Recent advances in the molecular and genetic understanding of congenital gastrointestinal malformations.

Major developmental paradigms are highly conserved among vertebrates. The contribution of developmental biology to the understanding of human disease and regeneration has soared recently. We review advances in the molecular and genetic understanding of gastrointestinal development using evidence from both mammalian and nonmammalian models. When appropriate, we highlight relevance and applicability to human disease.

Increased expression of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels in mitral dysfunction: mechanically stimulated transcription and hypoxia-induced protein stability?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test whether adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channel expression relates to mechanical and hypoxic stress within the left human heart. BACKGROUND: The KATP channels play a vital role in preserving the metabolic integrity of the stressed heart. However, the mechanisms that govern the expression of their subunits (e.g., potassium inward rectifier [Kir] 6.2) in adult pathologies are mostly unknown. METHODS: We collected biopsies from the 4 cardiac chambers and 50 clinical parameters from 30 surgical patients with severe mitral dysfunction. Proteins and messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) of KATP pore subunits and mRNAs of their known transcriptional regulators (forkhead box [FOX] F2, FOXO1, FOXO3, and hypoxia inducible factor [HIF]-1α) were measured respectively by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all heart chambers, Kir6.2 mRNA correlated with HIF-1α mRNA. Neither Kir6.1 nor Kir6.2 proteins positively correlated with their respective mRNAs. The HIF-1α mRNA related in the left ventricle to aortic pressure, in the left atrium to left atrial pressure, and in all heart chambers to a decreased Kir6.2 protein/mRNA ratio. Interestingly, in the left heart, Kir6.2 protein and its immunohistochemical detection in myocytes were maximal at low venous PO(2). In the left ventricle, the Kir6.2 protein/mRNA ratio was also significantly higher at low venous PO(2), suggesting that tissue hypoxia might stabilize the Kir6.2 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that post-transcriptional events determine Kir6.2 protein expression in the left ventricle of patients with severe mitral dysfunction and low venous PO(2). Mechanical stress mainly affects transcription of HIF-1α and Kir6.2. This study implies that new therapies could aim at the proteasome for stabilizing the left ventricular Kir6.2 protein.