The Parkinson's disease-associated gene ITPKB protects against α-synuclein aggregation by regulating ER-to-mitochondria calcium release.

Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) kinase B (ITPKB) is a ubiquitously expressed lipid kinase that inactivates IP3, a secondary messenger that stimulates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Genome-wide association studies have identified common variants in the ITPKB gene locus associated with reduced risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigate whether ITPKB activity or expression level impacts PD phenotypes in cellular and animal models. In primary neurons, knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of ITPKB increased levels of phosphorylated, insoluble α-synuclein pathology following treatment with α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs). Conversely, ITPKB overexpression reduced PFF-induced α-synuclein aggregation. We also demonstrate that ITPKB inhibition or knockdown increases intracellular calcium levels in neurons, leading to an accumulation of calcium in mitochondria that increases respiration and inhibits the initiation of autophagy, suggesting that ITPKB regulates α-synuclein pathology by inhibiting ER-to-mitochondria calcium transport. Furthermore, the effects of ITPKB on mitochondrial calcium and respiration were prevented by pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex, which was also sufficient to reduce α-synuclein pathology in PFF-treated neurons. Taken together, these results identify ITPKB as a negative regulator of α-synuclein aggregation and highlight modulation of ER-to-mitochondria calcium flux as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of sporadic PD.

Shell thickness-controlled synthesis of Au@Ag core-shell nanorods structure for contaminants sensing by SERS.

The accessibility of contaminants detection methods is urgently required for environmental and food safety control. In this report, we developed the Au@Ag core-shell nanorod structures for contaminants sensing by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The silver shell thickness and the corresponding plasmon wavelength of Au@Ag core-shell nanorods were tuned by changing the coating time and the silver precursor amount. Moreover, these structures exhibit ultra-sensitive detection ability for Nile blue A dye and Fenobucarb pesticide sensing by SERS. Interestingly, the highest Raman enhancement factor is obtained for the Au@Ag core-shell sample with a minimal silver shell thickness leaded by the optimal enhancement of the electromagnetic field of bimetallic structures. Hence, our report demonstrates that the combination of unique features of two plasmonic metals into core-shell structures promises potential applicability in SERS-based analysis.

Dynamic regulation of VEGF-inducible genes by an ERK/ERG/p300 transcriptional network.

The transcriptional pathways activated downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling during angiogenesis remain incompletely characterized. By assessing the signals responsible for induction of the Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) in endothelial cells, we find that activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway mirrors the rapid and dynamic induction of DLL4 transcription and that this pathway is required for DLL4 expression. Furthermore, VEGF/ERK signaling induces phosphorylation and activation of the ETS transcription factor ERG, a prerequisite for DLL4 induction. Transcription of DLL4 coincides with dynamic ERG-dependent recruitment of the transcriptional co-activator p300. Genome-wide gene expression profiling identified a network of VEGF-responsive and ERG-dependent genes, and ERG chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq revealed the presence of conserved ERG-bound putative enhancer elements near these target genes. Functional experiments performed in vitro and in vivo confirm that this network of genes requires ERK, ERG and p300 activity. Finally, genome-editing and transgenic approaches demonstrate that a highly conserved ERG-bound enhancer located upstream of HLX (which encodes a transcription factor implicated in sprouting angiogenesis) is required for its VEGF-mediated induction. Collectively, these findings elucidate a novel transcriptional pathway contributing to VEGF-dependent angiogenesis.

Prenylated Phenolic Compounds from the Leaves of Sabia limoniacea and Their Antiviral Activities against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a serious swine epidemic, has been rampant in Asia since the 1990s. Despite the widespread use of PEDV vaccines, the occurrence of PEDV variants requires the discovery of new substances that inhibit these viruses. During a search for PEDV inhibitory materials from natural sources, seven new sabphenosides (1-7) and a new flavonoid (8), as well as eight known phenolic compounds (9-16), were obtained from the leaves of Sabia limoniacea. The structural determination of the new phenolic derivatives (1-8) was accomplished using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. Their absolute configurations were assigned by a combination of the ECD exciton chirality method following selective reduction and calculation of their ECD spectra. The bioactivities of the isolated compounds were measured based on their abilities to inhibit viral replication of PEDV. Among the test compounds, 15 and 16 exhibited the most promising antiviral activities, with IC50 values of 7.5 ± 0.7 µM and 8.0 ± 2.5 µM against PEDV replication. This study suggests that compounds 15 and 16 could serve as new scaffolds for the treatment of PEDV infection through the inhibition of PEDV replication.

Why Drops Bounce on Smooth Surfaces.

It is shown that introducing gravity in the energy minimization of drops on surfaces results in different expressions when minimized with respect to volume or with respect to contact angle. This phenomenon correlates with the probability of drops to bounce on smooth surfaces on which they otherwise form a very small contact angle or wet them completely. Theoretically, none of the two minima is stable: the drop should oscillate from one minimum to the other as long as no other force or friction will dissipate the energy. Experimentally, smooth surfaces indeed show drops that bounce on them. In some cases, they bounce after touching the solid surface, and in some cases they bounce from a nanometric air, or vacuum film. The bouncing energy can be stored in the interfaces: liquid-air, liquid-solid, and solid-air. The lack of a single energy minimum prevents a simple convergence of the drop's shape on the solid surface, and supports its bouncing back to the air. Therefore, the lack of a simple minimum described here supports drop bouncing on hydrophilic surfaces such as that reported by Kolinski et al. Our calculation shows that the smaller the surface tension, the bigger the difference between the contact angles calculated based on the two minima. This agrees with experimental finding where reducing the surface tension, for example, by adding surfactants, increases the probability for bouncing of the drops on smooth surfaces.

Ezh2-mediated repression of a transcriptional pathway upstream of Mmp9 maintains integrity of the developing vasculature.

Maintenance of vascular integrity is required for embryogenesis and organ homeostasis. However, the gene expression programs that stabilize blood vessels are poorly understood. Here, we show that the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 maintains integrity of the developing vasculature by repressing a transcriptional program that activates expression of Mmp9. Inactivation of Ezh2 in developing mouse endothelium caused embryonic lethality with compromised vascular integrity and increased extracellular matrix degradation. Genome-wide approaches showed that Ezh2 targets Mmp9 and its activators Fosl1 and Klf5. In addition, we uncovered Creb3l1 as an Ezh2 target that directly activates Mmp9 gene expression in the endothelium. Furthermore, genetic inactivation of Mmp9 rescued vascular integrity defects in Ezh2-deficient embryos. Thus, epigenetic repression of Creb3l1, Fosl1, Klf5 and Mmp9 by Ezh2 in endothelial cells maintains the integrity of the developing vasculature, potentially linking this transcriptional network to diseases with compromised vascular integrity.

Endothelial cells suppress monocyte activation through secretion of extracellular vesicles containing antiinflammatory microRNAs.

The blood contains high concentrations of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their levels and contents are altered in several disease states, including cardiovascular disease. However, the function of circulating EVs, especially the microRNAs (miRNAs) that they contain, are poorly understood. We sought to determine the effect of secreted vesicles produced by quiescent endothelial cells (ECs) on monocyte inflammatory responses and to assess whether transfer of microRNAs occurs between these cells. We observed that monocytic cells cocultured (but not in contact) with ECs were refractory to inflammatory activation. Further characterization revealed that endothelium-derived EVs (EC-EVs) suppressed monocyte activation by enhancing immunomodulatory responses and diminishing proinflammatory responses. EVs isolated from mouse plasma also suppressed monocyte activation. Importantly, injection of EC-EVs in vivo repressed monocyte/macrophage activation, confirming our in vitro findings. We found that several antiinflammatory microRNAs were elevated in EC-EV-treated monocytes. In particular, miR-10a was transferred to monocytic cells from EC-EVs and could repress inflammatory signaling through the targeting of several components of the NF-κB pathway, including IRAK4. Our findings reveal that ECs secrete EVs that can modulate monocyte activation and suggest that altered EV secretion and/or microRNA content may affect vascular inflammation in the setting of cardiovascular disease.

Maintenance of vascular integrity by pericytes is essential for normal kidney function.

Pericytes are tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitor cells anatomically associated with the vasculature that have been shown to participate in tissue regeneration. Here, we tested the hypothesis that kidney pericytes, derived from FoxD1+ mesodermal progenitors during embryogenesis, are necessary for postnatal kidney homeostasis. Diphtheria toxin delivery to FoxD1Cre::RsDTR transgenic mice resulted in selective ablation of >90% of kidney pericytes but not other cell lineages. Abrupt increases in plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and albuminuria within 96 h indicated acute kidney injury in pericyte-ablated mice. Loss of pericytes led to a rapid accumulation of neutral lipid vacuoles, swollen mitochondria, and apoptosis in tubular epithelial cells. Pericyte ablation led to endothelial cell swelling, reduced expression of vascular homeostasis markers, and peritubular capillary loss. Despite the observed injury, no signs of the acute inflammatory response were observed. Pathway enrichment analysis of genes expressed in kidney pericytes in vivo identified basement membrane proteins, angiogenic factors, and factors regulating vascular tone as major regulators of vascular function. Using novel microphysiological devices, we recapitulated human kidney peritubular capillaries coated with pericytes and showed that pericytes regulate permeability, basement membrane deposition, and microvascular tone. These findings suggest that through the active support of the microvasculature, pericytes are essential to adult kidney homeostasis.

MicroRNA control of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling output during vascular development.

The regulated response of endothelial cells to signals in their environment is not only critical for the de novo formation of primordial vascular networks during early development (ie, vasculogenesis), but is also required for the subsequent growth and remodeling of new blood vessels from preexisting ones (ie, angiogenesis). Vascular endothelial growth factors (Vegfs) and their endothelial cell-specific receptors play a crucial role in nearly all aspects of blood vessel growth. How the outputs from these pathways affect and coordinate endothelial behavior is an area of intense research. Recently, numerous studies have highlighted roles for microRNAs in modulating Vegf signaling output in several different contexts. In this review, we will provide an overview of how small RNAs regulate multiple aspects of the Vegf signaling pathway. In particular, we highlight areas where identification of microRNAs and their targets has provided new insight into the role of downstream effectors in modulating Vegf output during development. As Vegf plays a broad role in multiple aspects of endothelial biology and has become a target for therapeutic manipulation of pathological blood vessel growth, microRNAs that affect Vegf signaling output will undoubtedly be major targets of clinical value.

Three-Dimensional Measurement of the Uterus on Magnetic Resonance Images: Development and Performance Analysis of an Automated Deep-Learning Tool.

Uterus measurements are useful for assessing both the treatment and follow-ups of gynaecological patients. The aim of our study was to develop a deep learning (DL) tool for fully automated measurement of the three-dimensional size of the uterus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this single-centre retrospective study, 900 cases were included to train, validate, and test a VGG-16/VGG-11 convolutional neural network (CNN). The ground truth was manual measurement. The performance of the model was evaluated using the objective key point similarity (OKS), the mean difference in millimetres, and coefficient of determination R2. The OKS of our model was 0.92 (validation) and 0.96 (test). The average deviation and R2 coefficient between the AI measurements and the manual ones were, respectively, 3.9 mm and 0.93 for two-point length, 3.7 mm and 0.94 for three-point length, 2.6 mm and 0.93 for width, 4.2 mm and 0.75 for thickness. The inter-radiologist variability was 1.4 mm. A three-dimensional automated measurement was obtained in 1.6 s. In conclusion, our model was able to locate the uterus on MRIs and place measurement points on it to obtain its three-dimensional measurement with a very good correlation compared to manual measurements.

Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of Klebsiella species causing bovine mastitis in Nghe An province, Vietnam.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic-resistant profile and to identify molecular characterization of some virulence genes of Klebsiella spp. isolated from mastitis samples in Vietnam. Materials and Method: A total of 468 samples from clinical mastitis cases were collected and submitted to the Laboratory. All samples were cultured, and Klebsiella spp. was identified through biochemical reactions and confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial resistance was tested by disk diffusion method, and virulence and resistance genes were tested by PCR. Results: An antibiogram study showed that a high proportion of isolates are multidrug-resistant (94%). All isolates were resistant to lincomycin and sulfamethoxazole, followed by ampicillin (94%), sulphonamide (66%), amoxicillin (56%), streptomycin (52%), polymyxin B (28%), colistin sulfate (12%), tetracycline (6%), ciprofloxacin (4%), florfenicol (4%), enrofloxacin (4%), piperacillin (2%), trimethoprim (2%), nalidixic acid (2%), imipenem (2%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (2%). In contrast, all isolates showed sensitivity to gentamicin and ceftiofur. The appearance of an efflux pump system, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), tetracycline, and sulphonamides-resistant genes was reconfirmed using different specific primers. Capsular serotype K1 and virulence genes magA, fimH, and entB, responsible for hypermucoviscosity production, adherence, and enterobactin production, were confirmed in isolates. Multidrug resistance and virulence potential in Klebsiella spp. are changing this mastitis pathogen into a superbug and making its management harder. Conclusions: Klebsiella spp. associated with bovine mastitis in Nghe An province were mostly multidrug-resistant and carried virulence genes including fimH, entB, and antimicrobials resistant genes (bla SHV, acrAKp, tetA, etc.), but these isolates were not ESBL producers.

HIV-1 Vpu protein forms stable oligomers in aqueous solution via its transmembrane domain self-association.

We report our findings on the assembly of the HIV-1 protein Vpu into soluble oligomers. Vpu is a key HIV-1 protein. It has been considered exclusively a single-pass membrane protein. Previous observations show that this protein forms stable oligomers in aqueous solution, but details about these oligomers still remain obscure. This is an interesting and rather unique observation, as the number of proteins transitioning between soluble and membrane embedded states is limited. In this study we made use of protein engineering, size exclusion chromatography, cryoEM and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to better elucidate the nature of the soluble oligomers. We found that Vpu oligomerizes via its N-terminal transmembrane domain (TM). CryoEM suggests that the oligomeric state most likely is a hexamer/heptamer equilibrium. Both cryoEM and EPR suggest that, within the oligomer, the distal C-terminal region of Vpu is highly flexible. Our observations are consistent with both the concept of specific interactions among TM helices or the core of the oligomers being stabilized by hydrophobic forces. While this study does not resolve all of the questions about Vpu oligomers or their functional role in HIV-1 it provides new fundamental information about the size and nature of the oligomeric interactions.

HIV-1 Vpu protein forms stable oligomers in aqueous solution via its transmembrane domain self-association.

We report our findings on the assembly of the HIV-1 protein Vpu into soluble oligomers. Vpu is a key to HIV-1 protein. It has been considered exclusively a single-pass membrane protein. However, we revealed that this protein forms stable oligomers in aqueous solution, which is an interesting and rather unique observation, as the number of proteins transitioning between soluble and membrane embedded states is limited. Therefore, we undertook a study to characterize these oligomers by utilizing protein engineering, size exclusion chromatography, cryoEM and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We found that Vpu oligomerizes via its N-terminal transmembrane domain (TM). CryoEM analyses suggest that the oligomeric state most likely is a hexamer or hexamer-to-heptamer equilibrium. Both cryoEM and EPR suggest that, within the oligomer, the distant C-terminal region of Vpu is highly flexible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on soluble Vpu. We propose that these oligomers are stabilized via possibly hydrophobic interactions between Vpu TMs. Our findings contribute valuable information about this protein properties and about protein supramolecular complexes formation. The acquired knowledge could be further used in protein engineering, and could also help to uncover possible physiological function of these Vpu oligomers.

Impact of artificial intelligence in breast cancer screening with mammography.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that radiologists, with the help of artificial intelligence (AI), are able to better classify screening mammograms into the correct breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) category, and as a secondary objective, to explore the impact of AI on cancer detection and mammogram interpretation time. METHODS: A multi-reader, multi-case study with cross-over design, was performed, including 314 mammograms. Twelve radiologists interpreted the examinations in two sessions delayed by a 4 weeks wash-out period with and without AI support. For each breast of each mammogram, they had to mark the most suspicious lesion (if any) and assign it with a forced BI-RADS category and a level of suspicion or "continuous BI-RADS 100". Cohen's kappa correlation coefficient evaluating the inter-observer agreement for BI-RADS category per breast, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), were used as metrics and analyzed. RESULTS: On average, the quadratic kappa coefficient increased significantly when using AI for all readers [κ = 0.549, 95% CI (0.528-0.571) without AI and κ = 0.626, 95% CI (0.607-0.6455) with AI]. AUC was significantly improved when using AI (0.74 vs 0.77, p = 0.004). Reading time was not significantly affected for all readers (106 s without AI and vs 102 s with AI; p = 0.754). CONCLUSIONS: When using AI, radiologists were able to better assign mammograms with the correct BI-RADS category without slowing down the interpretation time.

Non-agricultural source dominates the ammonium aerosol in the largest city of South China based on the vertical δ15N measurements.

Ammonia (NH3) is the most prevalent alkaline gas in the atmosphere and plays a critical role in air pollution and public health. However, scientific debate remains over whether agricultural emissions (e.g., livestock and fertilizer application) dominate NH3 in urban atmosphere in China, which is one of the largest NH3 emitters in the world. In this study, we first simultaneously collected the fine atmospheric particles (PM2.5) at two heights (ground and 488 m) using the atmospheric observatories in Canton Tower, Guangzhou city, China for the measurements of stable nitrogen isotope composition in ammonium (δ15N-NH4+). Our results showed that the average δ15N-NH4+ value at the ground and the 488 m observatory were 16.9 ‰ and 3.8 ‰, respectively, implying that NH4+ aerosols between the two heights probably have different sources. Moreover, we found that the δ15N-NH4+ value would sharply decrease to -16.7 ‰ when the air masses came from western Guangzhou, where the urbanization is limited compared to other surrounding areas. The Bayesian mixing model indicated that NH4+ aerosol at the ground observatory was mainly derived from non-agricultural activities (76 %, e.g., vehicular exhaust), with the rest from agricultural sources (24 %). As for the 488 m observatory, the contribution of non-agricultural sources was 53 %, which is lower than the ground observatory. This is expected as the lower air receives more impacts from the local urban emission. However, the current "bottom-up" emission inventory illustrates that only ~20 % NH3 in Guangzhou is associated with non-agricultural emissions, which is significantly lower than our δ15N-based results. Overall, our findings strongly imply that non-agricultural sources dominate the urban NH3 in Guangzhou or maybe in adjacent cities of the Pearl River Delta region as well, suggesting that the emission inventory of NH3 in this region probably is urgently needed to be revisited in future studies.

Using Cryo-ET to distinguish platelets during pre-acute myeloid leukemia from steady state hematopoiesis.

Early diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the pre-leukemic stage remains a clinical challenge, as pre-leukemic patients show no symptoms, lacking any known morphological or numerical abnormalities in blood cells. Here, we demonstrate that platelets with structurally abnormal mitochondria emerge at the pre-leukemic phase of AML, preceding detectable changes in blood cell counts or detection of leukemic blasts in blood. We visualized frozen-hydrated platelets from mice at different time points during AML development in situ using electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) and identified intracellular organelles through an unbiased semi-automatic process followed by quantitative measurement. A large proportion of platelets exhibited changes in the overall shape and depletion of organelles in AML. Notably, 23% of platelets in pre-leukemic cells exhibit abnormal, round mitochondria with unfolded cristae, accompanied by a significant drop in ATP levels and altered expression of metabolism-related gene signatures. Our study demonstrates that detectable structural changes in pre-leukemic platelets may serve as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AML.

Expanding RNAi therapeutics to extrahepatic tissues with lipophilic conjugates.

Therapeutics based on short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) delivered to hepatocytes have been approved, but new delivery solutions are needed to target additional organs. Here we show that conjugation of 2'-O-hexadecyl (C16) to siRNAs enables safe, potent and durable silencing in the central nervous system (CNS), eye and lung in rodents and non-human primates with broad cell type specificity. We show that intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly delivered C16-siRNAs were active across CNS regions and cell types, with sustained RNA interference (RNAi) activity for at least 3 months. Similarly, intravitreal administration to the eye or intranasal administration to the lung resulted in a potent and durable knockdown. The preclinical efficacy of an siRNA targeting the amyloid precursor protein was evaluated through intracerebroventricular dosing in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, resulting in amelioration of physiological and behavioral deficits. Altogether, C16 conjugation of siRNAs has the potential for safe therapeutic silencing of target genes outside the liver with infrequent dosing.

Measurement of lateral adhesion forces at the interface between a liquid drop and a substrate.

A novel instrument allows for the first time measurements of the lateral adhesion forces at a solid-liquid interface, f(parallel), in a way that is decoupled from the normal forces, f(perpendicular). We use it to measure how f(parallel) between a drop and a surface is influenced by different f(perpendicular) and different histories of drop resting periods on the surface prior to sliding, t(rest). The variation of f(parallel) with t(rest) is similar for different f(perpendicular) and always plateaus as t(rest)-->infinity. We show that the f(parallel) plateau value is higher when f(perpendicular) is lower. This seemingly counterintuitive result is in agreement with recent theories.

Flavone glycosides from Sicyos angulatus and their inhibitory effects on hepatic lipid accumulation.

A library of extracted natural materials (Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank) have been screened to discover candidates for the treatment of non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), and the 70% ethanol extract of Sicyos angulatus was found to inhibit hepatic lipid accumulation. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this bioactive extract yielded five previously undescribed flavonoid glycosides and one previously undescribed flavonolignan glycoside along with seven known flavonoid glycosides. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by a combination of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including MS, NMR and UV techniques. Eight compounds of all isolated compounds showed inhibitory effects on the lipid accumulation induced by high concentrations of palmitic acid and glucose in HepG2 cells. Four selected compounds were tested for lipid content in a dose-dependent manner (10, 20 and 40 µM), and among those compounds, kaempferol 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside showed the strongest inhibition of hepatic lipid production in HepG2 cells. In an oil-red O staining assay, five compounds were shown to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation better than what was observed in the vehicle control group. The present study suggests a new class of chemical entities for developing bioactive agents for the treatment of diseases caused by fat accumulation in the liver.

Erythromycin leads to differential protein expression through differences in electrostatic and dispersion interactions with nascent proteins.

The antibiotic activity of erythromycin, which reversibly binds to a site within the bacterial ribosome exit tunnel, against many gram positive microorganisms indicates that it effectively inhibits the production of proteins. Similar to other macrolides, the activity of erythromycin is far from universal, as some peptides can bypass the macrolide-obstructed exit tunnel and become partially or fully synthesized. It is unclear why, at the molecular level, some proteins can be synthesized while others cannot. Here, we use steered molecular dynamics simulations to examine how erythromycin inhibits synthesis of the peptide ErmCL but not the peptide H-NS. By pulling these peptides through the exit tunnel of the E.coli ribosome with and without erythromycin present, we find that erythromycin directly interacts with both nascent peptides, but the force required for ErmCL to bypass erythromycin is greater than that of H-NS. The largest forces arise three to six residues from their N-terminus as they start to bypass Erythromycin. Decomposing the interaction energies between erythromycin and the peptides at this point, we find that there are stronger electrostatic and dispersion interactions with the more C-terminal residues of ErmCL than with H-NS. These results suggest that erythromycin slows or stalls synthesis of ErmCL compared to H-NS due to stronger interactions with particular residue positions along the nascent protein.