A Comparison of Treatment of OCD Lesions of the Capitellum With Osteochondral Autograft and Allograft Transplantation.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum occurs relatively infrequently but can be found in young overhead-throwing athletes, most commonly in baseball players and gymnasts. Although non-operative management can effectively treat stable lesions, unstable lesions can lead to debilitating symptoms of the elbow and diminished quality of life without surgical intervention. This article reviews methods of treating OCD of the capitellum categorized by stability, size, and patient characteristics, and seeks to familiarize the reader with the appropriate selection of osteochondral allograft versus autograft in treating large, unstable lesions. We complement this review with 3 case examples, each using either an osteochondral autograft or allograft, and discuss the decision-making methodology used in each case.

Fewer Than One in 20 Current Academic Orthopaedic Surgeons Have Obtained National Institutes of Health Funding.

BACKGROUND: National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding is a key driver of orthopaedic research, but it has become increasingly difficult to obtain in recent years. An understanding of the types of grants that are commonly funded, how productive they are, and the factors associated with obtaining funding may help orthopaedic surgeons better understand how to earn grants. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: In this study, we sought to determine (1) the proportion of current academic orthopaedic surgeons who have obtained NIH grant funding, (2) the productivity of these grants by calculating grant productivity metrics, and (3) the factors (such as gender, subspecialty, and additional degrees) that are associated with obtaining grant funding. METHODS: Current academic orthopaedic surgeons at the top 140 NIH-funded institutions were identified via faculty webpages; 3829 surgeons were identified. Demographic information including gender (men constituted 88% of the group [3364 of 3829]), academic rank (full professors constituted 22% [856 of 3829]), additional degrees (those with MD-PhD degrees constituted 3% [121 of 3829]), leadership positions, and orthopaedic subspecialty was collected. Funding histories from 1985 through 2021 were collected using the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results. Grant type, funding, publications, and citations of each article were collected. A previously used grant impact metric (total citations per USD 0.1 million) was calculated to assess grant productivity. Multivariable binomial logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with obtaining funding. RESULTS: Four percent (150 of 3829) of academic orthopaedic surgeons obtained USD 338.3 million in funding across 301 grants, resulting in 2887 publications over the entire study period. The R01 was the most commonly awarded grant in terms of the total number awarded, at 36% (108 of 301), as well as by funding, publications, and citations, although other grant types including T32, F32, R03, R13, and R21 had higher mean grant impact metrics. There was no difference between men and women in the by-gender percentage of academic orthopaedic surgeons who obtained funding (4% [135 of 3229] versus 3% [15 of 450]; odds ratio 0.9 [95% confidence interval 0.5 to 1.7]; p = 0.80). A department having a single funded PhD researcher may be associated with surgeon-scientists obtaining grant funding, but with the numbers available, we could not demonstrate this was the case (OR 1.4 [95% CI 0.9 to 2.2]; p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Fewer than one in 20 academic orthopaedic surgeons have received NIH funding. R01s are the most commonly awarded grant, although others demonstrate increased productivity metrics. Future studies should investigate the role of co-principal investigators on productivity and the role of different funding sources. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Individuals should pursue both R01 and non-R01 grants, and departments should consider cultivating relationships with funded PhDs. The specific research infrastructure and departmental policies of the most productive institutions and grants should be surveyed and emulated.

Vascular Problems in Elite Throwing Athletes.

There are approximately 880 and 3,600 major league baseball and minor league baseball players who currently are active in their respective leagues, with thousands of players in the collegiate, high school, and little league ranks. Although relatively uncommon, vascular injuries, such as thoracic outlet syndrome, axillary artery compression, quadrilateral space syndrome, and direct vascular trauma, can afflict these players. These career- and limb-threatening injuries can mimic often seen muscular sprains and strains in their early stages with nonspecific symptoms, such as exertional fatigue, which can delay diagnosis with disastrous sequelae, including thrombus propagation, aneurysm rupture, and ischemia from distal embolization. The goal of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these injuries to increase awareness of sport-related vascular phenomena among the hand and upper-extremity surgery community because these players typically are seen first in the training room or a hand specialist's office.

How to Be An Antiracist Hand Surgery Educator.

Racism that unjustly marginalizes black people in the United States is not a new concept. It underlies nearly every aspect of American history, leading to the systemic racism that is ingrained in our society today. With the recurrent theme of people of color having worse health outcomes than the majority community, it is important for hand surgeons to employ cultural competence and antiracist education to provide better care and support for patients, staff, students, and colleagues. In this article, we will provide a definitional framework, clinical examples, and practical pearls to promote change. To reduce racial and ethnic health care inequities and diversify the field of hand surgery, we must advocate on behalf of black and brown colleagues, staff, students, and/or friends to address racist policies and procedures.

Racial and Gender Discrimination in Hand Surgery Letters of Recommendation.

PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate hand surgery applicants' letters of recommendations to understand whether applicant and letter writer demographics contribute to racial and gender bias. METHODS: All applications submitted through the American Society for Surgery of the Hand match to a single institution fellowship program for the 2017 to 2019 application cycles were analyzed using validated text analysis software. Race/ethnicity information was derived from an analysis of applicant photos using the Face Secret Pro software. Primary outcome measures were differences in communal and agentic language used in letters of recommendation, stratified by both race/ethnicity and gender. RESULTS: A total of 912 letters of recommendation were analyzed for 233 applicants (51 female and 172 male). Of these, 88 were written by female letter writers and 824 were written by male letter writers. There were 8 Black, 12 Hispanic, 36 Asian, and 167 White applicants. Letter writers used more agentic language with Asian applicants and non-White applicants overall. Female letter writers used more communal terms and were not associated with applicant race or gender. CONCLUSIONS: Letters of recommendation in hand surgery demonstrate disparities in language based on race and gender. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Alerting letter writers to the role of implicit bias will hopefully spur a discussion on tools to mitigate the use of biased language and provide a foundation for an equitable selection process. Efforts to improve policies and procedures pertaining to diversity and inclusion are paramount to ensuring that fellows more completely represent the population hand surgeons wish to serve.

Two-Screw Fixation of Scaphoid Waist Fractures.

Optimal fixation strategy for scaphoid waist fractures remains a contentious topic with options including using a single screw, 2 screws, or a scaphoid plate. Biomechanical studies favor 2-screw fixation with regards to higher load to failure, load to 2-mm displacement, energy absorbed, rotational stability, and stiffness. Furthermore, recent retrospective studies found increased union rate with 2 screws. Although conclusive clinical data are lacking, 2-screw fixation of a scaphoid waist fracture may theoretically allow the patient to start earlier range of motion and strengthening with greater confidence. Our experience with 2-screw fixation has been promising with all acute waist fractures healing and nonunions treated with 2 screws having high union and low reoperation rates.

Bone Graft Substitutes: Current Concepts and Future Expectations.

Owing to its osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties and the presence of osteogenic cells, freshly harvested autologous bone graft is the gold standard for skeletal reconstruction where there is inadequate native bone. Whereas these characteristics are difficult to replicate, engineered, commercially available bone graft substitutes aim to achieve a comparable osseoregenerative profile. This work furnishes the reader with an understanding of the predominant classes of bone graft substitutes available for reconstruction of upper extremity bone defects following trauma or oncological surgery. We review bone graft substitutes with respect to their mechanisms of action, their advantages and disadvantages, and their indications and contraindications. We provide examples of bone graft substitutes in clinical use and outline comparative costs. We also describe the future directions for this specific aspect of reconstructive surgery with a focus on the role of bioactive glass.

A Murine Model for Human ECO Syndrome Reveals a Critical Role of Intestinal Cell Kinase in Skeletal Development.

An autosomal-recessive inactivating mutation R272Q in the human intestinal cell kinase (ICK) gene caused profound multiplex developmental defects in human endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia (ECO) syndrome. ECO patients exhibited a wide variety of skeletal abnormalities, yet the underlying mechanisms by which ICK regulates skeletal development remained largely unknown. The goal of this study was to understand the structural and mechanistic basis underlying skeletal anomalies caused by ICK dysfunction. Ick R272Q knock-in transgenic mouse model not only recapitulated major ECO skeletal defects such as short limbs and polydactyly but also revealed a deformed spine with defective intervertebral disk. Loss of ICK function markedly reduced mineralization in the spinal column, ribs, and long bones. Ick mutants showed a significant decrease in the proliferation zone of long bones and the number of type X collagen-expressing hypertrophic chondrocytes in the spinal column and the growth plate of long bones. These results implicate that ICK plays an important role in bone and cartilage development by promoting chondrocyte proliferation and maturation. Our findings provided new mechanistic insights into the skeletal phenotype of human ECO and ECO-like syndromes.

Failed Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthroplasty: Common Etiologies and Surgical Options for Revision.

Carpometacarpal (CMC) arthroplasty surgery, although modifications have occurred over time, continues to be commonly performed and has provided patients with their desired pain relief and return of function. The complications of primary surgery, although relatively rare, can present in various clinical ways. An understanding of the underlying anatomy, pathology of coexisting conditions, and specific techniques used in the primary surgery is required to make the best recommendation for a patient with residual pain following primary CMC arthroplasty. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into the history of CMC arthroplasty and reasons for failure and to offer an algorithmic treatment approach for the clinical problem of persistent postoperative symptoms.

Radial Head Fracture Fixation Using Tripod Technique With Headless Compression Screws.

Radial head and neck fractures are one of the most common elbow fractures, comprising 2% to 5% of all fractures, and 30% of elbow fractures. Although uncomplicated Mason type I fractures can be managed nonsurgically, Mason type II-IV fractures require additional intervention. Mason type II-III fractures with 3 or fewer fragments are typically treated with open reduction and internal fixation using 2 to 3 lag screws. Transverse radial neck involvement or axial instability with screw-only fixation has historically required the additional use of a mini fragment T-plate or locking proximal radius plate. More recently, less invasive techniques such as the cross-screw and tripod techniques have been proposed. The purpose of this paper is to detail and demonstrate the proper implementation of the tripod technique using headless compression screws.

High-Resolution MR Imaging and US Anatomy of the Thumb.

Despite having many unique anatomic features relative to the other digits, the thumb has received little attention in the radiology literature. The thumb, with its opposable and prehensile abilities, enables fine manual dexterity. However, most radiologists have little familiarity with the structures that allow these dynamic movements, other than their recognition of the role of the ulnar collateral ligament in the setting of gamekeeper injury. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows optimal assessment of the intricate soft-tissue anatomy of the thumb, which enables thumb flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Ultrasonography is a readily available, inexpensive tool that can supplement MR imaging in the evaluation of juxta-articular soft-tissue anatomy. Both imaging modalities are extremely useful for identifying the key ligaments responsible for stabilizing the first carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. MR imaging is particularly important in assessment of these ligaments in both normal and trauma settings, which is essential for not only recognizing acute injuries but also becoming familiar with the morphologic variations that are potential pitfalls. To accurately and confidently diagnose abnormalities of these small soft-tissue structures, radiologists must have a clear understanding of the complexities associated with imaging the normal thumb anatomy. ©RSNA, 2016.

Effect of Obesity on Complication Rate After Elbow Arthroscopy in a Medicare Population.

PURPOSE: To use a national insurance database to explore the association of obesity with the incidence of complications after elbow arthroscopy in a Medicare population. METHODS: Using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) procedure codes, we queried the PearlDiver database for patients undergoing elbow arthroscopy. Patients were divided into obese (body mass index [BMI] >30) and nonobese (BMI <30) cohorts using ICD-9 codes for BMI and obesity. Nonobese patients were matched to obese patients based on age, sex, tobacco use, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Postoperative complications were assessed with ICD-9 and Current Procedural Terminology codes, including infection, nerve injury, stiffness, and medical complications. RESULTS: A total of 2,785 Medicare patients who underwent elbow arthroscopy were identified from 2005 to 2012; 628 patients (22.5%) were coded as obese or morbidly obese, and 628 matched nonobese patients formed the control group. There were no differences between the obese patients and matched control nonobese patients regarding type of elbow arthroscopy, previous elbow fracture or previous elbow arthroscopy. Obese patients had greater rates of all assessed complications, including infection (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, P = .037), nerve injury (OR 5.4, P = .001), stiffness (OR 1.9, P = .016) and medical complications (OR 6.9, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is associated with significantly increased rates of all assessed complications after elbow arthroscopy in a Medicare population, including infection, nerve injury, stiffness, and medical complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III, case-control study.

Hand chemical burns.

There is a vast and ever-expanding variety of potentially harmful chemicals in the military, industrial, and domestic landscape. Chemical burns make up a small proportion of all skin burns, yet they can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Additionally, the hand and upper extremity are the most frequently involved parts of the body in chemical burns, and therefore these injuries may lead to severe temporary or permanent loss of function. Despite this fact, discussion of the care of these injuries is sparse in the hand surgery literature. Although most chemical burns require only first response and wound care, some require the attention of a specialist for surgical debridement and, occasionally, skin coverage and reconstruction. Exposure to certain chemicals carries the risk of substantial systemic toxicity and even mortality. Understanding the difference between thermal and chemical burns, as well as special considerations for specific compounds, will improve patient treatment outcomes.

Obesity is associated with increased postoperative complications after total elbow arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has become a significant public health concern in the United States. Few published data have examined the association between obesity and postoperative complications after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). METHODS: Patients who underwent TEA were identified using the PearlDiver database Current Procedural Terminology codes. Patients were divided into obese and nonobese cohorts using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Each cohort was then assessed for major and minor complications within 90 days postoperatively. Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and χ(2) tests were calculated, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2011, 7580 patients who underwent TEA were identified, of whom 1030 patients (14%) were coded as obese (body mass index > 30) and 611 patients (8%) were coded as morbidly obese (body mass index > 40). The obese TEA patients had increased risk of 90-day major and minor complications. The rate of postoperative venous thromboembolism differed significantly between groups, with a trend toward a higher venous thromboembolism rate in obese patients (2.2%) vs. nonobese patients (0.7%). Rate of postoperative stiffness was similar between groups. Infection rates were higher in obese patients compared with nonobese patients. Medical complications were higher in obese patients (16.7%) compared with the nonobese cohort (4.7%). A significant difference in implant removal was notable at 6 months and 1 year in morbidly obese patients compared with nonobese counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and associated medical comorbidities place patients at increased risk for complications after TEA. Obese patients and especially morbidly obese patients thinking of undergoing TEA should be appropriately counseled preoperatively about their increased risk for complications.

Obesity is associated with increased postoperative complications after operative management of distal humerus fractures.

BACKGROUND: Distal humerus fractures commonly require surgical intervention, including open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and, more recently in elderly, low-demand individuals, total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). The association of obesity with complications after either of these procedures has not previously been examined. METHODS: A national insurance database was queried for ORIF or TEA for management of a distal humerus fracture using procedural and diagnostic codes. Patients in each operative group were then divided into nonobese and obese cohorts. These cohorts were then queried for postoperative complications within 90 days after the surgical procedure using diagnostic and procedural codes. χ(2) tests were calculated to determine statistical significance, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 6928 patients who underwent operative management of a distal humerus fracture were identified, including 4215 ORIF and 2713 TEA procedures. The obese ORIF patients had a significantly increased risk of 90-day local (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; P < .0001) and systemic (OR, 5.9; P < .0001) complications. The rates of postoperative infection, venous thromboembolism, and medical complications were significantly higher in the obese ORIF cohort than in nonobese patients. The obese TEA patients had a significantly increased risk of 90-day local (OR, 2.6; P < .0001) and systemic (OR, 4.4; P < .0001) complications. The rates of postoperative infection, venous thromboembolism, and medical complications were higher in the obese TEA cohort than in nonobese patients. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is associated with significantly higher rates of complications after ORIF and TEA for distal humerus fractures than in nonobese patients.

Osteochondral autograft plug transfer for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in adolescent athletes.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a condition most commonly seen in adolescents involved in repetitive overhead sports and can profoundly affect ability to return to play and long-term elbow function. Treatment of large, unstable defects in the elbow with osteochondral autograft plug transfer has not been adequately studied. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 11 teenaged patients with large (>1 cm(2)) capitellar OCD treated with osteochondral autograft plug transfer. Average age at the time of surgery was 14.5 years (range, 13-17 years). Outcome measures obtained included return to play, preoperative and postoperative elbow range of motion, Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, ON, Canada) by telephone interview, and osseous integration on radiographs. All 11 patients were available for evaluation at an average of 22.7 months (range, 6-49 months) postoperatively. RESULTS: All patients were involved in competitive high school athletics and returned to at least their preinjury level of play. Average return to play was 4.4 months (range 3-7 months). The average final DASH was 1.4 (95% confidence interval, 0.6-2.1), and the average final sport-specific DASH was 1.7 (95% confidence interval -1.8 to 5.2). Elbow range of motion significantly improved, including improvement in flexion from a preoperative average of 126° to a postoperative average of 141° (P = .009) and improvement in extension from a preoperative average of 21° to a postoperative average of 5° (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of large, unstable OCD lesions of the capitellum in adolescent athletes allows reliable return to play, is safe, and has good clinical outcomes at short-term follow-up.

Return to football and long-term clinical outcomes after thumb ulnar collateral ligament suture anchor repair in collegiate athletes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate return to play after complete thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury treated with suture anchor repair for both skill position and non-skill position collegiate football athletes and report minimum 2-year clinical outcomes in this population. METHODS: For this retrospective study, inclusion criteria were complete rupture of the thumb UCL and suture anchor repair in a collegiate football athlete performed by a single surgeon who used an identical technique for all patients. Data collection included chart review, determination of return to play, and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 18 collegiate football athletes were identified, all of whom were evaluated for follow-up by telephone, e-mail, or regular mail at an average 6-year follow-up. Nine were skill position players; the remaining 9 played in nonskill positions. All players returned to at least the same level of play. The average QuickDASH score for the entire cohort was 1 out of 100; QuickDASH work score, 0 out of 100; and sport score, 1 out of 100. Average time to surgery for skill position players was 12 days compared with 43 for non-skill position players. Average return to play for skill position players was 7 weeks postoperatively compared with 4 weeks for non-skill position players. There was no difference in average QuickDASH overall scores or subgroup scores between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Collegiate football athletes treated for thumb UCL injuries with suture anchor repair had quick return to play, reliable return to the same level of activity, and excellent long-term clinical outcomes. Skill position players had surgery sooner after injury and returned to play later than non-skill position players, with no differences in final level of play or clinical outcomes. Management of thumb UCL injuries in collegiate football athletes can be safely and effectively tailored according to the demands of the player's football position. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Idiopathic Avascular Necrosis of the Capitate Treated with a Medial Femoral Trochlea Vascularized Osteochondral Flap: A Case Report.

CASE: Capitate avascular necrosis should be entertained in a differential diagnosis of young, active adults with midcarpal wrist pain. We present a case study of a 30-year-old laborer who developed avascular necrosis (AVN) of his right proximal capitate. Grip strength and wrist motion were limited on examination, with advanced imaging confirming AVN. A diagnostic arthroscopy confirmed the pathology. Treatment was completed with a medial femoral trochlea vascularized flap for cartilaginous resurfacing. At 10-month follow-up, the patient's capitate was healed with stable fixation, and he is working full-time as a laborer without restrictions. CONCLUSION: AVN of the capitate is a unique and challenging articular pathology that requires a thoughtful preoperative evaluation and meticulous surgical technique to reconstruct. The medial femoral trochlea (MFT) vascularized bone transfer with cartilaginous resurfacing is 1 available treatment option. This flap is harvested from the medial femur using microsurgical techniques, based on the descending genicular artery. Using a 2-surgeon approach, simultaneous dissection of the AVN is completed at the wrist. This flap is a vascularized option that can be used for both AVN and nonunion with structural deformity before salvage surgeries.

Recruiting, Supporting and Retaining Diversity in Hand Surgery.

All surgical fields that lead to a career in Hand Surgery have a stark lack of diversity of sex/gender and race, at every level of the workforce, from trainees to practicing physicians. Despite consistent statistics in publications on lack of diversity in surgical fields, a guide to effective recruitment and retention is lacking. Although we recognize that a strategy cannot be applied in all practices, this article provides actionable items to consider in the commitment and work toward a more just and equitable practice of Hand Surgery.