIS-C and KD pairs showed that MIS-C patients had a lower percentage of positive BCG red halos, lower leukocyte/platelet counts, more gastrointestinal symptoms, and a higher risk of hemodynamic compromise. In Taiwan, 38.6% of MIS-C patients experienced hemodynamic compromise, with presence of conjunctivitis and elevated levels of procalcitonin (>1.62 ng/mL) identified as independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: We identified two independent risk factors associated with hemodynamic compromise in MIS-C patients. The comparison between matched MIS-C and KD patients highlighted significant differences in clinical presentations, like BCG red halos, which may aid in the differential diagnosis of the two disease entities, especially in regions with a high incidence rate of KD.

BICRA, a SWI/SNF Complex Member, Is Associated with BAF-Disorder Related Phenotypes in Humans and Model Organisms.

SWI/SNF-related intellectual disability disorders (SSRIDDs) are rare neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by developmental disability, coarse facial features, and fifth digit/nail hypoplasia that are caused by pathogenic variants in genes that encode for members of the SWI/SNF (or BAF) family of chromatin remodeling complexes. We have identified 12 individuals with rare variants (10 loss-of-function, 2 missense) in the BICRA (BRD4 interacting chromatin remodeling complex-associated protein) gene, also known as GLTSCR1, which encodes a subunit of the non-canonical BAF (ncBAF) complex. These individuals exhibited neurodevelopmental phenotypes that include developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and behavioral abnormalities as well as dysmorphic features. Notably, the majority of individuals lack the fifth digit/nail hypoplasia phenotype, a hallmark of most SSRIDDs. To confirm the role of BICRA in the development of these phenotypes, we performed functional characterization of the zebrafish and Drosophila orthologs of BICRA. In zebrafish, a mutation of bicra that mimics one of the loss-of-function variants leads to craniofacial defects possibly akin to the dysmorphic facial features seen in individuals harboring putatively pathogenic BICRA variants. We further show that Bicra physically binds to other non-canonical ncBAF complex members, including the BRD9/7 ortholog, CG7154, and is the defining member of the ncBAF complex in flies. Like other SWI/SNF complex members, loss of Bicra function in flies acts as a dominant enhancer of position effect variegation but in a more context-specific manner. We conclude that haploinsufficiency of BICRA leads to a unique SSRIDD in humans whose phenotypes overlap with those previously reported.

Changes of ECG parameters after BNT162b2 vaccine in the senior high school students.

The purpose of this study is to determine the ECG parameter change and the efficacy of ECG screening for cardiac adverse effect after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in young population. In December 2021, in cooperation with the school vaccination system of Taipei City government, we performed a ECG screening study during the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccines. Serial comparisons of ECGs and questionnaire survey were performed before and after vaccine in four male-predominant senior high schools. Among 7934 eligible students, 4928 (62.1%) were included in the study. The male/female ratio was 4576/352. In total, 763 students (17.1%) had at least one cardiac symptom after the second vaccine dose, mostly chest pain and palpitations. The depolarization and repolarization parameters (QRS duration and QT interval) decreased significantly after the vaccine with increasing heart rate. Abnormal ECGs were obtained in 51 (1.0%) of the students, of which 1 was diagnosed with mild myocarditis and another 4 were judged to have significant arrhythmia. None of the patients needed to be admitted to hospital and all of these symptoms improved spontaneously. Using these five students as a positive outcome, the sensitivity and specificity of this screening method were 100% and 99.1%, respectively.  Conclusion: Cardiac symptoms are common after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine, but the incidences of significant arrhythmias and myocarditis are only 0.1%. The serial ECG screening method has high sensitivity and specificity for significant cardiac adverse effect but cost effect needs further discussed. What is Known: • The incidence of cardiac adverse effects was reported to be as high as 1.5 per 10 000 persons after the second dose BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in the young male population based on the reporting system. What is New: • Through this mass ECG screening study after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine we found: (1) The depolarization and repolarization parameters (QRS duration and QT interval) decreased significantly after the vaccine with increasing heart rate; (2) the incidence of post-vaccine myocarditis and significant arrhythmia are 0.02% and 0.08%; (3) The serial ECG screening method has high sensitivity and specificity for significant cardiac adverse effect.

Management of cardiovascular symptoms after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in teenagers in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT) vaccination are a concern, especially in adolescents. We analyzed the risk factors for myocarditis after BNT vaccination. METHODS: We used a special evaluation protocol for all patients aged 12-18 years who presented to our emergency department with cardiovascular symptoms after BNT vaccination. RESULTS: A total of 195 patients (109 boys and 86 girls) were enrolled. Eleven (5.6%) patients presented with arrhythmia (arrhythmia group), 14 (7.2%) had a diagnosis of pericarditis/myocarditis (the peri/myocarditis group), and the remaining 170 were controls (no cardiac involvement). Chest pain (77.6%) was the most common symptom. The median time from vaccination to symptom onset was 3 days. In the peri/myocarditis group (13 myocarditis and 1 pericarditis), the median time to the peak troponin T level was 5 days after vaccination. Abnormal electrocardiographic changes, including ST-T changes and conduction blocks, were more commonly detected in the peri/myocarditis group (85.7% vs. 12.4% in the control group, p < 0.01). Echocardiography revealed normal ventricular function in all patients. Symptoms were resolved before discharge in all, with the median duration of hospital stay being 4 days. The electrocardiography was the most appropriate screening tool for myocarditis, with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 87.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pericarditis or myocarditis was diagnosed in 7.2% of adolescents presenting to the emergency department with cardiovascular symptoms after BNT vaccination. In addition to the troponin T level, ECG change listed above can be used as a screening tool for vaccine-induced cardiac complications.

Outcomes of pediatric patients supported with ventricular assist devices single center experience.

BACKGROUND: There has been a remarkable increase in the number of pediatric ventricular assist device (VAD) implanted over the past decade. Asian pediatric heart centers had not participated in the multicenter registries among the Western countries. This article aimed to report the outcomes of pediatric VAD in our hospital. METHODS: The study enrolled all patients aged <18 years at the time of VAD implantation in our institution between 2008 and 2021. RESULTS: There were 33 patients with diagnosis of acute fulminant myocarditis (n = 9), congenital heart disease (n = 5), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 16), and others. Paracorporeal continuous-flow pump was the most frequently implanted (n = 27). Most of the devices were implanted in patients with INTERMACS profile 1 (n = 24). The median duration on VAD was 22 days (range 2-254). The proportion of patients attaining positive outcomes (alive on device, bridge to transplantation or recovery) was 72.7% at 1 month, 67.7% at 3 months, and 67.7% at 6 months. Most of the deaths on device occurred within the first month post-implant (n = 9), with neurological complications being the most frequent cause of death. All recovered cases were successfully weaned off the device within the first month of implantation. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a favorable outcome in pediatric patients supported with VAD at our institution.

Combination of whole exome sequencing and animal modeling identifies TMPRSS9 as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorders are associated with some degree of developmental regression in up to 30% of all cases. Rarely, however, is the regression so extreme that a developmentally advanced young child would lose almost all ability to communicate and interact with her surroundings. We applied trio whole exome sequencing to a young woman who experienced extreme developmental regression starting at 2.5 years of age and identified compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in TMPRSS9, which encodes for polyserase-1, a transmembrane serine protease of poorly understood physiological function. Using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction, we showed that Tmprss9 is expressed in various mouse tissues, including the brain. To study the consequences of TMPRSS9 loss of function on the mammalian brain, we generated a knockout mouse model. Through a battery of behavioral assays, we found that Tmprss9-/- mice showed decreased social interest and social recognition. We observed a borderline recognition memory deficit by novel object recognition in aged Tmprss9-/- female mice, but not in aged Tmprss9-/- male mice or younger adult Tmprss9-/- mice in both sexes. This study provides evidence to suggest that loss of function variants in TMPRSS9 are related to an autism spectrum disorder. However, the identification of more individuals with similar phenotypes and TMPRSS9 loss of function variants is required to establish a robust gene-disease relationship.

Nr2f1 heterozygous knockout mice recapitulate neurological phenotypes of Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome and show impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity.

Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome (BBSOAS) has been identified as an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by a complex neurological phenotype, with high prevalence of intellectual disability and optic nerve atrophy/hypoplasia. The syndrome is caused by loss-of-function mutations in NR2F1, which encodes a highly conserved nuclear receptor that serves as a transcriptional regulator. Previous investigations to understand the protein's role in neurodevelopment have mostly used mouse models with constitutive and tissue-specific homozygous knockout of Nr2f1. In order to represent the human disease more accurately, which is caused by heterozygous NR2F1 mutations, we investigated a heterozygous knockout mouse model and found that this model recapitulates some of the neurological phenotypes of BBSOAS, including altered learning/memory, hearing defects, neonatal hypotonia and decreased hippocampal volume. The mice showed altered fear memory, and further electrophysiological investigation in hippocampal slices revealed significantly reduced long-term potentiation and long-term depression. These results suggest that a deficit or alteration in hippocampal synaptic plasticity may contribute to the intellectual disability frequently seen in BBSOAS. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed significant differential gene expression in the adult Nr2f1+/- hippocampus, including the up-regulation of multiple matrix metalloproteases, which are known to be critical for the development and the plasticity of the nervous system. Taken together, our studies highlight the important role of Nr2f1 in neurodevelopment. The discovery of impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the heterozygous mouse model sheds light on the pathophysiology of altered memory and cognitive function in BBSOAS.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated Vap33 is required for maintaining neuronal dendrite morphology and organelle distribution in Drosophila.

VAMP-associated protein (VAP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that functions as a tethering protein at the membrane contact sites between the ER and various intracellular organelles. Mutations such as P56S in human VAPB cause neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, VAP functions in neurons are poorly understood. Here, we utilized Drosophila olfactory projection neurons with a mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to analyze the neuronal function of Vap33, a Drosophila ortholog of human VAPB. In vap33 null mutant clones, the dendrites of projection neurons exhibited defects in the maintenance of their morphology. The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria were also abnormal. These results indicate that Vap33 is required for neuronal morphology and organelle distribution. Additionally, to examine the impact of ALS-associated mutations in neurons, we overexpressed human VAPB-P56S in vap33 null mutant clones (mosaic rescue experiments) and found that, in aged flies, human VAPB-P56S expression caused mislocalization of Bruchpilot, a presynaptic protein. These results implied that synaptic protein localization and ER quality control may be affected by disease mutations. We provide insights into the physiological and pathological functions of VAP in neurons.

Retrospective analysis of a clinical exome sequencing cohort reveals the mutational spectrum and identifies candidate disease-associated loci for BAFopathies.

PURPOSE: BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF) complex is a chromatin remodeling complex that plays a critical role in gene regulation. Defects in the genes encoding BAF subunits lead to BAFopathies, a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with extensive locus and phenotypic heterogeneity. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 16,243 patients referred for clinical exome sequencing (ES) with a focus on the BAF complex. We applied a genotype-first approach, combining predicted genic constraints to propose candidate BAFopathy genes. RESULTS: We identified 127 patients carrying pathogenic variants, likely pathogenic variants, or de novo variants of unknown clinical significance in 11 known BAFopathy genes. Those include 34 patients molecularly diagnosed using ES reanalysis with new gene-disease evidence (n = 21) or variant reclassifications in known BAFopathy genes (n = 13). We also identified de novo or predicted loss-of-function variants in 4 candidate BAFopathy genes, including ACTL6A, BICRA (implicated in Coffin-Siris syndrome during this study), PBRM1, and SMARCC1. CONCLUSION: We report the mutational spectrum of BAFopathies in an ES cohort. A genotype-driven and pathway-based reanalysis of ES data identified new evidence for candidate genes involved in BAFopathies. Further mechanistic and phenotypic characterization of additional patients are warranted to confirm their roles in human disease and to delineate their associated phenotypic spectrums.

Clinical validity assessment of genes frequently tested on intellectual disability/autism sequencing panels.

PURPOSE: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), exhibit genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, making them difficult to differentiate without a molecular diagnosis. The Clinical Genome Resource Intellectual Disability/Autism Gene Curation Expert Panel (GCEP) uses systematic curation to distinguish ID/ASD genes that are appropriate for clinical testing (ie, with substantial evidence supporting their relationship to disease) from those that are not. METHODS: Using the Clinical Genome Resource gene-disease validity curation framework, the ID/Autism GCEP classified genes frequently included on clinical ID/ASD testing panels as Definitive, Strong, Moderate, Limited, Disputed, Refuted, or No Known Disease Relationship. RESULTS: As of September 2021, 156 gene-disease pairs have been evaluated. Although most (75%) were determined to have definitive roles in NDDs, 22 (14%) genes evaluated had either Limited or Disputed evidence. Such genes are currently not recommended for use in clinical testing owing to the limited ability to assess the effect of identified variants. CONCLUSION: Our understanding of gene-disease relationships evolves over time; new relationships are discovered and previously-held conclusions may be questioned. Without periodic re-examination, inaccurate gene-disease claims may be perpetuated. The ID/Autism GCEP will continue to evaluate these claims to improve diagnosis and clinical care for NDDs.

Perioperative outcomes of Fontan operation: Impact of heterotaxy syndrome.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Fontan operation is the standard surgical procedure for achieving long-term survival in single-ventricular complex congenital heart diseases (SV-CHD). We aim to identify the perioperative outcomes and impact of heterotaxy syndrome (HS) after Fontan operation in a tertiary pediatric cardiology center. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for all patients who received Fontan operation and who were born between 1997 and 2017 in our institution. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative risk factors for perioperative mortality and morbidity were analyzed. RESULTS: Totally, 154 patients were enrolled (103 SV-CHD and 51 HS), and the male to female ratio was 92:62. The mean age of Fontan operation was 5.1 years, and extracardiac conduit comprised the majority (90.9%) of Fontan operation. Overall perioperative event-free survival to discharge was 91.6% (84.3% in HS and 95.1% in other SV-CHD, P = 0.032). For secondary outcomes, length of intensive care stay and duration of pleural effusion drainage were not significantly different between patients with HS and other SV-CHD, but postoperative arrhythmia was more common in HS group (31.4% vs. 12.6%, P = 0.005). In multivariable regression analysis, preoperative risk factors including operation year before 2007 and high PAP and postoperative factors of elevated postoperative CVP were associated with worse outcomes. HS was not a predictor of worse outcome after adjusting for preoperative PAP and operation era. CONCLUSION: Surgical outcome has improved much in current era. Perioperative outcome is poorer in patients with HS than other SV-CHD, but HS is not a predictor of perioperative mortality after adjusting for hemodynamic factors.

Zero-fluoroscopy ablation of left-sided arrhythmia substrates in children - Mid-term safety and feasibility study from transaortic approach.

BACKGROUND: A widely used method of treating left-sided arrhythmia substrates in children is retrograde transaortic ablation under fluoroscopic guidance. However, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this approach under zero fluoroscopy (ZF) guidance, especially the mid-term safety of anatomy and function of aortic valves, have yet to be proven. METHODS: All consecutive patients who received ablation of left-sided arrhythmias between January 2012 and June 2020 and below 20 years-old were enrolled. The study group submitted to 55 ZF-guided procedures using cardiac mapping system (EnSite Precision), whereas 49 procedures were performed under fluoroscopic guidance in the control group. Echocardiographic studies took place before and 6-months after ablative procedures. RESULTS: One-hundred-and-two patients (male, 66; female, 36) underwent a total of 104 ablative procedures. Mean procedural durations were 83.9 ± 44.4 min in the study group and 64.8 ± 29.1 min in the control group, respectively (p = .01; the 95% confidence interval, -33.57 to -4.63). Corresponding fluoroscopic times were .5 ± 2.2 min and 24.7 ± 13.9 min (p < .001; the 95% confidence interval, 20.15 to 28.22). ZF may be reasonably applied after a learning curve of 20 cases. Immediate procedural success and recurrence rates were similar in each groups. There was no detectable progression of aortic regurgitation in any of the patients during serial follow-up of echocardiography. CONCLUSION: ZF-guided retrograde transaortic ablation of left-sided arrhythmia substrates proved safe in children at midterm follow-up, reducing radiation exposure significantly within a learning curve of <20 cases.