In Situ Preparation of Dehydrodieugenol-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles and their Antischistosomal Activity.

Schistosomiasis is a major neglected disease that imposes a substantial worldwide health burden, affecting approximately 250 million people globally. As praziquantel is the only available drug to treat schistosomiasis, there is a critical need to identify new anthelmintic compounds, particularly from natural sources. To enhance the activity of different natural products, one potential avenue involves its combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Based on this approach, a one-step green method for the in situ preparation of dehydrodieugenol (DHDG) by oxidation coupling reaction using silver and natural eugenol is presented. AgNP formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy due to the appearance of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 430 nm which is characteristic of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were spherical with sizes in the range of 40 to 50 nm. Bioassays demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles loaded with DHDG exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms without toxicity to mammalian cells and an in vivo animal model (Caenorhabditis elegans), contributing to the development of new prototypes based on natural products for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

Licarin A, a neolignan isolated from Nectandra oppositifolia Nees & Mart. (Lauraceae), exhibited moderate preclinical efficacy against Schistosoma mansoni infection.

Schistosomiasis is a widespread human parasitic disease currently affecting over 200 million people, particularly in poor communities. Chemotherapy for schistosomiasis relies exclusively on praziquantel (PZQ). Previous studies have shown that licarin A (LIC-A), a dihydrobenzofuran neolignan, exhibited in vitro antiparasitic activity against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. This study aimed to investigate the potential of LIC-A, isolated as main metabolite from leaves of Nectandra oppositifolia Nees & Mart. (Lauraceae), as an antischistosomal agent orally active in schistosomiasis animal model. PZQ was used as a reference compound. As result, LIC-A showed, at a single dose of 400 mg/kg, to be able to partially cure infected mice (worm burden reductions of ~50%). Parasite eggs, that are responsible for a variety of pathologies and transmission of schistosomiasis, were also moderately inhibited by LIC-A (egg burden reductions of ~50%-60%). Furthermore, it was observed that LIC-A achieved a slight reduction of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Collectively, although LIC-A was partially active when administered orally, these results give support for the antiparasitic potential LIC-A as lead compound for novel antischistosomal agent.

Therapeutic Effect of Diminazene Aceturate on Parasitic Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni Infection.

Praziquantel is currently the only drug available to treat schistosomiasis, a disease of enormous public health significance caused by a blood fluke of the genus Schistosoma Diminazene, a drug approved by the FDA, has been successfully used to treat diseases caused by blood protozoan parasites. In this study, we evaluated the antiparasitic properties of diminazene against Schistosoma mansoniex vivo and in mice harboring either chronic or early S. mansoni infections. In vitro, we monitored phenotypic and tegumental changes as well as the effects of the drug on pairing and egg production. In mice infected with either adult (chronic infection) or immature (early infection) worms, diminazene was administered intraperitoneally (10 to 100 mg/kg of body weight) or by oral gavage (100 to 400 mg/kg), and we studied the influence of the drug on worm burden and egg production. Liver and spleen pathologies and serum aminotransferase levels were also analyzed. In vitro, 50% effective concentrations (EC50) and EC90 revealed that diminazene is able to kill both immature and adult parasites, and its effect was time and concentration dependent. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy showed morphological alterations in the teguments of schistosomes. In an animal model, the influence of the drug on worm burden, egg production, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly depended on the dosing regimen applied and the route of administration. Diminazene also caused a significant reduction in aminotransferase levels. Comparatively, diminazene treatment was more effective in chronic infection than in early infection. In tandem, our study revealed that diminazene possesses anthelmintic properties and inhibits liver injury caused by Schistosoma eggs.

The 3D pharmacophore modeling to explore new antischistosomal agents among US FDA approved drugs.

Aim: To identify potential antischistosomal agents through 3D pharmacophore-based virtual screening of US FDA approved drugs.Materials & methods: A comprehensive virtual screening was conducted on a dataset of 10,000 FDA approved drugs, employing praziquantel as a template. Promising candidates were selected and assessed for their impact on Schistosoma mansoni viability in vitro and in vivo using S. mansoni infected mice.Results & conclusion: Among the selected drugs, betamethasone and doxazosin demonstrated in vitro efficacy, with effective concentration 50% (EC50) values ranging from 35 to 60 µM. In vivo studies revealed significant (>50%) reductions in worm burden for both drugs. These findings suggest that betamethasone and doxazosin hold promise for repurposing in treating schistosomiasis. Additionally, the study showcases a useful approach for identifying new antischistosomal drugs.

Discovering new treatments for #schistosomiasis is crucial [Formula: see text]. Our study used virtual screening to identify potential antischistosomal drugs from US FDA approved compounds [Formula: see text]. Promising results in vitro and in vivo. [Formula: see text] #drugdiscovery #tropicaldiseases.

In vivo antischistosomal efficacy of Porcelia ponderosa γ-lactones.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis, caused by the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, is a significant global health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The available chemotherapeutic drug is restricted to praziquantel with present problems related to efficacy, toxicity and resistance, justifying the search for new drugs. Different natural products, including γ-lactones, have demonstrated anthelmintic activity. Thus, in this study, new γ-lactones from Porcelia ponderosa were investigated for their anti-S. mansoni effects in vitro and in vivo. PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutical potential against S. mansoni of the mixture of γ-lactones 1 + 2 obtained from Porcelia ponderosa seeds. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The precipitate formed during the concentration of CH2Cl2 extract from seeds of P. ponderosa showed to be composed by a mixture of the new γ-lactones 1 + 2 (in a ratio 77:23) which were chemically characterized using NMR and ESI-HRMS. This mixture was evaluated in vitro and in vivo against S. mansoni, using a murine model of schistosomiasis. Additionally, toxicity of the mixture of 1 + 2 (77:23) was determined using mammalian cell lines (in vitro) or the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (in vivo). RESULTS: Seeds of P. ponderosa afforded a mixture of two unreported γ-lactones, 3­hydroxy-4-methylene-2-(tetracosa-17'Z,23'-diene-13',15'-diynyl)­but-2-enolide (1) and 3­hydroxy-4-methylene-2-(tetracos-17'Z-ene-13',15'-diynyl)­but-2-enolide (2). Initially, the antischistosomal activity of the mixture of 1 + 2 (77:23) was investigated in vitro, and obtained results demonstrate reduced activity against Schistosoma mansoni worms (EC50 of 83.3 µg/ml) in comparison to positive control praziquantel (EC50 of 1.5 µg/ml). However, when tested in vivo using oral administration at 400 mg kg-1, the standard dose used in the murine model of schistosomiasis, the mixture of 1 + 2 (77:23) revealed expressive reductions in both worm burden (65.7 %) and egg production (97.2 %), similar of those observed to praziquantel (89.7 % and 91.5 %, respectively). On the other hand, when treated using 200 and 100 mg kg-1, reductions in worm burden (25.7 and 12.4 %) and egg production (33.6 and 13.3 %) were also observed. Importantly, the mixture of 1 + 2 (77:23) exhibited no toxicity using mammalian cell lines (in vitro) or C. elegans (in vivo). CONCLUSION: Considering the promising in vivo activity of γ-lactones from P. ponderosa, the mixture of 1 + 2 (77:23) can be considered as promising candidate for the development of novel antischistosomal therapeutics, underscoring the importance of biodiversity exploration in the search for effective treatments against neglected tropical diseases.

Referrals for rheumatologic evaluation following a positive antinuclear antibody test result. A cross-sectional single center Brazilian study.

BACKGROUND: In general, patients are referred for rheumatological evaluation due to isolated laboratory abnormalities, especially antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity, with the risk of more severe patients remaining on the waiting list for longer than desired. The aim of this study was to analyze the demographic, clinical, and laboratory information of patients referred to a specialized rheumatological care unit because of positive antinuclear antibody. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 99 out of 1670 patients seen by the same rheumatologist between 01/01/2011 and 01/01/2019. Patients whose referrals were exclusively due to the ANA test result and the specialist's final diagnosis being "abnormal finding of serum immunological test" (ICD-10 R769) were included. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory information were extracted from the consulting rheumatologist's chart. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 99 patients were included, most of whom were female (84.8%) with a median age of 49 years. At the moment of specialist's appointment, 97 patients (97.9%) repeated the ANA test, and 77 patients remained positive. Of these, only 35 (35.35%) were in a high titer range (greater than or equal to 1:320). Complete blood count for cytopenia's investigation was not performed in a high percentage of patients (22.2%), as well as urinalysis (31.3%). In addition, more than 70% of patients score 0 to 1 classification criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, according to SLE - ACR 1987 (American College of Rheumatology) and SLICC 2012 (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients are still referred for specialized evaluation due to the misinterpretation of laboratory tests that were inappropriately requested in patients without clinical evidence of autoimmune rheumatic disease.

Targeting the Schistosoma mansoni nutritional mechanisms to design new antischistosomal compounds.

The chemical classes of semicarbazones, thiosemicarbazones, and hydrazones are present in various compounds, each demonstrating diverse biological activities. Extensive studies have revealed their potential as schistosomicidal agents. Thiosemicarbazones, in particular, have shown inhibitory effects on Schistosoma mansoni's cathepsin B1 enzyme (SmCB1), which plays a crucial role in hemoglobin degradation within the worm's gut and its nutrition processes. Consequently, SmCB1 has emerged as a promising target for novel schistosomiasis therapies. Moreover, chloroquinoline exhibits characteristics in its aromatic structure that hold promise for developing SmCB1 inhibitors, along with its interaction with hemoglobin's heme group, potentially synergizing against the parasite's gut. In this context, we report the synthesis of 22 hybrid analogs combining hydrazones and quinolines, evaluated against S. mansoni. Five of these hybrids demonstrated schistosomicidal activity in vitro, with GPQF-8Q10 being the most effective, causing worm mortality within 24 h at a concentration of 25 µM. GPQF-8Q8 proved to be the most promising in vivo, significantly reducing egg presence in feces (by 52.8%) and immature eggs in intestines (by 45.8%). These compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity in Vero cells and an in in vivo animal model (Caenorhabditis elegans), indicating a favorable selectivity index. This suggests their potential for the development of new schistosomiasis therapies. Further studies are needed to uncover specific target mechanisms, but these findings offer a promising starting point.

HPV-Induced Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Brazil: Prevalence, Trend, Clinical, and Epidemiologic Characterization.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco or human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) represent different clinical and epidemiologic entities. This study investigated the prevalence of HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC in a reference cancer hospital in Brazil and its association with clinical and demographic data, as well as its impact on overall survival. METHODS: HPV infection was determined by p16-IHC in pre-treatment formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from all patients with OPSCC diagnosed at Barretos Cancer Hospital between 2008 and 2018. The prevalence of HPV-positive cases and its temporal trend was assessed, and the association of clinical and demographic data with HPV infection and the impact on patient overall survival was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 797 patients with OPSCC were included in the study. The prevalence of HPV-associated tumors in the period was 20.6% [95% confidence interval, 17.5-24.0] with a significant trend for increase of HPV-positive cases over the years (annual percentage change = 12.87). In a multivariate analysis, the variables gender, level of education, smoking, tumor sublocation, region of Brazil, and tumor staging had a significant impact in HPV positivity, and a greater overall survival (OS) was observed in HPV-positive patients (5-year OS: 47.9% vs. 22.0%; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest cohort of Brazilian patients with OPSCC characterized according to HPV status. We report significant differences in demographics and clinical presentation according to HPV status, and an increasing trend in prevalence for HPV-induced tumors. IMPACT: These findings can potentially contribute to a better stratification and management of patients as well as assist in prevention strategies.

Human Papillomavirus DNA Detection by Droplet Digital PCR in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissue from Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients.

INTRODUCTION: High-risk human papillomavirus infection impacts staging and prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). Determination of HPV status in tumor tissue by p16-immunohistochemistry (p16-IHC) can be challenging; therefore, complementary methodologies could be useful in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVE: To test for accuracy and clinical relevance of HPV-DNA detection in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty OPSCCs were tested for p16-IHC status followed by HPV-16/18 DNA detection/quantification in FFPE-recovered DNA using ddPCR. Accuracy for HPV status determination and association with patient information were also evaluated. RESULTS: 32.0% (16/50) of the cases were p16-IHC positive (p16 +), 42.0% (21/50) had detectable levels of HPV-16 DNA, and none were positive for HPV-18 DNA. A higher median viral load of HPV-16 DNA was observed in p16 + cases (p < 0.0001). Concordance between p16-IHC and HPV-16 DNA ranged from 78.0 to 86.0% and accuracy rates were between 78.0 and 86.0%. P16-IHC and HPV-16 DNA detection was associated with gender, smoking status, and tumor subsite, while only HPV-16 DNA was associated with cT stage. The combination of HPV positivity by p16-IHC and ddPCR showed higher overall survival rates in comparison with p16 + /HPV-DNA- and p16 - /HPV-DNA- results. CONCLUSIONS: Type-specific HPV-DNA detection by ddPCR is highly specific but moderately sensitive for the determination of HPV status and showed clinical relevance, mainly when associated with p16-IHC status. Results highlight the importance of performing HPV-DNA testing in combination with p16-IHC for proper identification of HPV-associated OPSCC and to improve clinical management of OPSCC patients.

Incidence, etiology, timing, and risk factors for clinical failure in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of clinical failure in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) may be related or unrelated to pulmonary infection. The objective of this study was to define the incidence, etiology, timing, and risk factors associated with clinical failures related to CAP vs those unrelated to CAP. METHODS: Observational retrospective study of consecutive CAP patients. All patients who experienced clinical failure were identified. Cases were presented to a review committee that defined, by consensus, etiology, timing, and risk factors for clinical failures related to CAP. RESULTS: Among 500 patients who were enrolled in the study, clinical failure was identified in 67 (13%). Clinical failure was related to CAP in 54 patients (81%). The most common etiologies for clinical failure related to CAP were severe sepsis (33%), acute myocardial infarction (28%), and progressive pneumonia (19%). All cases of severe sepsis occurred in the first 72 h of hospitalization. The most common etiology for clinical failure unrelated to CAP was the development of hospital-acquired pneumonia (45%). At the time of hospital admission, factors associated with clinical failure related to CAP were advanced age, congestive heart failure, hypotension, abnormal gas exchange, acidosis, hypothermia, thrombocytopenia, and pleural effusion. CONCLUSIONS: The development of severe sepsis early during hospitalization is the primary etiology for clinical failure related to CAP. To achieve early treatment intervention, physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for severe sepsis in hospitalized patients with CAP. To decrease the number of clinical failures unrelated to CAP, interventions need to be developed at the local level to improve the processes of care for patients with pneumonia.

Validation of a motor activity system by a robotically controlled vehicle and using standard reference compounds.

INTRODUCTION: A series of experiments were undertaken to evaluate the accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity of an automated, infrared photo beam-based open field motor activity system, the MotorMonitor v. 4.01, Hamilton-Kinder, LLC, for use in a good laboratory practices (GLP) Safety Pharmacology laboratory. METHODS: This evaluation consisted of two phases: (1) system validation, employing known inputs using the EM-100 Controller Photo Beam Validation System, a robotically controlled vehicle representing a rodent and (2) biologic validation, employing groups of rats treated with the standard pharmacologic agents diazepam or D-amphetamine. The MotorMonitor's parameters that described the open-field activity of a subject were: basic movements, total distance, fine movements, x/y horizontal ambulations, rearing, and total rest time. These measurements were evaluated over a number of zones within each enclosure. RESULTS: System validation with the EM-100 Controller Photo Beam Validation System showed that all the parameters accurately and precisely measured what they were intended to measure, with the exception of fine movements and x/y ambulations. Biologic validation using the central nervous system depressant diazepam at 1, 2, or 5 mg/kg, i.p. produced the expected dose-dependent reduction in rat motor activity. In contrast, the central nervous system stimulant D-amphetamine produced the expected increases in rat motor activity at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p, demonstrating the specificity and sensitivity of the system. DISCUSSION: Taken together, these studies of the accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity show the importance of both system and biologic validation in the evaluation of an automated open field motor activity system for use in a GLP compliant laboratory.

Comparison of methods for analysis of functional observation battery (FOB) data.

INTRODUCTION: Different methods for the analysis of behavioral observation data were compared to evaluate how the interpretation of a data set may depend on the analysis method employed. METHODS: Three methods of analysis were used to evaluate the same four sets of rodent behavioral FOB data: (1) evaluation by a trained behavioral toxicologist (ToxRev); (2) Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis of variance for nonparametric data followed by Wilcoxon pairwise tests (KW) and (3) Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistical analysis of variance for nonparametric data followed by Wilcoxon pairwise tests (CMH). The FOB consisted of 9 behavioral, 10 neurologic and 7 autonomic parameters that were evaluated following administration of either vehicle or diazepam (1 or 4 mg/kg; 1, 2 or 5 mg/kg) to male and female rats. The chosen data sets were labeled A, B, C and D. The outcomes of the three analysis methods were compared to identify similarities and differences. RESULTS: ToxRev, KW and CMH analyses were in agreement in determining the no-effect level (NEL) for each data set. All methods were also in agreement calling the fewest FOB parameters in data set C, and correctly identifying the most effects in the behavior functional domain in each data set. The 3 methods were also in agreement in correctly not calling parameters such as convulsion. No single analysis method stood out as remarkably more permissive in identifying effects of diazepam on FOB parameters, although CMH appeared to be the most conservative method, identifying the fewest effects across all data sets. DISCUSSION: Factors contributing to these patterns of outcome are discussed, including variability within and between dose groups. ToxRev, KW and CMH are all viable methods for evaluating FOB-type data, however minor differences in a study's outcome using these analyses may be dependent upon the method selected.

Hipertensäo arterial: condiçäo marcadora da qualidade do atendimento ambulatorial do Distrito Sanitário Barreiro, DISAB / Hypertension arterial: condition marker of quality of the ambulatorial care of the Sanitary District Barreiro, DISAB

Com o uso do traçador foram detectados pontos de estrangulamento que parecem impedir que as açöes que se pretende desenvolver alcancem completamente seus objetivos. Os entraves mais significativos encontrados referem-se à falta de continuidade no encaminhamento da proposta de trabalho, a precariedade do fluxo de informaçäo e a deficiência de infra-estrutura. Todos estes fatores, no todo ou individualmente, parecem impedir que um projeto seja conhecido em todos os níveis, que a linguagem seja a mesma e que haja afinidade, entrosamento e engajamento na construçäo de um objetivo comum. O corpo técnico executa seu trabalho de forma descoordenada, valendo-se muitas vezes de seus próprios recursos na busca da informaçäo e colocando em prática açöes nem sempre comuns, fazendo com que uma mesma atividade seja orientada de várias formas, produzindo desgaste, descrédito e diminuindo o estímulo para o trabalho. Porém näo apenas problemas puderam ser detectados com o uso do traçador. Fatores facilitadores foram percebidos, entre eles a perspectiva de um projeto imediato de atençäo ao adulto, a qualidade do preenchimento dos registros médicos, a garantia do atendimento ao hipertenso e a adesäo do paciente ao serviço. Estes pontos foram percebidos no atendimento ao hipertenso, porém, acredita-se que nas demais atividades, principalmente aquelas direcionadas ao adulto, os problemas sejam semelhantes. Acredita-se que a qualidade do serviço seja o objetivo final da instituiçäo (DISAB) e que esta esteja intimamente ligada à linguagem compartilhada, recursos necessários garantidos e realimentaçäo constante do sistema.