Mercury Contamination as an Indicator of Fish Species' Trophic Position in the Middle Araguaia River, Brazil.

This study evaluates the use of mercury (Hg) concentrations in fish muscle tissue to determine a species' trophic position (TP) in its environment. A campaign conducted in 2019 along 375 km in the middle Araguaia River basin, Brazil, resulted in 239 organisms from 20 species collected. The highest total mercury (THg) concentrations were found in Pellonacastelnaeana (6.93 µg·g-1, wet weight) and in Triportheus elongatus (3.18 µg·g-1, wet weight), whose TPs were different according to the FishBase database. However, they occupied the same trophic level in this study. The intra-specific comparison showed a difference in Hg concentrations between individuals captured in distinct sites. The study of the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) showed that spatiality interferes with a species' TP. Statistical analyses revealed that when we used a predicted species' TP based on each individual's size, it explained 72% of the variability in THg concentration across all fish species. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that standard length and FishBase values are positively associated with THg (R2 = 0.943). These results point to Hg as a viable indicator of a fish species' TP since it reflects regional, biological, and environmental factors, as demonstrated here for the middle Araguaia River.

Maternal fish consumption in the nutrition transition of the Amazon Basin: growth of exclusively breastfed infants during the first 5 years.

BACKGROUND: Changes in fish-eating habits due to rapid urbanization in Western Amazon was used as model to investigate whether maternal fish-intake rate impacts on children's weight and height during the first 5 years. AIM: The study examined the growth of 82 breastfed children, and maternal fish consumption (hair mercury concentrations, HHg) during pregnancy and lactation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fish consumption in mothers and children was estimated through HHg. The children were measured and weighed at birth and at 6 (exclusive breastfeeding), 36 and 60 months. RESULTS: Fish consumption rate (HHg) had no significant impact on children's growth at the specified ages (p = 0.35). After 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding, children had the highest proportion of Z-scores <-1 SD; however, weaning (with extended breastfeeding) had a substantial impact in moving up the attained growth at 3 years. The duration of breastfeeding was significantly correlated with attained Z-scores for weight-for-age (r = 0.26; p = 0.02) and weight-for-height (r = 0.22; p = 0.04) but not for height-for-age. At 3 years most children had improved Z-scores (>-1 SD) for height-for-age (70/82), weight-for-age (74/82) and weight-for-height (74/82). At 5 years, all but one child attained Z-scores >-1. CONCLUSION: The apparently good nutritional status of subjects is more likely due to a well balanced diet composition than to only one dietary protein source--fish.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and Hepatic Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer: Update on Biomarker for Clinical and Biotechnological Approaches.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is a recommended prognostic marker in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) for tumor diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy. High CEA levels are specifically associated with CRC progression and increased levels of the marker are expected to fall following surgical treatment. Due to its role in CRC, CEA has also been explored as a target for cancer therapy and diagnosis approaches. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this work is to highlight the role of CEA in CRC progression and liver metastasis as well as its potential as a biomarker for clinical and biotechnological approaches. METHOD: A literature search of electronic medical and patent databases Pubmed, Scopus, and Science Direct, Google patents, Esp@cenet and United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), was performed. Information was collected in recent publications, including 81 articles besides 13 patents related to different CEA targeting biotechnological approaches for CRC therapy and diagnosis. RESULTS: CEA enhances CRC metastatic potential through many ways. CEA protects metastatic cells from death, changes the microenvironment of sinusoids, promoting the expression of adhesion molecule and malignant cell survival, besides being considered a proangiogenic molecule. Furthermore CEA has also been evaluated as a target in drug delivery systems, photodynamic therapy, radioimmunotherapy, cancer imaging and nanotechnological devices, leading to many patents concerning to development of anti-CEA antibodies or their fragments with potential to target colorectal cancer and liver metastasis cells. CONCLUSION: CEA is already clinically used to monitor CRC patients, and it is a very promising targeting biomarker for multiple biotechnological applications. As far as we know this is the first report on CEA that addresses patents database.

Prevalence of congenital malformations from 2015 up to 2019, in Rondônia (RO), Amazon, Brazil / Prevalência de malformações congênitas entre 2015 e 2019 em Rondônia (RO), Amazônia, Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to determine and characterize the prevalence of congenital malformations among live births in Rondônia, from 2015 to 2019. Methods: an ecological study was conducted using publicly available data at Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos collected in January 2021. The prevalence of congenital malformation and possible associations were calculated. The strength of the association between variables was measured using the odds ratio. Variables that were statistically significant at the 5% level were selected for adjusted odds ratio calculation using logistic regression models. The R programming language was used for all analyses and interactions with the database. A 95% confidence interval was considered. Results: a total of 1,110 records were analyzed. The overall prevalence of congenital malformation was 8.36, with higher rates observed among mothers over 35 years, those with low educational levels, unmarried status, and preterm birth. Infants with low birth weight and low Apgar scores also had higher prevalence rates of congenital malformations. Conclusion: the prevalence of congenital malformations in the state was similar to the national average, but regional disparities were observed and warrant further investigation.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar e caracterizar a prevalência de malformações congênitas entre nascidos vivos em Rondônia, no período de 2015 a 2019. Métodos: estudo ecológico, com dados públicos disponíveis no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos coletados em janeiro de 2021. Foi calculada a prevalência das malformações e as possíveis associações. A força de associação entre as variáveis foi medida pela razão de odds. Aquelas variáveis consideradas estatisticamente significante ao nível de 5% foram selecionadas para o cálculo de razão de odds ajustada, usando modelo de regressão logística. A linguagem de programação R foi usada para todas as análises e interação com o banco de dados. O Intervalo de Confiança considerado foi de 95%. Resultados: foram analisados 1.110 registros. A prevalência geral de malformação congênita foi de 8,36, sendo maior entre mães com idade acima de 35 anos, baixa escolaridade, solteiras, com partos prematuros; crianças com baixo peso ao nascer e baixos escores de Apgar. Conclusão: a prevalência de malformação congênita no estado foi próxima da nacional, mas houve discrepâncias entre as regiões de saúde que merecem uma investigação futura.

Judicialização de eventos adversos pós-vacinação / Judicialization of post-vaccinal adverse events / Judicialización de eventos adversos post-vacunación

Resumo A ciência trouxe importantes contribuições para a melhoria do bem-estar do ser humano, surpreendendo com criações que buscam protegê-lo das enfermidades. Vacinas são exemplo, funcionando como instrumentos de melhoria de vida da população mundial. Entretanto, vacinas apresentam riscos cujas consequências não são completamente conhecidas, sendo importante a presença de sistemas de vigilância que neutralizem ou diminuam os eventos adversos delas provenientes. No Brasil, a política de vacinação é "compulsória", restringindo a autonomia do indivíduo, que, quando "vítima" dos eventos adversos, precisa judicializar suas demandas, pois o Estado não possui política nacional de compensação de danos. Este artigo visa, com o apoio da bioética e dos direitos humanos, analisar as decisões judiciais brasileiras, demonstrando que a judicialização não é o caminho mais justo para dirimir problemas surgidos pelos eventos adversos das vacinas, havendo despreparo dos profissionais envolvidos, contradições, inseguranças e injustiças nas decisões.

Abstract Science has made important contributions to improving people's well-being, achieving remarkable advances that protect them from illnesses. Vaccines are one such example, and serve as a tool to improve the lives of the global population. Vaccines have risks the consequences of which are not fully known, however, making surveillance systems that neutralize or reduce adverse events vital. In Brazil, vaccination policy is "compulsory", restricting the autonomy of the individual, who as a "victim" of adverse events then needs to seek redress through legal action, as the State does not have a national compensation policy. With the support of Bioethics and human rights, this article aims to analyze Brazilian judicial decisions, demonstrating that judicialization is not the best way to solve problems arising from adverse events caused by vaccines, and that there is a lack of preparation among the professionals involved, as well as contradictions, insecurities and injustices in decisions.

Resumen La ciencia ha aportado importantes contribuciones a la mejora del bienestar del ser humano, llegando a sorprender con creaciones que buscan protegerlo de las enfermedades. Las vacunas son un ejemplo de ello, funcionando como un instrumento de mejora de la vida de la población mundial. Sin embargo, las vacunas presentan riesgos cuyas consecuencias no se conocen por completo, siendo importante la presencia de sistemas de vigilancia que neutralicen o disminuyan los eventos adversos provenientes de éstas. En Brasil, la política de vacunación es "obligatoria", restringiendo la autonomía del individuo, que cuando es "víctima" de los eventos adversos, necesita judicializar sus demandas, pues el Estado no posee una política nacional de compensación de daños. Este artículo procura, con el apoyo de la Bioética y de los Derechos Humanos, analizar las decisiones judiciales brasileñas, demostrando que la judicialización no es el camino más justo para dirimir los problemas surgidos a partir de los eventos adversos de las vacunas, existiendo una falta de preparación de los profesionales involucrados, contradicciones, inseguridades e injusticias en las decisiones.

Bioética e vacinação infantil em massa / Bioethics and mass childhood vaccination

As vacinas são consideradas como uma das maiores conquistas da humanidade no controle e erradicação de doenças infectocontagiosas e também uma das técnicas biomédicas mais polêmicas e de maior controvérsia considerando os riscos de efeitos adversos e a sua forma compulsória de utilização em milhões de crianças saudáveis. O atual paradigma preventivo de vacinação em massa tem sido desafiado nas últimas décadas por mudanças nas relações com a imunização, melhoria das condições sanitárias das populações e pelo surgimento de declarações universais de proteção do ser humano. Com isso, o presente artigo pretende analisar a vacinação infantil em massa sob a ótica da bioética no contexto individual e coletivo e criar um ambiente de discussão para reflexão ética sobre os programas de vacinação. Concluímos que a bioética em sua nova concepção conceitual propõe novos referenciais teóricos e metodológicos que podem ser utilizados para o debate ético das atuais políticas sanitárias.

Vaccines are considered one of the greatest achievements of mankind in the control and eradication of infectious diseases and also one of the most controversial biomedical techniques and greater controversy considering the risks of side effects and their compulsory use in millions of healthy children. The current paradigm ofpreventive mass vaccination has been challenged in recent decades by changes in relationships with immunization, improvement of sanitary condition of populations and the emergence of universal declarations forhuman protection. Thus, the present work aims to analyze the mass childhood vaccination from the perspective of bioethics in the individual and collective context and create an environment for discussion of ethicalreflection on vaccination programs. We conclude that de new bioethics’ approach proposes a new theoreticaland methodological framework that can be used for the ethical debate of current health policies.

Serum zinc and hormonal profile in male dialysis patients receiving human recombinant erythropoietin

INTRODUÇAO: Em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise crônica (HD), o tratamento com eritropoetina humana recombinante (rHuEpo) está associado a melhora no bem-estar geral e na qualidade de vida. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os níveis dos hormônios sexuais e do zinco em pacientes sob HD e em uso de rHuEpo em comparacão com pacientes sem tratamento com essa droga. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Dois grupos de doze pacientes do sexo masculino cada um, submetidos à HD, sendo um deles sem uso de rHuEpo (grupo 1) e o outro utilizando a droga (grupo 2), foram selecionados para um estudo transversal, comparando-se os níveis séricos do zinco, da albumina, dos hormônios FSH, LH, prolactina, testosterona e do hematócrito. RESULTADOS: No grupo 2, os valores de testosterona (4,65 vs. 3,5ng/ml), hematócrito (30,5 vs. 22 por cento), albumina (3,9 vs. 3,7g/dl) e zinco (62,5 vs. 50,5microg/dl) foram significativamente maiores do que no grupo 1 (p < 0,05). DISCUSSAO: Sugere-se que, em pacientes recipientes da rHuEpo, os níveis mais altos de hematócrito, zinco, albumina e testosterona possam ser fatores que contribuam para melhorar a disfuncão sexual e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes hemodialisados. CONCLUSAO: Os pacientes em HD em uso da rHuEpo apresentaram níveis mais elevados de testosterona, zinco e hematócrito quando comparados com os pacientes sem a terapia hormonal.