Long-Term Retention Rate of Tofacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Italian Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Tofacitinib (TOFA) was the first Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) to be approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, data on the retention rate of TOFA therapy are still far from definitive. Objective: The goal of this study is to add new real-world data on the TOFA retention rate in a cohort of RA patients followed for a long period of time. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study of RA subjects treated with TOFA as monotherapy or in combination with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) was conducted in 23 Italian tertiary rheumatology centers. The study considered a treatment period of up to 48 months for all included patients. The TOFA retention rate was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) for TOFA discontinuation were obtained using Cox regression analysis. Results: We enrolled a total of 213 patients. Data analysis revealed that the TOFA retention rate was 86.5% (95% CI: 81.8-91.5%) at month 12, 78.8% (95% CI: 78.8-85.2%) at month 24, 63.8% (95% CI: 55.1-73.8%) at month 36, and 59.9% (95% CI: 55.1-73.8%) at month 48 after starting treatment. None of the factors analyzed, including the number of previous treatments received, disease activity or duration, presence of rheumatoid factor and/or anti-citrullinated protein antibody, and presence of comorbidities, were predictive of the TOFA retention rate. Safety data were comparable to those reported in the registration studies. Conclusions: TOFA demonstrated a long retention rate in RA in a real-world setting. This result, together with the safety data obtained, underscores that TOFA is a viable alternative for patients who have failed treatment with csDMARD and/or biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs). Further large, long-term observational studies are urgently needed to confirm these results.

Forty-Eight-Month Monitoring of Disease Activity in Patients with Long-Standing Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with TNF-α Inhibitors: Time for Clinical Outcome Prediction and Biosimilar vs Biologic Originator Performance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Long-term treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors leads to initial changes in disease activity that can predict a late treatment response. This observational and retrospective study aimed to determine when it is possible to foresee the response to therapy in the case of long-standing rheumatoid arthritis comparing also the efficacy of the original biologics with their biosimilars. METHODS: A total of 1598 patients were recruited and treated with the original biologics, adalimumab and etanercept, or with biosimilars. Patients were monitored over a period of 48 months and disease activity scores (28-Joint Disease Activity Score, Simplified Disease Activity Index, and Clinical Disease Activity Index) were measured every 6 months. RESULTS: No differences in disease activity levels were observed in etanercept versus biosimilars (GP2015/SB4) and adalimumab versus biosimilar (GP2017) patient groups. All scores significantly decreased in all treatments during the first 18 months of therapy, and after 24 months reached a minimum that lasted up to 48 months. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that biosimilars of adalimumab and etanercept have equivalent effectiveness over a long period of time compared to their originator drugs, and also that the levels of disease activity after 6 months of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (originator drugs and biosimilars) might predict the response to therapy at 4 years in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis.

Real life use of prostacyclin analog (iloprost), a multi-centric survey data from the Scleroderma study group Emilia Romagna (Sclero-RER) and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Iloprost is recommend worldwide for the treatment of RP and the healing of DUs. The aim of this study is to report the regimens of Iloprost administered in different rheumatological centers within the same regional Health System Methods: A questionnaire exploring different items related to the use of Iloprost was developed and reviewed by three expert rheumatologists. The questionnaire was distributed as an online survey to all local SSc referral centers in Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Data are reported as percentage or median with interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate. An updated review of world literature on this topic was also carried out. RESULTS: All the invited centers completed the survey. There were both local (8) and university hospitals (4). The majority (58%) had a rheumatologist as head physician. All centers used Iloprost: a single monthly administration was the most common treatment (75%). The cycle lasted 1 [IQR 1-2] days with a 0.5-2.0 ng/Kg/min dose according to the drug tolerance of the patients. There were overall 68 spots (beds, reclining armchair, or simple armchair); 2.0 [1.5-4.0] patients were able to receive Iloprost at the same time. University Hospitals had more physicians at their disposal than local hospitals but less paramedic personnel (respectively: 1.8 vs 1.2 physicians, 1.5 vs 2.1 nurses). CONCLUSIONS: These observations were in line with the majority of previous studies reporting different regimens, comparing similar (but not identical) dose and schedule administration, however, despite differences being at times substantial, no standard infusion method is yet available.

Predictors of DAPSA Response in Psoriatic Arthritis Patients Treated with Apremilast in a Retrospective Observational Multi-Centric Study.

BACKGROUND: To date, only a few real-world-setting studies evaluated apremilast effectiveness in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The aims of this retrospective observational study are to report long-term Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) response of apremilast in PsA patients and to analyze the predictors of clinical response. METHODS: All PsA consecutive patients treated with apremilast in fifteen Italian rheumatological referral centers were enrolled. Anamnestic data, treatment history, and PsA disease activity (DAPSA) at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months were recorded. The Mann-Whitney test and chi-squared tests assessed the differences between independent groups, whereas the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test assessed the differences between dependent samples. Logistic regressions verified if there were factors associated with achievement of DAPSA low disease activity or remission at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: DAPSA low disease activity or remission rates at 6 and 12 months were observed, respectively, in 42.7% (n = 125) and 54.9% (n = 161) patients. Baseline DAPSA was inversely associated with the odds of achieving low disease activity or remission at 6 months (odds ratio (OR) 0.841, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.804-0.879; p < 0.01) and at 12 months (OR 0.911, 95% CI 0.883-0.939; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the PsA patients receiving apremilast achieved DAPSA low disease activity or remission at 6 and 12 months. The only factor associated with achievement of low disease activity or remission at both 6 and 12 months was baseline DAPSA.

Therapeutic Effects of Apremilast on Enthesitis and Dactylitis in Real Clinical Setting: An Italian Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Enthesitis and dactylitis are difficult-to-treat features of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), leading to disability and affecting quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate enthesitis (using the Leed enthesitis index (LEI)) and dactylitis at 6 and 12 months in patients treated with apremilast. METHODS: Patients affected by PsA from fifteen Italian rheumatological referral centers were screened. The inclusion criteria were: (a) enthesitis or dactylitisphenotype; (b) treatment with apremilast 30 mg bid. Clinical and treatment history, including PsA disease activity, were recorded. Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests were used to assess the differences between independent groups, and Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test assessed the differences between dependent samples. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The Eph cohort consisted of 118 patients (median LEI 3); the Dph cohort included 96 patients with a median dactylitis of 1 (IQR 1-2). According to an intention to treat analysis, 25% and 34% of patients with enthesitis achieved remission (i.e., LEI = 0) in T1 and T2. The remission of dactylitis was 47% in T1 and 44% in T2. The per protocol analysis (patients observed for at least 12 months) showed that both dactylitis and LEI significantly improved in T1 (median LEI 1 (IQR 1-3)) and T2 (median LEI 0 (IQR 1-2)). CONCLUSION: Eph and Dph PsA patients treated with apremilast experienced a significant improvement in enthesitis and dactylitis activity. After 1 year, enthesitis and dactylitis remission was achieved in more than one-third of patients.

Apremilast retention rate in clinical practice: observations from an Italian multi-center study.

OBJECTIVE: There are few real-world setting studies focused on apremilast effectiveness (i.e., retention rate) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The main aim of this retrospective observational study is the assessment of apremilast 3-year retention rate in real-world PsA patients. Moreover, the secondary objective is to report the reasons of apremilast discontinuation and the factors related to treatment persistence. METHODS: In fifteen Italian rheumatological referral centers, all PsA consecutive patients who received apremilast were enrolled. Anamnestic data, treatment history, and PsA disease activity (DAPSA) at baseline were recorded. The Kaplan-Meier curve and the Cox analysis computed the apremilast retention rate and treatment persistence-related risk factors. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The 356 enrolled patients (median age 60 [interquartile range IQR 52-67] yrs; male prevalence 42.7%) median observation period was 17 [IQR 7-34] months (7218 patients-months). The apremilast retention rate at 12, 24, and 36 months was, respectively, 85.6%, 73.6%, and 61.8%. The main discontinuation reasons were secondary inefficacy (34% of interruptions), gastro-intestinal intolerance (24%), and primary inefficacy (19%). Age and oligo-articular phenotype were related to treatment persistence (respectively hazard ratio 0.98 IQR 0.96-0.99; p = 0.048 and 0.54 IQR 0.31-0.95; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Almost three-fifths of PsA patients receiving apremilast were still in treatment after 3 years. This study confirmed its effectiveness and safety profile. Apremilast appears as a good treatment choice in all oligo-articular PsA patients and in those ones burdened by relevant comorbidities. Key Points • Apremilast retention rates in this real-life cohort and trials are comparable. • The oligo-articular phenotype is associated with long-lasting treatment (i.e., 3 years). • No different or more prevalent adverse events were observed.

Nicotine-patch therapy on mucocutaneous lesions of Behcet's disease: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: We report the use of nicotine-patch therapy on active mucocutaneous lesions of Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: Five BD ex-smoker patients with refractory active mucocutaneous manifestations were treated with nicotine patches for 6 months. RESULTS: Four out of five patients quickly responded to nicotine-patch therapy and experienced a complete regression of mucocutaneous lesions. Other manifestations of BD did not respond and new manifestations appeared during this treatment. One patient had no benefit from therapy but on restarting smoking it was promptly effective. CONCLUSIONS: Mucocutaneous lesions associated with BD may be modulated by smoking. Both smoking and nicotine-replacement therapy may be efficacious not only on oral aphthae, but also on other mucocutaneous manifestations, whereas the efficacy in the treatment and prevention of other systemic manifestations of BD is not proven. At least in ex-smokers, nicotine in its pure form is well tolerated and its use could be justified in selected cases of BD with predominant and recurrent refractory mucocutaneous manifestations.

Adult-onset Still's disease.

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder characterised by high spiking fever, an evanescent salmon pink rash and arthritis, frequently accompanied by sore throat, myalgias, lymphadenopathies, splenomegaly and neutrophilic leukocytosis. Aetiology is still unknown, however, it seems that an important role is played by various infectious agents, which would act as triggers in genetically predisposed hosts. Diagnosis is a clinical one and may be lengthy because it requires exclusion of infectious neoplasms, including malignant lymphomas and leukaemias, and other autoimmune diseases. Different diagnostic or classification criteria have been proposed, but not definitely accepted. There are no specific laboratory tests for AOSD, but they reflect the systemic inflammation: the ESR is consistently high, while the rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies are negative. High serum ferritin levels associated with a low fraction of its glycosylated component are assessed as useful diagnostic and disease activity markers. The clinical course can be divided into three main patterns with different prognoses: self-limited or monophasic, intermittent or polycyclic systemic and chronic articular pattern. Therapy includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: biological agents have recently been introduced and they seem to be very promising not only for the treatment but also for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease.

Fatal myocarditis in adult-onset Still disease with diffuse intravascular coagulation.

Adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) is a rare condition disease of unknown etiology, characterized by quotidian or double quotidian spiking fever, with an evanescent pink-salmon rash, arthritis and multi-organ involvement. Diagnosis is usually clinical and made after other diseases in the differential diagnosis are excluded. We herein report the case of a patient with a remarkable familial autoimmune background in whom adult Still disease started off with a diffuse intravascular coagulation, probably triggered by a macrophage activation syndrome, followed by an acute interstitial myocarditis, leading to a fatal complete atrioventricular block. This case highlights that AOSD represents a troubling condition and that it may suddenly get worse with life-threatening events.

Elderly-onset gout: a review.

Elderly-onset gout (EOG), defined as a disease with onset at age 65 years or over, shows relevant epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic differences from the typical middle-age form. The main differences are the more frequent subacute/chronic polyarticular onset with hand involvement, the unusual localization of tophi on ostheoarthritis (OA) nodes, the increased female/male ratio and the frequent association with drugs that decrease renal urate excretion (diuretics and low-dose aspirin) and/or with primitive renal impairment. EOG has recently been confirmed as the most common inflammatory arthropathy in older people, with important demographic implications and substantial impact on daily clinical practice. Despite the high prevalence, gout, in the elderly, often remains misdiagnosed or diagnosed late in its clinical course. Even when correctly recognized, its treatment is often difficult or unsatisfactory.

[Autoinflammatory syndromes: inborn errors of natural immunity]. / Le sindromi autoinfiammatorie: errori congeniti dell'immunità innata.

The notion of autoinflammatory diseases delineates a heterogenous group of genetic pathologies characterized by spontaneous periodic systemic inflammation in the absence of infectious or autoimmune causes. The general hypothesis is that the innate immune response in these patients is wrongly tuned, being either too sensitive to minor stimuli or turned off too late. Clinical pictures of these disorders are characterized by high spiking fever associated with involvement of musculo-skeletal system, tegumentary apparatus and serosas. Although inflammatory syndromes are considered rare, they may represent a model in order to unravel some aspects of the innate immune system and of the inflammatory cascade.

[S.A.PH.O. syndrome: a still little known clinical syndrome]. / La sindrome S.A.P.H.O.: una entità clinica ancora poco conosciuta.

S.A.P.H.O. syndrome is characterized by the association, even not simultaneous, of osteoarticular and cutaneous manifestations. This review has the purpose to clear up some features of clinical manifestations and the osteo-articular involvement. Articular mainly feature is the involvement of anterior chest wall, that begins with slow evolving pain. Skin involvement is characterized by acne conglobata and pustolosis palmaris-plantaris. Instrumental investigations that fit better for studying the anterior chest wall, complex region, are bone scintigraphy, computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance, with their domain pattern. Symptomatic therapy are mostly represented by NSAIDs, but still opiate drugs can be prescribed; corticosteroids have variable and unforeseeable efficacy. Bisphosfonates are usually utilized due to their anti-osteoclastic effects. Finally, because of documented incremented production of TNFalpha, TNFalpha blocking agents should be effectively utilized.

Clinical and radiological characteristics of SAPHO syndrome.

The peculiar bone involvement, represented by osteitis, is the common denominator of SAPHO syndrome. Hyperostosis and osteitis are chronic inflammatory reactions involving the cortical and trabecular bone respectively; both are characterised by increased sclerosis. Hyperostosis appears radiologically as chronic endosteal and periosteal thickening with narrowing of the medullary canal, but areas of ostelysis may also be present. Conversely, osteitis appears as increased osteosclerosis involving the trabecular infrastructure of cancellous bone. The occurrence of hyperostosis with little or no osteitis is not uncommon. SAPHO syndrome may have a prolonged course with phases of reacutization and remission; the long-term prognosis is usually fairly good, but sometimes a disabling course may occur. Our experience demonstrated that the majority of patients suffering from SAPHO syndrome experienced a chronic course, requiring continous treatment, whilst in a third of the cases the patients reported multiple remission and exacerbations of the disease with flares lasting till to 8 months. Only in a minority of cases the bone inflammation faded and never recurred. Female sex, peripheral arthritis, ACW involvement, the coexistence of more than one cutaneous symptoms, and high inflammatory indices are correlated with a chronic disease course and involvement of new osteoarticular sites.