Comparison of Visual Evoked Potentials in Patients Affected by Optic Neuritis From Multiple Sclerosis or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

PURPOSE: To compare the visual evoked potentials (VEPs) of optic neuritis (ON) patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and controls. To evaluate correlations between VEP and optical coherence tomography (OCT), contrast sensitivity (CS), and automated perimetry. METHODS: Fifty-five eyes with ON from 29 patients (MS = 14 and NMOSD = 15) and 57 eyes from 29 controls were evaluated using VEP, automated perimetry, CS, and optical coherence tomography. Three groups were analyzed: 1) MS eyes with history of ON (ON-MS), 2) NMOSD eyes with ON (ON-NMOSD), and 3) healthy controls. Groups were compared and associations between the parameters were tested. RESULTS: Compared to controls, ON-MS eyes showed significantly delayed N75 and P100 latencies when using a medium-sized stimulus (30'), and delayed P100 latency when using a large stimulus (1.5°), but similar amplitudes. Compared to controls, ON-NMOSD eyes showed significantly lower N75/P100 amplitudes (both stimulus sizes) and P100/N135 amplitudes (with the 30' stimulus), but latencies did not differ, except for a delayed P100 latency with the 30' stimulus. When comparing the 2 ON groups using the 1.5° stimulus, there was significant delay in P100 latency in ON-MS eyes and a reduction in N75/P100 amplitude in ON-NMOSD eyes. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, macular inner retinal layers, and CS measurements were significantly smaller in ON patients than in controls. A strong correlation was found between VEP parameters and inner retinal layer thickness in ON-NMOSD eyes. CONCLUSIONS: ON-MS eyes had normal amplitude and delayed VEP latency, whereas ON-NMOSD eyes displayed reduced amplitude and preserved latency when elicited by checkerboard stimulus with large 1.5° checks. Under such conditions, VEP may help distinguish resolved MS-related ON from resolved NMOSD-related ON.

Acute visual loss and optic disc edema followed by optic atrophy in two cases with deeply buried optic disc drusen: a mimicker of atypical optic neuritis.

BACKGROUND: Sudden visual loss and optic disc edema caused by optic neuritis (ON) is usually followed by significant visual recovery. However, little or no recovery occurs when the loss is caused by atypical ON, especially in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Optic disc drusen (ODD) is a cause of pseudo optic disc edema and may be a predisposing factor for non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), thereby mimicking atypical ON. In such cases, if globular concretions are seen protruding from the disc substance, ODD may be suspected. The purpose of this paper is to describe two patients with acute visual loss followed by optic disc atrophy initially labeled as atypical ON. Though not suspected on clinical examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed deeply buried ODD as a predisposing factor for NAION. CASE PRESENTATIONS: Case 1: A 48-year-old woman had bilateral sequential visual loss associated with optic disc edema. Despite treatment, vision did not improve and severe disc pallor ensued. Atypical ON was suspected. Eventually, she was started on immunosuppressant therapy based on a tentative diagnosis of NMO-spectrum disorder. On examination 5 years later, only severe optic disc pallor was observed, but OCT radial B-scans showed ovoid hyporeflective areas in the retrolaminar region of both eyes, compatible with ODD; this led to a diagnosis of NAION and deeply buried ODD. Case 2. A 35-year-old woman with suspicion of ON in the left eye and a history of previous atypical ON in the right eye was referred for neuro-ophthalmic examination which revealed diffuse optic disc pallor and a dense arcuate visual field defect in the right eye. OCT B-scans passing through the disc showed large ovoid areas of reduced reflectivity in the retrolaminar region of the optic disc in the right eye. These findings helped confirm the diagnosis of NAION in one eye, with deeply buried ODD as predisposing factor. CONCLUSIONS: Deeply buried ODD may be associated with NAION causing irreversible visual loss and optic disc pallor, a condition easily mistaken for atypical ON. Awareness of such occurrence is important to avoid unnecessary testing and minimize the risk of mismanagement.

Homonymous Hemianopic Hyporeflective Retinal Abnormality on Infrared Confocal Scanning Laser Photography: A Novel Sign of Optic Tract Lesion.

Infrared confocal scanning laser photography of a patient with long-standing optic tract lesion revealed a homonymous hemianopic hyporeflective image contralateral to the visual field defect. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed thinning of the retinal nerve fiber and retinal ganglion cell layer and thickening of the inner nuclear layer (with microcystic degeneration) in the macular area, matching the infrared image. Hyporeflective image on infrared laser photography is associated with retinal degeneration secondary to anterior visual pathway disease and, when located in homonymous hemianopic retinas, may represent a new sign of an optic tract lesion.

Discrimination ability of central visual field testing using stimulus size I, II, and III and relationship between VF findings and macular ganglion cell thickness in chiasmal compression.

PURPOSE: To compare the relationship between macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL) thickness and 10-2 visual field (VF) sensitivity using different stimulus sizes in patients with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 30 eyes from 25 patients with temporal VF loss on 24-2 SITA standard automated perimetry due to previous chiasmal compression and 30 healthy eyes (23 controls). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macular area and 10-2 VF testing using Goldmann stimulus size I (GI), II (GII), and III (GIII) were performed in the Octopus 900 perimeter. For the sake of analysis, mGCL thickness and VF data were segregated into four quadrants (two temporal and two nasal) and two halves (temporal and nasal) centered on the fovea, in order to evaluate separately both the severely affected nasal hemi-retina corresponding to the temporal VF sectors and the subclinically affected temporal hemi-retina corresponding to the nasal VF sectors. Data from patients and controls were compared using generalized estimated equations. The discrimination ability of GI, GII, and GIII was evaluated, as was the correlation between mGCL and 10-2 VF sensitivity using GI, GII, and GIII. RESULTS: All mGCL parameters in the nasal and temporal halves of the retina were significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. 10-2 VF test sensitivity using GI, GII, and GIII was significantly lower in patients than in controls (p≤0.008) for all parameters, except the three nasal divisions when using GI (p = 0.41, 0.07 and 0.18) Significant correlations were found between temporal VF sectors (all stimulus sizes) and the corresponding nasal mGCL measurements, with similar discrimination ability. Significant correlations were also observed between all three nasal VF divisions and the corresponding temporal mGCL thickness when using stimulus sizes I and II, but not stimulus size III. CONCLUSIONS: On 10-2 VF testing, GII outperformed GI and GIII with regard to discrimination ability and structure-function correlation with mGCL thickness in the subclinically affected nasal part of the VF in patients with chiasmal compression. Our findings suggest that the use of GII can enhance the diagnostic power of 10-2 VF testing in early cases of chiasmal compression, although further studies are necessary to support this conclusion.

Correlation between multifocal pattern electroretinography and Fourier-domain OCT in eyes with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between multifocal pattern electroretinography (mfPERG) and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) with regard to macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in eyes with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression. METHODS: Twenty-five eyes from 25 patients with permanent temporal visual field defects from chiasmal compression and 25 healthy eyes were submitted to mfPERG using a stimulus pattern of 19 rectangles, standard automated perimetry and FD-OCT measurements. The mfPERG response was determined for groups of three rectangles for the nasal and temporal hemifields and for each quadrant. Macular thickness measurements were registered according to an overlaid OCT-generated checkerboard with 36 checks and averaged for the central area, and for each scanned quadrant and hemifield. RNFL thickness was determined for all twelve 30-degree segments around the disc, and averaged for the segments corresponding to the 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 o'clock position. Correlations were verified with Pearson's correlation coefficients and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Both mfPERG amplitudes and OCT measurements were significantly smaller in eyes with temporal visual field defects than in normals. A significant and strong correlation was found between most mfPERG and macular or RNFL thickness OCT parameters. CONCLUSIONS: mfPERG amplitudes and OCT measurements are significantly correlated in patients with chiasmal compression. Both technologies can quantify neuronal loss and, if used in combination, may help clarify structure-function relationships in this patient population.

ACUTE MACULAR NEURORETINOPATHY AS THE PRESENTING MANIFESTATION OF COVID-19 INFECTION.

PURPOSE: To describe a case of sudden visual loss from acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) as the presenting manifestation of active COVID-19 infection. CASE REPORT: During the quarantine period of the COVID-19 pandemic, a 70-year-old man presented with a 1-day history of a paracentral scotoma of the left eye associated with diaphoresis. Four days later, the patient developed fever (38°C) followed by cough. Oral and nasal swab PCR testing was positive for COVID-19. Visual acuity in the day of presentation was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye. Multimodal retinal imaging was unremarkable in the right eye, but cross-sectional optical coherence tomography displayed focal hyperreflectivity at the level of the outer nuclear layer associated with disruption of the ellipsoid zone. The corresponding en face optical coherence tomography revealed an inferonasal hyperreflective parafoveal lesion. At 1 month of follow-up, tracked optical coherence tomography of the macula showed resolution of the hyperreflective signal, thinning of the outer nuclear layer, and near-complete recovery of ellipsoid zone integrity. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 may rarely present with signs and symptoms of ocular disease. This case report describes a case of sudden visual loss caused by acute macular neuroretinopathy as the presenting manifestation of active COVID-19 infection.

Bruch Membrane Opening Minimum Rim Width and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Helps Differentiate Compressive Optic Neuropathy From Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To compare optical coherence tomography-measured Bruch membrane opening minimum rim width (MRW), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) measurements, and MRW:pRNFL ratios in eyes with compressive optic neuropathy (CON) and glaucoma and controls, and evaluate the ability of these parameters to differentiate CON from glaucoma. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS: Setting: Single-center tertiary hospital and outpatient clinic. PATIENT POPULATION: One hundred fifteen eyes of 77 participants, 34 with CON from chiasmal lesions, 21 with glaucoma, and 22 healthy controls. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES: Optical coherence tomography-measured MRW, pRNFL, and MRW:pRNFL ratios for each optic disc sector and global average. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: MRW, pRNFL, and MRW:pRNFL ratios compared using generalized estimated equations. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated. RESULTS: MRW and pRNFL measurements were significantly reduced in CON and glaucoma compared with controls. In glaucoma, MRW was thinner than in CON in the global, inferotemporal, superonasal, inferonasal, and vertical average measurements, but a significant overlap was observed in many parameters. MRW:pRNFL ratios increased the ability to discriminate between CON and glaucoma, as shown by the high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, high positive likelihood ratios, and low negative likelihood ratios, especially in the nasal disc sector and the nasal and temporal average. CONCLUSIONS: MRW measurements alone cannot reliably distinguish CON from glaucoma, but the combination of MRW, pRNFL, and MRW:pRNFL ratios significantly improves accuracy. When comparing the 2 conditions, MRW:pRNFL ratios yielded higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and positive and negative likelihood ratios, suggesting this parameter may be helpful in clinical practice.

Spontaneous closure of degenerative lamellar macular hole with epiretinal membrane proliferation.

BACKGROUND: To describe the spontaneous closure of a degenerative lamellar macular hole with epiretinal proliferation (LHEP) as documented with tracked spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-years-old diabetic female patient presented with progressive vision loss in the left eye. SD-OCT illustrated LHEP associated with cystic fluid in the outer nuclear layer. Sequentially tracked SD-OCT showed progressive closure of the degenerative lamellar macular hole and resolution of the CME over almost 4 years, in the absence of any surgical intervention. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: LHEP may represent a specialized form of degenerative epiretinal membrane associated with Muller cell activation. Spontaneous degenerative LMH closure may rarely occur with these lesion types, in the absence of surgical intervention, possibly due to Muller cell proliferation preceded by PVD.

Diagnostic ability of confocal near-infrared reflectance fundus imaging to detect retrograde microcystic maculopathy from chiasm compression. A comparative study with OCT findings.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of confocal near-infrared reflectance (NIR) to diagnose retrograde microcystic maculopathy (RMM) in eyes with temporal visual field (VF) loss and optic atrophy from chiasmal compression. To compare NIR findings with optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in the same group of patients. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes (26 patients) with temporal VF loss from chiasmal compression and 41 healthy eyes (22 controls) underwent NIR fundus photography, and macular OCT scanning. VF loss was estimated and retinal layers thickness were measured on OCT. Two examiners blinded to the diagnosis randomly examined NIR images for the presence of hyporeflective abnormality (HA) and OCT scans for the presence of microcystic macular abnormalities (MMA). The total average and hemi-macular HA area and number of microcysts were determined. The groups were compared and the level of agreement was estimated. RESULTS: The OCT-measured macular retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers were thinner and the inner nuclear layer was thicker in patients compared to controls. HA and MMA were detected in 22 and 12 patient eyes, respectively, and in 0 controls (p<0.001, both comparisons). HA was significantly more frequent than MMA in patients with optic atrophy, and agreement between HA and MMA (both total and hemi-macular) was fair (kappa range: 0.24-0.29). The mean HA area was significantly greater in the nasal than temporal hemi-macula. A re-analysis of the 14 eyes with discrepant findings allowed to confirm RMM in 20 eyes (20/34) indicating that OCT detected RMM in 12 and missed it in 8 eyes. On the other hand, NIR correctly detected 18 out of 20 eyes, overcalled 4 and missed 2. CONCLUSIONS: RMM is a frequent finding in eyes with severe VF loss from long-standing chiasmal compression. NIR photography appears to be more sensitive than OCT for detecting RMM and may be useful as screening method for its presence.

Spontaneous macular hole closure after posterior vitreous detachment in an eye with hyperreflective OCT stress line.

PURPOSE: The aim of this report is to describe a patient who presented with a central hyper-reflective line (HRL) with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) after posterior vitreous detachment that evolved to full thickness macular hole (FTMH) with subsequent spontaneous resolution. OBSERVATIONS: A 59-year-old patient presented with a history of photopsia and floaters followed by the development of a central scotoma in the right eye (OD). The left eye (OS) was normal. On examination, visual acuity (VA) was 20/20- OD and 20/20 OS. Retinal examination OD was remarkable for a retinal tear, and SD-OCT demonstrated a central HRL. The patient underwent laser retinopexy to barricade the retinal tear. Sequential SD-OCT of the macula was performed and the patient eventually developed a small FTMH 8 months after the baseline presentation. VA was correspondingly reduced to 20/80 OD. Upon return after 4 months, the hole was completely resolved with improvement of VA to 20/20 OD. CONCLUSION: Vitreomacular traction (VMT) may lead to foveal dehiscence. This instability can be detected with SD-OCT as a vertical hyperreflective stress line that is a risk factor for progression to a FTMH. With release of VMT, FTMH can spontaneously close.

Circumpapillary and macular vessel density assessment by optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression. Correlation with retinal neural and visual field loss.

AIMS: To compare the circumpapillary and macular vessel density (cpVD/mVD) of eyes with temporal visual field (VF) defect and band atrophy (BA) of the optic nerve and normal controls using OCTA and to verify the association of VD parameters with circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (cpRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) thickness and VF loss. METHODS: Thirty-three eyes of 26 patients with BA and 42 eyes of 22 age-matched normal controls underwent OCT + OCTA scanning. cpVD and cpRNFL were expressed as average and sector measurements. mVD and mGCC were calculated as averages and in quadrants and hemiretinas. VF loss was estimated using the 24-2 and the 10-2 protocols. Generalized estimated equation models were used for comparisons and area under the receiver operating characteristics (AROC) were calculated. RESULTS: Compared with controls, BA eyes displayed smaller average cpVD and mVD values (p < 0.001 and AROC = 0.91 for both). Sectorial measurements were also reduced, especially the nasotemporal sector average cpVD (p < 0.001 and AROC = 0.96) and the nasal retina mVD measurements (p < 0.001 and AROC = 0.93). cpVD and mVD correlated strongly with corresponding cpRNFL and mGCC thickness measurements in affected regions (r range: 0.67-0.78 and 0.56-0.76, respectively). Similarly, cpVD and mVD parameters correlated significantly with corresponding VF loss (r range: 0.45-0.68). CONCLUSIONS: cpVD and mVD are significantly reduced in BA eyes compared with controls and are strongly correlated with retinal neural and VF loss. cpVD and mVD reduction on OCTA could serve as a surrogate for retinal neural loss in compressive optic neuropathy and might be useful in its management.

Correlation between cognitive impairment and retinal neural loss assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

INTRODUCTION: We compared peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness measurements in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and control subjects using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). We also assessed the relationship between SS-OCT measurements and the severity of cognitive impairment. METHODS: Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness were measured in 23 patients and 24 control subjects using SS-OCT. Cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Pfeffer Questionnaire. RESULTS: Most inner retinal layer thickness parameters were significantly smaller in patients with MCI, especially macular ganglion cell complex thickness measurements. Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment findings were significantly correlated with most macular thickness parameters. DISCUSSION: The SS-OCT-measured inner retinal layers of patients with MCI displayed thinning, especially in the central macular area. SS-OCT technology can provide useful information on ocular involvement patterns and holds promise as an ocular biomarker in this patient population.

Multifocal Visual Evoked Potential in Eyes With Temporal Hemianopia From Chiasmal Compression: Correlation With Standard Automated Perimetry and OCT Findings.

Purpose: To verify whether multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) can differentiate eyes with temporal hemianopia due to chiasmal compression from healthy controls. To assess the relationship between mfVEP, standard automated perimetry (SAP), and Fourier domain-optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements. Methods: Twenty-seven eyes with permanent temporal visual field (VF) defects from chiasmal compression on SAP and 43 eyes of healthy controls were submitted to mfVEP and FD-OCT scanning. Multifocal visual evoked potential was elicited using a stimulus pattern of 60 sectors and the responses were averaged for the four quadrants and two hemifields. Optical coherence tomography macular measurements were averaged in quadrants and halves, while peripapillary RNFL thickness was averaged in four sectors around the disc. Visual field loss was estimated in four quadrants and each half of the 24-2 strategy test points. Multifocal visual evoked potential measurements in the two groups were compared using generalized estimated equations, and the correlations between mfVEP, VF, and OCT findings were quantified. Results: Multifocal visual evoked potential-measured temporal P1 and N2 amplitudes were significantly smaller in patients than in controls. No significant difference in amplitude was observed for nasal parameters. A significant correlation was found between mfVEP amplitudes and temporal VF loss, and between mfVEP amplitudes and the corresponding OCT-measured macular and RNFL thickness parameters. Conclusions: Multifocal visual evoked potential amplitude parameters were able to differentiate eyes with temporal hemianopia from controls and were significantly correlated with VF and OCT findings, suggesting mfVEP is a useful tool for the detection of visual abnormalities in patients with chiasmal compression.

Morphological and Functional Inner and Outer Retinal Layer Abnormalities in Eyes with Permanent Temporal Hemianopia from Chiasmal Compression.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to compare optical coherence tomography (OCT)-measured macular retinal layers in eyes with permanent temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression and control eyes; to compare regular and slow-flash multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in patients and controls; and to assess the correlation between OCT, mfERG, and central visual field (SAP) data. METHODS: Forty-three eyes of 30 patients with permanent temporal hemianopia due to pituitary tumors who were previously submitted to chiasm decompression and 37 healthy eyes of 19 controls were submitted to macular spectral domain OCT, mfERG, and 10-2 SAP testing. After segmentation, the thickness of the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer, and photoreceptor layer (PRL) was measured. Amplitudes and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were measured on regular and slow-flash mfERG, respectively, and expressed as the mean values per quadrant and hemifield. RESULTS: RNFL, GCL, and IPL thickness measurements were significantly reduced in all quadrants, whereas INL, OPL, and PRL thicknesses were significantly increased in the nasal quadrants in patients compared to those in controls. Significant correlations between OCT and 10-2 SAP measurements were positive for the RNFL, GCL, and IPL and negative for the INL, OPL, and PRL. OPs and mfERG N1 amplitudes were significantly reduced in the nasal hemiretina of patients. Significant correlations were found between OP and mfERG amplitudes for inner and outer nasal hemiretina OCT measurements, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with permanent temporal hemianopia from previously treated chiasmal compression demonstrated significant thinning of the RNFL, GCL, IPL, and thickening of the INL, OPL, and PRL associated with reduced OP and mfERG N1 amplitudes, suggesting that axonal injury to the inner retina leads to secondary damage to the outer retina in this condition.

Relationship Between Pattern Electroretinogram, Frequency-Domain OCT, and Automated Perimetry in Chronic Papilledema From Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the ability of transient pattern electroretinogram (PERG) parameters to differentiate between eyes with visual field (VF) loss and resolved papilledema from pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTC) and controls, to compare PERG and optical coherence tomography (OCT) with regard to discrimination ability, and to assess the correlation between PERG, frequency domain OCT (FD-OCT), and VF measurements. METHODS: The VFs and full-field stimulation PERGs based on 48 and 14-min checks were obtained from patients with PTC (n = 24, 38 eyes) and controls (n = 26, 34 eyes). In addition, FD-OCT peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and segmented macular layer measurements were obtained and correlation coefficients were determined. RESULTS: Compared to controls, PERG N95 and P50+N95 amplitude measurements with 48-minute checks were significantly reduced in eyes with resolved papilledema from PTC. Both PERG N95 amplitude and OCT parameters were able to discriminate papilledema eyes from controls with a similar performance. Significant correlations, ranging from 0.25 (P < 0.05) to 0.43 (P < 0.01) were found between PERG amplitude values and OCT-measured macular ganglion cell layer thickness, RNFL thickness, and total retinal thickness. The PERG amplitude also was significantly associated with VF sensitivity loss with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.24 (P < 0.05) and 0.35 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The PERG measurements were able to detect neural loss in PTC eyes with resolved papilledema and were reasonably well correlated with OCT measurements and VF parameters. Thus, PERG may be a useful tool in the monitoring of retinal neural loss in eyes with active papilledema from PTC.

Predictive factors for the development of visual loss in patients with pituitary macroadenomas and for visual recovery after optic pathway decompression.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical and MRI findings that are predictive of both visual loss in patients with pituitary adenomas and visual recovery after treatment. DESIGN: Cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty patients (60 eyes) with pituitary adenoma. METHODS: Patients underwent neuro-ophthalmic examination and MRI before and after optic chiasm decompression. Visual field (VF) was assessed using the mean deviation in standard automated perimetry (SAP) and temporal mean defect, the average of 22 temporal values of the total deviation plot. Tumour size was measured on sagittal and coronal cuts. RESULTS: Visual loss was found in 47 eyes; 35 had optic atrophy (subtle in 9, moderate in 14, and severe in 12). Before treatment, the average SAP mean deviation and temporal mean defect were -11.78 (SD 8.56) dB and -18.66 (SD 11.20) dB, respectively. The chiasm was 17.3 (SD 6.2, range 10-34) mm above the reference line on the sagittal and 21.8 (SD 8.3, range 12-39) mm on the coronal images. Tumour size correlated with the severity of VF defect. VF improvement occurred in 80% of eyes after treatment. The degree of optic atrophy, visual loss, and tumour size were significantly associated with improvement after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The best predictive factor for visual loss was tumour size, and factors related to visual recovery were the degree of optic atrophy, the severity of VF defect, and the tumour size. Diagnosing pituitary adenomas before optic atrophy becomes severe may be related to a better prognosis in such patients.

Relationship between optical coherence tomography, pattern electroretinogram and automated perimetry in eyes with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between pattern electroretinogram (PERG) amplitude, macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual field (VF) loss on standard automated perimetry (SAP) in eyes with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression. METHODS: Forty-one eyes from 41 patients with permanent temporal VF defects from chiasmal compression and 41 healthy subjects underwent transient full-field and hemifield (temporal or nasal) stimulation PERG, SAP and time domain-OCT macular and RNFL thickness measurements. Comparisons were made using Student's t-test. Deviation from normal VF sensitivity for the central 18 degrees of VF was expressed in 1/Lambert units. Correlations between measurements were verified by linear regression analysis. RESULTS: PERG and OCT measurements were significantly lower in eyes with temporal hemianopia than in normal eyes. A significant correlation was found between VF sensitivity loss and full-field or nasal, but not temporal, hemifield PERG amplitude. Likewise a significant correlation was found between VF sensitivity loss and most OCT parameters. No significant correlation was observed between OCT and PERG parameters, except for nasal hemifield amplitude. A significant correlation was observed between several macular and RNFL thickness parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with chiasmal compression, PERG amplitude and OCT thickness measurements were significant related to VF loss, but not to each other. OCT and PERG quantify neuronal loss differently, but both technologies are useful in understanding structure-function relationship in patients with chiasmal compression. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00553761).

Comparison of Fourier-domain and time-domain optical coherence tomography in the detection of band atrophy of the optic nerve.

PURPOSE: To compare the ability of Fourier-domain (FD) optical coherence tomography (3D OCT-1000; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) and time-domain (TD) OCT (Stratus; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, California, USA) to detect axonal loss in eyes with band atrophy (BA) of the optic nerve. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Thirty-six eyes from 36 patients with BA and temporal visual field (VF) defect from chiasmal compression and 36 normal eyes were studied. Subjects were submitted to standard automated perimetry and macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements were taken using 3D OCT-1000 and Stratus OCT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for each parameter. Spearman correlation coefficients were obtained to evaluate the relationship between RNFL and macular thickness parameters and severity of VF loss. Measurements from the two devices were compared. RESULTS: Regardless of OCT device, all RNFL and macular thickness parameters were significantly lower in eyes with BA compared with normal eyes, but no statistically significant difference was found with regard to the area under the ROC curve. Structure-function relationships were also similar for the two devices. In both groups, RNFL and macular thickness measurements were generally and in some cases significantly smaller with 3D OCT-1000 than with Stratus OCT. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of FD technology did not lead to better discrimination ability for detecting BA of the optic nerve compared with TD technology when using the software currently provided by the manufacturer. 3D OCT-1000 FD OCT RNFL and macular measurements were generally smaller than TD Stratus OCT measurements. Investigators should be aware of this fact when comparing measurements obtained with these two devices.

Pattern electroretinograms for the detection of neural loss in patients with permanent temporal visual field defect from chiasmal compression.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of full-field and hemifield pattern electroretinogram (PERG) parameters to differentiate between healthy eyes and eyes with band atrophy (BA) of the optic nerve. METHODS: Twenty-six eyes from 26 consecutive patients with permanent temporal hemianopic visual field defects and BA of the optic nerve from previous chiasmal compression and 26 healthy subjects were studied prospectively. All patients were submitted to an ophthalmic examination including Humphrey 24-2 SITA Standard automated perimetry. Full-field and hemifield (nasal and temporal) stimulation transient pattern electroretinograms (PERG) were recorded using checkerboard screens. Amplitudes and peak times for the P50 and N95 as well as the overall P50+N95 amplitude were measured. The intraocular N95:P50 amplitude ratio was calculated. Comparisons were made using Student's t-test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to describe the ability of PERG parameters to discriminate the groups. RESULTS: Full-field P50, N95, and P50+N95 amplitude values were significantly smaller in eyes with BA than in control eyes (P < 0.001). Nasal and temporal hemifield PERG studies revealed significant differences in N95 and P50+N95 amplitudes measurements. No significant difference was observed regarding peak times or N95:P50 amplitude ratios. Nasal and temporal hemifield PERG values did not differ significantly in eyes with BA or in controls. Using the 10th percentile of normals as the lower limit of normal, 16 of 26 eyes were considered abnormal according to the best discriminating parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Transient PERG amplitude measurements were efficient at differentiating eyes with BA and permanent visual field defects from normal controls. Hemifield stimulation PERG parameters were unable to detect asymmetric hemifield neural loss, but further studies are required to clarify this issue.

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit.

PURPOSE: To describe a patient with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit, review clinical and imaging findings, and refine the differential diagnosis from other tumors of the orbit. METHODS: Interventional case report and literature review. RESULTS: A 21-year-old woman with a 6-month history of progressive proptosis presented with left-sided visual loss of recent onset. CT revealed a clearly outlined heterogeneous mass with calcified foci, whereas MRI showed an isointense signal to gray matter on T1- and T2-weighted images. The patient was diagnosed with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit only after orbitotomy and subsequent histopathologic study. After surgery, she received adjuvant therapy with irradiation of the orbit. CONCLUSIONS: Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of the orbit capable of mimicking several other lesions. Early diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion, particularly with regard to internally calcified lesions. The treatment of choice is complete surgical resection, or, when the tumor is not resectable or residual mass is present after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Prognosis for patients with orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is tentative at best, in part because of the rarity of the lesion.