Modic Type 1 Vertebral Endplate Changes: Injury, Inflammation, or Infection?

OBJECTIVE: In the 29 years since the initial description of Modic type 1 vertebral endplate changes there has been ongoing debate regarding their cause. Studies have attributed Modic type 1 vertebral endplate changes to traumatic injury to the vertebral endplate, localized action of proinflammatory mediators, and more recently low-grade bacterial infection. Can we reconcile these conflicting data about the underlying cause of Modic type 1 vertebral endplate changes? Are we now in a position to conclude whether Modic type 1 vertebral endplate changes are secondary to injury, inflammation, or infection? CONCLUSION: We argue that the processes are not disparate but are in fact closely linked, each potentially instigating a chain of events leading to the MRI findings of Modic type 1 vertebral endplate change. A method of delineating which process is predominantly at play in an individual patient is required so that tailored treatment options can be offered with huge potential benefit to individuals and society alike.

Transradial versus transfemoral access for anterior circulation mechanical thrombectomy: analysis of 375 consecutive cases.

OBJECTIVE: To compare transradial artery access (TRA) to the gold standard of transfemoral artery access (TFA) in mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for stroke caused by anterior circulation large vessel occlusion. METHODS: The clinical outcomes, procedural speed, angiographic efficacy and safety of both techniques were analysed in 375 consecutive cases over an 18-month period in a high volume statewide neurointerventional service. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in patient characteristics, stroke parameters, imaging techniques or intracranial techniques. The median time elapsed between CT scanning and reperfusion was 96.5 min (IQR 68-123) in the TFA group and 95 min (IQR 68-123) in the TRA group (p=0.456). Of 336 patients who were independent at presentation 58% (124/214) of the TFA group and 67% (82/122) of the TRA group had a modified Rankin score of 0-2 at 90-day follow-up (p=0.093). Cross-over from radial to femoral was 4.6% (4/130) compared with 1.6% cross-over from femoral to radial (4/245), but did not meet the predetermined level of statistical significance (OR 2.92, 95% CI 0.81 to 10.52), p=0.088) and did not impact median procedural speed. Adequate angiographic reperfusion, first pass reperfusion, embolisation to new territory and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage were similar in both groups. There was a significant difference in major access site complications requiring an additional procedure. None of the TRA cases had a major access site complication but 6.5% (16/245) of the TFA cases did (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that using TRA for anterior circulation MT is fast, efficacious, safe and not inferior to the gold standard of TFA.

Transradial intracranial aneurysm treatment via an aberrant right subclavian artery.

We report two cases of successfully treated intracranial saccular aneurysms via transradial access with aberrant right subclavian artery anatomy. Two patients aged 74 and 82 years with anterior communicating artery aneurysms deemed suitable for endovascular treatment and anomalous aortic arch anatomy (aberrant right subclavian artery) underwent successful treatment with transradial access. Transradial access was obtained in both patients, in the first patient, without prior knowledge of the aortic arch anatomy. Aberrant right subclavian artery anatomy was negotiated, and the aneurysms were successfully treated in both cases with intrasaccular flow disrupting devices (WEB-SL).

Dual suction Headway27 microcatheter thrombectomy for the treatment of distal intracranial arterial occlusion strokes: initial experience with the micro-ADAPT technique.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that the proven benefits of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for the treatment of large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes are transferable to more peripheral distal vessel occlusion (DVO) strokes under certain circumstances. Safely accessing and extracting these thrombi however remains challenging, particularly in more tortuous peripheral arteries. For such cases we have utilized the dual suction Headway27 microcatheter thrombectomy, or micro-ADAPT, technique with the aim of reducing potential trauma associated with negotiating stent retrievers or large bore aspiration catheters into the peripheral intracranial vasculature. We present our experience utilizing the micro-ADAPT in the treatment of DVO strokes. We describe our technique as well as present angiographic and clinical outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review of our institution's prospectively collected EVT registry for the 12 months spanning July 2017 to June 2018 was undertaken. Data on all cases of micro-ADAPT EVT were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Micro-ADAPT EVT was performed 14 times over the study period, with a recanalization rate of 79%. DVO strokes in multiple locations were treated, including the A3, M3, P3, and superior cerebellar artery. In cases where an LVO stroke was also present, the mean duration between primary LVO recanalization and secondary DVO micro-ADAPT recanalization was 15.5 min. No complications relating to the micro-ADAPT technique were recorded. No infarcts were present in the territory of the recanalized DVO stroke on day 1 CT in successful micro-ADAPT cases CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of challenging peripheral DVO strokes, the micro-ADAPT technique appears to be a fast and effective technique with a low complication rate.

Transvenous coil embolization with intra-operative cone beam CT assistance in the treatment of hypoglossal canal dural arteriovenous fistulae.

BACKGROUND: Hypoglossal canal dural arteriovenous fistulae (HC-dAVF) are a rare subtype of skull base fistulae involving the anterior condylar confluence or anterior condular vein within the hypoglossal canal. Transvenous coil embolization is a preferred treatment strategy, however delineation of fistula angio-architecture during workup and localization of microcatheter tip during embolization remain challenging on planar DSA. For this reason, our group have utilized intra-operative cone beam CT (CBCT) and selective cone beam CT angiography (sCBCTA) as adjuncts to planar DSA during workup and treatment. The purpose of this article is to present our experience in the treatment of HC-dAVF using transvenous coil embolization (TVCE) with cone beam CT assistance, describing our technique as well as presenting our angiographic and clinical outcomes. METHODS: Ten patients with symptomatic HC-dAVF were treated using TVCE with intra-operative cone beam CT assistance. Prospectively collected data regarding clinical and angiographic results and complication rates was recorded and reviewed. RESULTS: Complication-free fistula occlusion was achieved in our entire patient cohort. The dominant symptom of pulsatile tinnitus resolved in all 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that TVCE with CBCT assistance is a highly effective treatment option for HC-dAVF, achieving complication-free fistula occlusion in our entire patient cohort. We have found low-dose sCBCTA and CBCT to be an extremely useful adjunct to planar DSA imaging during both workup and treatment of these rare fistulae.

Posterior meningeal artery DMSO injection resulting in reproducible asystole prior to Onyx therapy of a dural arteriovenous fistula: a previously undescribed variant of the trigeminocardiac reflex or a new phenomenon?

We describe a case of reproducible asystole during endovascular treatment of a posterior fossa dural arteriovenous fistula. Catheterisation of the posterior meningeal artery, a branch of the vertebral artery in this patient, followed by dimethyl sulfoxide injection prior to Onyx administration resulted in two episodes of asystole.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of asystole occurring during endovascular intervention in the posterior meningeal artery. This may represent a previously undescribed variant of the trigemino-cardiac reflex (TGCR) caused by chemical stimulation of small areas of trigeminally innervated posterior fossa dura. Alternatively, this may represent a newly identified phenomenon with chemical stimulation of regions of posterior fossa dura innervated by branches of the vagus nerve leading to increased parasympathetic activity and resultant asystole.In either case, it is important to recognise the potential for such episodes in this vascular territory to allow case planning and management.

Prevalence and clinical significance of extravascular incidental findings in patients undergoing CT cervico-cerebral angiography.

INTRODUCTION: CT cervico-cerebral angiography (CTCCA) is now the first line diagnostic imaging modality for the majority of vascular pathologies of the head and neck with diagnostic value comparable to or better than traditional angiographic techniques. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, clinical significance and management of extravascular incidental findings detected on CTCCA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the CTCCA reports of 302 consecutive patients from 2009 to 2013 was undertaken. Extravascular incidental findings were classified, according to an adaptation of the CT colonography data and reporting system (CRADS), as EV1-EV4. EV1=no incidental findings, EV2=clinically insignificant incidental finding, EV3=incidental finding of intermediate clinical significance, EV4=highly clinically significant finding. Follow up of the electronic medical records of patients with EV3 or EV4 findings was undertaken to determine subsequent management. RESULTS: Potentially clinically significant findings were demonstrated in 14.2% of patients with 8.6% of patients having a highly clinically significant finding. 4 incidental findings were confirmed to be malignant lesions and 5 required acute intervention. In addition 19% of patients with highly clinically significant incidental findings did not receive appropriate follow up. DISCUSSION: This study has demonstrated the presence of clinically important incidental findings in a significant proportion of patients undergoing CTCCA with a significant minority of these patients not receiving follow up. A standardised method of reporting incidental findings, such as that used in this paper, would aid radiologists and referring physicians in recording and communicating these findings.